Political Science

School of Social Sciences

Faculty of Arts

Australian National University

GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (POLS2064) - DAVID WEST

COURSE GUIDE (2007)

STOP PRESS!! 
 

Second Assignment in lieu of Examination

Please read the following guidelines carefully:

1. This assignment must be delivered to the essay box outside the School of Social Sciences Office no later than Thursday 8th November 2007 at 4 p.m.
2. Answer two questions only.
3. There is a strict word limit of 800 words (+/- 10%) for each answer and 1,600 (+/- 10%) in total. You must indicate the exact number of words for each answer.
4. Do not repeat material used in your First Assignment (major essay).
5. Do not repeat material within this assignment.
6. Answers should not be in note-form.
7. You should provide references for any quotations or works discussed, but otherwise you do not need to provide references for particular claims or assertions.
8. Where a question refers to old, new, global or contemporary social movements in general, you are free to restrict your answer to one or several movements. You should make clear which movement(s) you will consider.
9. You are encouraged to argue for a critical perspective, but you should base your argument on your studies and research for this course.

Questions

1. Discuss one contemporary or recent (i.e. post-1950) social movement. Discuss the main issues, actors, organisations and forms of political practice associated with this movement.

2. What were the influences of the ‘New Left’ and 1960s student radicalism on so-called ‘new’ social movements?

3. Briefly characterise the welfare state. In what ways have contemporary social movements responded to problems or features of the welfare state?

4. What are the main features of the ‘politics of identity’? Discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of this kind of politics, providing examples from at least one and no more than three social movements.

5. Why has the environmental movement been described as ‘post-materialist’? Are there any problems with this way of understanding it? Would ‘anti-materialist’ be a better description?

6. In what ways are so-called ‘new’ social movements concerned with the politics of culture? In what ways is the politics of culture related to other political, legal and economic concerns of these social movements?

7. Briefly characterise the contemporary form of globalisation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this form of globalisation?

8. In what ways have anti-corporate globalisation movements revived the politics of economics and/or class? Compare these movements with the labour or working-class social movement of the 19th-20th centuries.

9. Discuss reformist and radical responses to contemporary processes of globalisation by social movements. Which approach to contemporary globalisation is most promising and why?

10. What is global civil society? What role does global civil society play in the contemporary politics of globalisation and what are its prospects in the future?

11. Discuss one theoretical approach to contemporary social movements. How does this approach help us to understand these movements? Are there any problems or deficiencies in this theoretical approach?

12. Discuss either (a) the relationship between one contemporary social movement and political parties in a country such as Australia or (b) the relationship between one political party and contemporary social movements in a country such as Australia.

Some hard copies of the Second Assignment are available from the School of Social Sciences office for students who are unable to download this online version.

Further Guidelines for the Second Assignment

1. A good answer will include both a lot of relevant points and a good overall structure or organisation of ideas. You should provide arguments rather than just express personal opinions. Your answers should reflect your reading and what you have learned in the course, not just what you think about a topic or your personal views (avoid ‘I think that…’ etc.).

2. The best answers will also be critical and/or consider alternative approaches. If you disagree with the assumptions of the question, you are free to say so and present your own argument. The best answers will thus display both knowledge and independent thought – either on its own is not enough!

3. Write clearly and concisely. What matters is how many good and clear points you make, not how many words you use.

Go to David West's Home Page .

CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Lecture Programme
• Lecture Outlines
• Tutorial Programme
• Written Assignment and Essay Guidelines
• Reading List
• Links to Relevant Web sites
• Past Lecture Outlines
• Contact Information
• Study Skills
• Guidelines on Extensions
• Relevant Materials
• Article on Boycotts

INTRODUCTION

Second Semester 2007.
Two lectures and one tutorial for 11 weeks.
Lecturer/Tutor: Dr. David West. Tutor: Ryan Walter.
The extra-institutional politics of social movements has assumed particular significance in recent decades. This unit will concentrate on anti-corporate globalisation, feminist, lesbian and gay, black, peace and ecological or ‘green’ social movements and the political and theoretical issues they raise. What is the relation between these movements and political institutions? What is their relation to the politics of nation-states? What do they have to do with the politics of class? How do contemporary social movements achieve their aims? What, if anything, is new or distinctive about their activities? Some theorists of new and global social movements will also be examined, including Offe, Habermas, Touraine and Scholte.

Reading
The text for this unit is V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation (Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 2003). You should buy this text in addition to the Additional Readings (Reading Brick) for this course.
Background Reading: J.A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave, 2000).

ESSENTIAL TEXT for this course in 2007 is Verity Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalization (Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW, 2003) available from the Co-op Bookshop.

Also essential is the READING BRICK for Global Social Movements, which is now available - price $13. Please pay at the Cashier's Office, then collect the brick (with your receipt) from the School of Social Sciences office.

Proposed Assessment
One 2,250 word essay and a second assignment contributing 90% to the final mark. In addition 10% of the final mark will be awarded for tutorial work. Attendance at a minimum of 7 out of 10 tutorials is a requirement for successful completion of this unit. Only students who have submitted the first assignment and attended the minimum number of tutorials will be permitted to submit the second assignment.

Return to CONTENTS.
 

LECTURE PROGRAMME
 

LECTURE TIMES

Monday 2.00 p.m. COP Lecture Theatre
Tuesday 2.00 p.m. COP Lecture Theatre

A brief outline of each weekly topic will be available below after Monday’s lecture.

Week One (w/b 16th July)
1. Overview of Course.
2. Introduction. Globalization, Social Movements and Resistance.

Week Two (w/b 23rd July)
1-2. What Are Social Movements? Politics Beyond the State.

Week Three (w/b 30th July)
1-2. ‘Old’ Social Movements. Nationalism, Capitalism and the Modern State.

Week Four (w/b 6th August)
1-2. ‘New Politics’. New Social Movements vs. the Welfare State.

Week Five (w/b 13th August)
1-2. Politics of Culture, Consciousness and Identity. From Black Power to ‘Second Wave’ Feminism.

Week Six (w/b 20th August)
1-2. Beyond Consumerism and Growth. Environment, Peace and Global Justice.

Week Seven (w/b 27th August)
1. Case Study I. Gay/Lesbian/Queer Movements – The Politics of Sexuality.
2. Case Study II. Green and Environmental Movements.

Mid-Semester Break – 1st -16th September

Week Eight (w/b 17th September)
1-2. Dimensions of Globalisation. Neoliberal Capitalism, Post-National States and Global Civil Society.

Essay Deadline: Thursday 20th September 2007 at 4 p.m.

Week Nine (w/b 24th September)
1-2. Anti-Corporate Globalisation Movements. Aims and Themes.

Week Ten (w/b 1st October)
Public Holiday – Monday 1st October
NO LECTURES OR TUTORIALS – REVISION WEEK.

Week Eleven (w/b 8th October)
1-2. Global Civil Society. Organisation and Tactics.

Week Twelve (w/b 15th October)
1-2. Contemporary Social Movements – An Articulating Framework?

Week Thirteen (w/b 22nd October)
REVISION WEEK: NO LECTURES OR TUTORIALS.

Return to CONTENTS.
 
 

LECTURE OUTLINES 2007

Lecture outlines will normally be posted here immediately after the Monday lecture each week.

The first lecture on Monday 16th July will provide an overview of the Course Guide and an opportunity for questions. There is no outline and no tape of the first lecture.

Week 1. Introduction: Globalisation, Social Movements and Resistance

I. Social Movement: A Preliminary Definition

1. Social Movements (SMs) are people acting politically from outside of political institutions.
2. Institutional and organised politics refers to government, parliament, political parties, interest and lobby groups.
3. Institutionalised politics also refers to the system of nation-states.
4. SMs as the unconventional politics; of excluded groups; for radical change or to resist change.

II. Some Historical Examples. ‘Old’ Social Movements

1. ‘Old’ social movement (OSM) as a label of convenience; contrasted with ‘new’ and ‘global’ SMs (see below).
2. Religious movements and revivals from the Roman Empire to the contemporary world: Christianity, Islam.
3. Nationalist movements: fall of Christendom; 19th-century nationalism; anti-colonial struggles and communism; after the Soviet Union, after Yugoslavia.
4. Working-class SMs: Trade Union rights; votes for workers; reformist (ALP?) vs. revolutionary socialism.
5. 19th & 20th-century women’s movements: anti-slavery; moral reform; votes for women.

III. From ‘Old’ to ‘New’ Social Movements

1. New Social Movements (NSMs) from 1960s and 70s: anti-Vietnam War; counterculture; students’ movements of 60s.
2. Identity politics: feminism; gay/lesbian/queer; Black Power and anti-racism.
3. Post-materialist politics: peace, green, environmental and global justice SMs.
4. Other contemporary movements: pro-democracy, new right and One Nation, religious revivals. Are they really ‘new’?
5. So what’s new about new social movements? ‘New’ vs. ‘contemporary’.

IV. From ‘New’ to ‘Global’ Social Movements

1. After Seattle: global social movements (GSMs) opposed to corporate/capitalist/neoliberal globalisation. Return of capitalism.
2. Al Qaeda, Islamism as a global social movement (GSM)?
3. So what’s new about global social movements?

V. Globalisation and Resistance

1. What is globalisation? Globalisation with or without capitalism.
2. Origins of globalisation. Is globalisation as new?
3. Is globalisation inevitable? Is it irreversible?
4. Resisting (aspects of) globalisation and the role of social movements.

Week 2. What Are Social Movements? Politics Beyond the State.

I. Introduction

1. What makes social movements different from other kinds of political activity?
A. Institutionalised/ formal politics.
B. Extra-institutional/ informal politics.
2. Pakulski’s definition in Social Movements as starting point. Social movements are
recurrent patterns of collective activities which are partially institutionalised, value oriented and anti-systemic in their form and symbolism. (Social Movements, p. xiv).

II. Social Movements as ‘Non- or Extra-Institutional Activity’

1. Institutions can be defined as ‘activities which are repeated or continuous within a regularized pattern that is normatively sanctioned’ (FDMT).
2. SMs distinguished from formal institutions and organisations:
(i) Formal institutions: Constitution; parliament; government; judiciary; public service etc.
(ii) Organised political agents: political parties, interest groups, pressure groups.
3. Informality of SMs: no rules or formal requirements of membership; no formal leaders; no formal democracy.
4. But movements are typically associated with (give rise to/ are inspired by) organisations such as interest and lobby groups, political parties, campaigning/ self-help organisations, publications etc.

III. Social Movements as Oppositional or ‘Anti-Systemic’

1. Why else would SMs work outside the formal political institutions, if not to change them?
2. But SMs as ‘anti-systemic’ in different ways: oppositional (promoting change), conservative (resisting change), reactionary (reversing change).
3. Anti-systemic movements in pluralist liberal democracies are initially surprising, because the system appears to provide mechanisms for social and political change.
4. Therefore these SMs were described as new social movements (NSMs); as surprising.
5. Note that contrast between ‘conservative’, ‘progressive’ and ‘reactionary’ movements assumes direction of history or development.
6. I.e. depend on evaluative assumptions about ‘improvement’, ‘progress’, ‘development’, ‘modernisation’.

IV. Social Movements and the Problem of Collective Action

1. SMs are collective actors. An obvious feature of (effective) political activity?
2. But SMs exhibit distinctive features of collective activity more clearly than organisations, which aim to ‘act as one’.
3. Conservative theories of SMs: irrationality of collective behaviour in panics, rumours, mobs, crowds, fascism etc.
4. More positive view of collective action as the rational and potentially difficult achievement of social change.
5. Problem of collective action: how can many individuals act together or ‘as one’ in order to change society?
6. Collective action in liberal democracy vs. repressive regime?
7. Collective action problem provides an alternative explanation of political apathy to ‘false consciousness’.

Week 3. ‘Old’ Social Movements. Nationalism, Capitalism and the Modern State.

I. Introduction

1. Aim to look at some central features of nationalist, liberal and socialist movements as movements.
2. Consider factors of movement:
(i) aims/ ideology.
(ii) forms of organisation,
(iii) tactics or forms of political practice,
(iv) achievements,
(v) limitations and prospects.
3. Nationalism, liberalism and socialism as formative contexts of modern states.
4. In order to makes sense of the distinction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ social movements, i.e. as the formative context of new social movements.

II. Nationalist Movements

1. Nationalism and the formation of the modern nation-state system.
2. Nationalist movements seek to align state sovereignty with (imagined) national community or nation.
3. Distinguish between movements for national expansion vs. movements for self-determination.
4. Nationality as exclusive identity overriding ethnicity, religion, class, gender etc.
5. Political practice:
(i) strong state/ state-centred politics;
(ii) hierarchical organisation;
(iii) war and violence.
6. The continuing place of nationalism in a globalising world? Are nationalist movements ‘old’?

III. Liberalism and Liberal Democracy

1. Historical contexts for emergence of liberalism:
(i) rise of capitalism;
(ii) Protestantism and religious conflict.
2. Liberalism as ideology of traders, capitalists and ‘middling classes’; mainly Protestant, i.e. as expression of a social movement.
3. Liberal freedom as religious tolerance:
(i) individualism against theocracy;
(ii) pragmatic solution to religious conflict between Protestant sects;
(iii) exclusion of Catholics/ theocrats and cf. Islamism.
4. Liberal freedom as economic:
(i) freedom from taxation;
(ii) market freedom and ‘laisser faire’;
(iii) ‘invisible hand’ of the market (A. Smith);
(iv) freedom from regulation;
(v) free trade and cf. globalisation/ neoliberalism.
5. Limitations of liberal freedom:
(i) no social justice;
(ii) abstract, so initially for (heterosexual) white male owners of property.
6. Liberalism allows freedom without democracy.
7. Democracy as achievement of working class and women’s movements.

IV. Emergence of Working Class Social Movements

1. Self-making of the working class (18th-19th centuries): class identity and solidarity vs. parochial, ethnic and national identities.
2. The working-class ‘cultural revolution’:
(i) education;
(ii) dignity of labour;
(iii) suffrage/ political rights;
(iv) equality and social justice;
(v) empowerment.
3. Political practice:
(i) trade union movement;
(ii) Chartist movement for democratic rights;
(iii) R. Owen’s socialist communities;
(iv) revolutionary and ‘reformist’ socialism.

V. Revolutionary Socialism

1. Critique of ‘utopian socialism’:
(i) history and capitalism;
(ii) agency and class.
2. Scientific socialism:
(i) socialism only after capitalism,
(ii) capitalism prepares for socialism;
(iii) working-class identity, consciousness and unity.
3. Social revolution as only solution to problems of capitalist society.
4. Leninist path to revolution in Russia; militant party and ‘democratic centralism’.
5. Problems of revolutionary communism:
(i) non-occurrence of revolution in ‘West’;
(ii) failed revolutions in ‘East’.

VI. Social Democracy

1. Sources of social democracy:
(i) early socialists – moral, Christian, co-operative, ‘utopian’
(ii) trade union movement;
(iii) reformist/ evolutionary Marxism (E. Bernstein);
(iv) social liberalism (e.g. T.H. Green).
2. Evolutionary socialism:
(i) electoral or democratic path to socialism;
(ii) gradualism;
(iii) reformism;
(iv) empowerment through gradual reforms.
3. Achievements of social democracy:
(i) welfare state;
(ii) reduced social inequalities;
(iii) workers’ rights.
4. Limitations of social democracy:
(i) ‘forward march of labour halted’;
(ii) problems of the welfare state;
(iii) bureaucracy and paternalism;
(iv) defection or accommodation of leadership;
(v) withering of working-class social movement;
(vi) neo-liberal assault on welfare state.
5. Social democracy and globalisation:
(i) ‘social democracy in one country’?;
(ii) social democracy in France (1981).

Week 4. ‘New Politics’. New Social Movements vs. the Welfare State.

I. New Social Movements – A Surprising Development?

1. ‘New social movements’ (NSMs) as successors to New Left and other opposition movements of the 1960s.
2. Need to understand society in which NSMs emerged – at least that’s new!
3. Role of ‘old’ social movements in creating that society.
4. Potential newness of NSMs:
(i) aims or object of politics,
(ii) agents, actors, identities – or subjects of politics,
(iii) forms of political practice and organisation;
(iv) ideas, ideology and theory.

II. Welfare State Capitalism: The Calm Before the Storm?

1. Self-understanding of Western societies in 1950s and 60s:
(i) stability and apathy;
(ii) pluralist, democratic and free;
(iii) absence of major class struggle,
(iv) ‘affluence’ and consumerism,
(v) youth culture.
2. ‘Post-WWII social democratic consensus’ of main political parties:
(i) mixed economy – capitalism + nationalisation
(ii) Keynesian economics;
(iii) full employment;
(iv) welfare and social security;
3. Consensus on foreign policy:
(i) nuclear strategy under US leadership;
(ii) Cold War anti-communism;
(iii) McCarthyite witch-hunts against communists;
(iv) Menzies against the communists and the DLP.
4. Limited party-political disagreements over degree of:
(i) progressive taxation,
(ii) welfare,
(iii) trade union rights,
(iv) nationalisation etc.

III. Political Opposition of 1950s & 1960s

1. Campaigns for nuclear disarmament and peace:
(i) ‘middle-class radicalism’ (F. Parkin)
(ii) moral protest;
(iii) active non-violence (Gandhi).
2. Black Civil Rights Movement in USA from 1950s:
(i) for civil and political rights;
(ii) peaceful civil disobedience (Martin Luther King, Gandhi);
(iii) Black Power, Malcolm X and the ‘politics of identity’.
3. Anti-colonial struggles:
(i) ‘wind of change’ blowing through Africa (Macmillan);
(ii) War in Algeria;
(iii) Vietnam War.
4. Opposition to the Vietnam War:
(i) student radicalism;
(ii) New Left of 1960s.
5. The ‘counter-culture’ of alternative values and life-styles –
(i) Hippies, Woodstock, Nimbin…
(ii) Sex and Drugs and Rock ’n Roll.

IV. Contradictions of the Welfare State

1. Social conflict of labour vs. capital managed through class compromise.
2. Incorporation of working class as subordinate partner;
(i) institutionalisation of working class in Labour parties and trade unions;
(ii) neo-corporatism – government, labour and capital.
3. Welfare state as limited democracy;
(i) excludes other groups other than labour and capital;
(ii) excludes other interests/issues
(iii) … such as women, environmentalists, GLQ, ethnic groups.
4. Unquestioned assumptions of welfare state:
(i) economic growth,
(ii) consumption as a way of life,
(iii) ‘security’.
5. Bureaucratic regulation of everyday life as a form of social control;
(i) paternalism;
(ii) c.f. Foucault on the ‘disciplinary’ society.

V. Claus Offe on the ‘New Politics’

1. New Right/ Neoliberal critique of welfare state:
(i) failure of Keynesian economics;
(ii) impending ‘fiscal crisis’;
(iii) erosion of traditional values – family, work ethic, sexuality etc.
2. New Right or neo-liberal proposals:
(i) free market, deregulation,
(ii) minimal state;
(iii) neoliberal globalisation.
3. ‘Old’ Left defence and extension of welfare state/ social democracy.
4. Solution of NSMs:
(i) against both state and capital;
(ii) ‘issues of consumer, client or citizen’ rather than worker;
(iii) responding to the problems of modernisation.
5. Possible alliances between three ideological tendencies:
A. Old Right & Old Left;
B. Old Right & New Social Movements;
C. New Left & New Social Movements (e.g. Greens).

Week 5. Politics of Culture, Consciousness and Identity. From Black Power to ‘Second Wave’ Feminism.

I. Introduction: Traces of the 1960s

1. Continuities and influences from 1960s in identity politics.
2. Major themes:
(i) politics of ‘politics of culture, consciousness and identity’
(ii) forms of organisation and political practice.
(iii) historical context and continuities in new social movements.

II. Cultural Oppression, Identity and Empowerment

1. Black Power and cultural oppression:
(i) legal and political discrimination;
(ii) economic subordination;
(iii) cultural oppression.
2. Cultural oppression as
(i) form of subordination/ disadvantage/ domination
(ii) object of politics of liberation.
3. Implications of cultural oppression for political change:
(a) disempowerment as an obstacle to political agency;
(b) discrimination resistant to political and economic measures.
4. Radical feminism and women’s liberation:
(i) emphasise cultural dimension;
(ii) beyond political and economic discrimination;
(iii) role of identity, consciousness raising.
5. Homophobia
(i) not primarily economic;
(ii) legal and political issues;
(iii) cultural dimension of prejudice, ‘self–oppression’ and its costs.

III. The Politics of Identity and Autonomous Organisation

1. Positive identity and ‘pride’
(i) as goal of politics of liberation;
(ii) as means of political change.
2. Principle of self–emancipation of oppressed:
(i) exclusion of ‘oppressors’;
(ii) leadership roles;
(iii) ‘consciousness raising’.
3. Principle of autonomous organisation:
(i) no subordination to different movements and organisation;
(ii) no primacy of class/organised Left;
(iii) social-democratic politics not enough.
4. But autonomous organisation need not imply separatism;
oppressor vs. enemy distinction.
5. Proliferation of political identities and constituencies;
fragmentation of opposition.
6. Is fragmentation of political opposition a problem?
(i) Strengths of unity in politics;
(ii) Strengths of diversity in politics.

IV. Forms of Political Practice

1. Experience of 1960s:
(i) student movement;
(ii) anti-Vietnam War movement.
2. Appropriateness of participatory and anarchist political forms.
3. Suspicion of hierarchy/ leadership.
4. Necessary conditions of consciousness raising and empowerment.
5. Negative attitudes to coercion, militancy and violence.
6. Symbolic tactics of cultural politics:
• style and image
• clothes,
• art,
• humour,
• carnival,
• communication.

V. The Social Construction of Identity

1. Identities are socially constructed rather than fixed essences.
2. Identity politics implies the possibility of self-conscious transformation of identities:
(i) oppressed;
(ii) oppressors.
3. Identities reflect existing structures of oppression, so they are:
(a) strategic and
(b) transitional.
4. Is identity politics too optimistic about personal and social change?

VI. Differences

1. Differences between movements in terms of identity:
(i) stigma;
(ii) visibility;
(iii) choice.
2. Relationship between oppressed and oppressor:
(i) numbers – minority, majority, equality;
(ii) relationship or degree of dependence.
3. Implications for tactics and organisation?

Week 6. Beyond Consumerism and Growth. Environment, Peace and Global Justice.

I. Introduction

1. Last topic: common themes in politics of culture, oppression and identity and identity.
2. This week: common themes ‘beyond consumerism and growth, environment, peace and global justice’.
3. Politics of affluence in economically developed societies.
(i) Beyond materialism and self-interest?
(ii) Beyond consumerism?
(iii) Or, the politics of greed?

II. Three Strands of Peace Movements

1. Response to war and arms race:
(i) periodic rise and decline of peace movements;
(ii) in response to nuclear arms race (e.g. 1950-60s, 1980s);
(iii) response to Iraq War – cf. First World War peace movement.
2. Moral and religious pacifism:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) and Martin Luther King (1929-68).
(ii) religious and moral convictions;
(iii) pacifism – against all forms of violence;
(iv) non-violent direct action as political means;
(v) civil disobedience.
3. Peace and international justice:
(i) elimination of ‘structural violence’;
(ii) repressive regimes – apartheid South Africa; Nazi Europe etc.
(iii) world poverty as structural violence;
(iv) unjust international economic order?

III. Ecology and the Politicisation of Nature

1. Ecology challenges the ‘dominant paradigm’ of nature-humanity relationship.
2. As new politics:
(i) Politics between human beings/ inter-human;
(ii) Politics between human society and nature.
3. Religious sources of nature-society relationship:
(i) Christianity – humanity as ‘lord of creation’ or ‘steward’?
(ii) (versions of) Buddhism – world as illusion?
(iii) Hinduism – karma and reincarnation;
4. Dominant paradigm of modernity and Enlightenment philosophy:
(i) exploitation of nature as resource;
(ii) nature as useful – no intrinsic value;
(iii) science and technology as means of control;
(iv) anthropocentrism – human life as source of value.
5. Shallow/ humanist ecology
(i) advocates enlightened anthropocentrism about nature;
(ii) long-term consequences of production and consumption;
(iii) unforeseeable future uses of nature – natural medications;
(iv) aesthetics and quality of life;
(v) intergenerational justice;
(vi) cruelty to animals encourages cruelty to humans;
(vii) environmental economics.
6. Deep ecology/ ecocentrism
(i) rejects anthropocentrism:
(ii) nature does have intrinsic value, i.e. not just as useful;
(iii) animal welfare/rights;
(iv) biodiversity as moral requirement.
(v) spiritual dimensions of deep ecology.

IV The Politics of Post-Materialism

1. Altruism of moral and religious strands of peace and ecology.
2. Anti-materialist values:
(i) rights of animals and nature against consumption;
(ii) international justice against our consumption;
(iii) critique of growth and consumerism;
(iv) value of community;
(v) values of self-realisation, aesthetics and spirituality.
3. Inglehart’s ‘post-materialist’ theory:
(i) anti-materialism as the inevitable product of affluence;
(ii) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs;
(iii) affluence leads to transition to non-material needs;
(iv) so non-material needs can be seen as post-materialist.
4. But possibility of the ‘politics of greed’:
(i) affluence generates new ‘needs’,
(ii) so affluence may lead to more materialism (McLife).

V. The Politics of Universalism

1. Distinguish between universalism and globalism:
(i) universalism as concern for interests of all;
(ii) global reach of contemporary movements (even self-interested ones).
2. ‘Universal’ or non-conflictual politics vs. conflictual or ‘zero-sum’ politics
(i) cf. movements against oppression;
(ii) liberation involves material benefit to oppressed,
(iii) liberation involves losses to oppressor.
3. Universal features of environmental and peace movements:
(i) no (obvious) winners and losers;
(ii) nature as a universal good;
(iii) indiscriminate effects of pollution.
4. But universal features of conflictual politics:
(i) class;
(ii) movements against oppression – feminism, anti-racism, GLQ.
5. Conflictual aspects of peace and environmental movements:
(i) middle-class values against working-class jobs?
(ii) Limits to whose growth – politics of poverty.

Week 7A. Case Study I. Gay/Lesbian/Queer Movement – The Politics of Sexuality.

I. Introduction

1. The emergence of the modern gay and lesbian movements:
after Stonewall, 1969.
2. Readings on gay and lesbian politics from 18th century to today in
Blasius, Mark & Phelan, Shane (1997) We Are Everywhere (Routledge).
3. Useful account of phases of GLQ politics:
A. Jagose, Queer Theory (Melbourne UP).

II. From Homophile Activism to Gay Liberation

1. Homophile activism
(i) against religious moralism;
(ii) for scientific understanding;
(iii) for legal toleration.
2. Some pioneering individuals:
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-95);
J. A. Symonds (1840-93);
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900);
Edward Carpenter (1844-1929);
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935).
3. Some campaigning organisations:
A. Germany – Scientific-humanitarian Committee (1897-1933);
B. Mattachine Society, (USA from 1951);
C. Sisters of Bilitis (USA from 1955).
4. The limits of liberal toleration.
5. Increasing conservatism of homophile politics:
(i) low profile;
(ii) respectable elite influence;
(iii) no mass movement;
(iv) philanthropic and apologetic rather than assertive;

III. The Politics of Gay Liberation after Stonewall (1969)

1. Historical context and influence:
(i) Black civil rights movement – from oppression to pride;
(ii) New Left and opposition to Vietnam War – liberation;
(iii) counter-culture – sexual ‘permissiveness’;
2. The ideology of gay liberation:
A. radical transformation of individual and society – cf. revolutionary Marxism;
B. homophobia as cultural oppression – cf. Black power;
C. gender and patriarchy – cf. second-wave feminism;
D. liberation of ‘polymorphous perverse’ sexuality – cf. Freud, Essays on Sexuality.
3. Politics of identity and language:
(i) against ‘homosexual’ and (then) derogatory terms like ‘queer’
(ii) in favour of ‘gay’, ‘lesbian’ – aspect of pride.
4. Identity as strategic and transitional, not essentialist; cf. ‘queer’ (today).
5. Political practice:
(i) ‘coming out’ – openness about sexuality;
(ii) consciousness raising – towards pride;
(iii) (mostly) non-violent direct action
demonstrations, publicity, education, mutual-help;
(iv) symbolic challenge;
(v) Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.

IV. Emergence of ‘Gay’ and ‘Lesbian’ as Ethnic Identities

1. Emergence of radical lesbianism as a distinct identity against
• gay male dominance and
• feminist homophobia (1970s).
2. Cross-cutting forms of oppression and ‘doubly oppressed’.
3. Proliferation of identities in identity politics:
bisexual, transvestite, transsexual, intermediate sex etc.
4. Shift to ‘ethnic’ politics of identity:
(i) permanent or ‘essential’ – rather than strategic – communities and identities;
(ii) reforms rather than sexual revolution;
(iii) exclusion or indifference to other identities.

V. Queer Theory and Politics

1. Queer theory influenced by Foucault and poststructuralism:
(i) ‘critique of the subject’ and identity;
(ii) social construction of sexuality and sexualities.
2. Queer is ‘less an identity than a critique of identity’ (Jagose, p. 131).
3. Themes of queer theory and politics:
(i) suspicion of identity as fixed or essential category;
(ii) no natural sexuality – but socially constructed;
(iii) no large-scale or revolutionary transformation;
(iv) politics of transgression?
4. Criticisms of queer politics:
(i) false gender neutrality as renewal of male dominance – feminist criticism;
(ii) ‘rocking the boat’ of ethnic identity politics – conservative gay/ lesbian criticism;
(iii) retreat from political to discursive or theoretical contestation – activist criticism;
5. More positively:
‘[queer retains] a conceptually unique potential as a necessarily unfixed site of engagement and contestation’ (Jagose, p. 129).

Week 7B. Case Study II. The Green and Environmental Movements.

I. Introduction: Analysing Green and Environmental Politics

1. Recall distinction between
(i) ecocentrism/ deep ecology vs.
(ii) humanist/ shallow ecology.
2. Dobson’s different distinction between
(i) reformist ‘environmentalism’ and
(ii) revolutionary ‘ecology’.
3. Distinction between
(i) ‘green’ and
(ii) ‘ecological’/‘environmental’ politics.

II. Ecological Politics within the Green Movement

1. Ecological/ environmental politics as
single-issue politics concerned with the nature-society relationship.
2. Green movement/ politics based on a
broad political bloc centred on, but beyond ecological issues
3. Green issues:
(i) international social justice,
(ii) women’s equality,
(iii) sexual minority/ gay/lesbian/ queer rights,
(iv) peace and anti-nuclear proliferation,
(v) anti-materialism/ anti-consumerism,
(vi) critique of capitalism.
4. Distinguish between logical or ideological connections and contingent historical associations between different issues.

III. Historical Origins of Green Politics as a Bloc

1. What explains green movement’s broad agenda beyond merely environmental issues?
2. Moral, religious and Romantic ‘anti-modernism’ since 18th century (Eder).
(i) poetry of Romanticism – W. Blake, Wordsworth, Keats etc.
(ii) against ‘modern’, urban, industrial life – leisure vs. work;
(iii) critics of capitalism – Romantic socialists (William Morris);
(iv) critics of materialism, consumerism and work ethic.
3. Thresholds of 20th century industrial society:
(i) nuclear weapons since Hiroshima 1945;
(ii) ‘limits to growth’ – depleted resources – Peak Oil?
(iii) quality of life vs. economic growth;
(iv) global consequences of industrialism – an ‘inconvenient truth’?
4. 1960s/70s emergence of environmental movement as large-scale social movements.
5. Organisational manifestations:
(i) grass-roots groups and campaigns;
(ii) anti-nuclear campaigns;
(iii) NGOs and INGOs;
(iv) green political parties.
6. Green movement in Australia: see Burgmann, Power and Protest (old edition).

IV. Influences and Continuities from 1960s & 1970s

1. New Left of 1960s:
(i) influence on grass-roots/ participatory politics;
(ii) ‘Left’ critique of capitalism;
(iii) anti-statism.
2. German Greens formed in 1979 by members of New Left.
3. Counter-culture’s critique of consumerism, materialism and work ethic.
4. NSM contributions in 1970s:
(i) activists;
(ii) issues;
(iii) participatory and symbolic politics.
5. Green Bloc – essential or historical links between components of green ideology?
(i) Historical association;
(ii) theoretical independence – synergies and tensions.
6. Other possible combinations:
(i) eco-conservatism,
(ii) eco-fascism,
(iii) eco-socialism,
(iv) eco-feminism,
(v) eco-mysticism.

Week 8. Dimensions of Globalisation. Neoliberal Capitalism, ‘Post-National’ States and Global Civil Society.

I. Introduction

1. Relationship between social movements and historical context:
(i) liberalism and the rise of capitalism;
(ii) industrial capitalism and working class SMs;
(iii) welfare state capitalism and ‘new’ social movements (NSMs).
2. This week on globalisation or global capitalism as context for contemporary and ‘global’ social movements (GSMs).

II. What is Globalisation?

1. Globalisation of capitalism vs. globalisation per se.
2. A definition of globalisation:
… a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions (Held and McGrew)
3. Scholte’s definition of globalisation/ transnationality/ supraterritoriality (Globalisation: A Critical Introduction, p. 16):
… globalisation entails a reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders.
… globalisation involves ‘deterritorialisation’ and the ‘growth of “supraterritorial” relations between people’
4. We will see that there multiple dimensions or aspects of globalisation – briefly now (and in more detail later):
(i) technology and infrastructure;
(ii) consciousness and culture;
(iii) politics and governance;
(iv) civil society and social movements;
(v) neo-liberal capitalism.

III. How New is Globalisation?

1. History of globalisation as contemporary controversy.
2. Trade and economic relations.
3. Cosmopolitan consciousness, culture and religion.
4. Transport and communications.
5. Scholte’s three stages of globalisation:
(i) 18th century Enlightenment;
(ii) incipient globalisation from 1850s-1950s;
(iii) full-scale globalisation from 1960s to present.

IV. Material and Technological Infrastructure

1. Material and technological infrastructure.
2. Contrast between North vs. South: telephones and internet.
3. Electronic communications: radio, TV, satellites.
4. Air travel and the shrinking globe.
5. Computers, internet and the worldwide web.
6. Communication technologies and cosmopolitan consciousness.

V. Global Capitalism

1. Neo-liberal capitalism and globalisation as main target of GSMs.
2. ‘Bretton Woods’ institutions of global capitalism:
(i) After World War II: IMF and World Bank, WTO, APEC (even OPEC!)
(ii) The Cold War and alternative paths of economic development.
3. Neoliberal ideology after Oil Shock and fall of communism:
(i) minimal state;
(ii) against social justice – welfare, equality and redistribution of wealth;
(iii) free markets: Hayek, Milton Friedman and Chicago School vs. Keynes;
4. The global agenda of neoliberalism:
(i) deregulation/ against state interference in economic activities;
(ii) mobility of capital across borders.
5. Global capitalism:
(i) international trade;
(ii) finance and movement of capital, ownership;
(iii) globalisation of production;
(iv) brands and marketing (N. Klein, No Logo).
6. But limited mobility of ‘labour’ or people – hostility to migration:
(i) Tampa and the ‘Pacific Solution’;
(ii) inequality and the strength of borders;

VI. Globalisation of Culture, Politics and Civil Society

1. Global cultures:
(i) Western culture of consumerism (‘Coca-colonisation’)
(ii) media, entertainment and the ‘culture industry’.
(iii) local cultures and particular identities;
(iv) McWorld vs. Jihad (B. Barber);
2. Globalisation of community:
(i) Sub-national allegiances and identities;
(ii) Transnational allegiances and identities.
3. Institutions of global governance:
(i) neoliberal measures as constraint on nation-state sovereignty;
(ii) transnational institutions of governance (EU, APEC, NAFTA)
(iii) fall of communism and ‘There Is No Alternative’ – no alternative path of economic development;
(iv) no ‘welfare state in one country’?
4. Social movements and ‘global civil society’ against corporate globalisation?

Week 9. Anti-Corporate Globalisation Movements. Aims and Themes.

I. Introduction

1. Aim to identify dimensions for evaluation of contemporary globalisation (CG).
2. Contemporary globalisation as dominated by neo-liberal agenda and US/ Western hegemony.
3. Aim to identify benefits and deficits of CG.

II. Economic Benefits and Deficits of Contemporary Globalisation.

1. Need for a technical economic assessment of the effect of CG, but not here.
2. Economic benefits of CG as benefits of capitalism at global level:
(i) rapid technological development,
(ii) economic efficiency,
(iii) economic growth;
(iv) ambivalent implications for developing world.
3. Economic deficits of CG:
(i) distribution of resources according to profit, not need;
(ii) exchange value vs. use value of production;
(iii) hegemony of economic rationalism.
(iv) neglect of other values – need, social justice, community, health etc.
4. Actual economic outcome of CG:
(i) social and economic inequality,
(ii) intensified exploitation – e.g. Export Processing Zones (EPZs);
(iii) economic benefits via accelerated economic growth.
5. Need for political values or theory of justice beyond economic rationalism.

III. Political Benefits and Deficits of Contemporary Globalisation

1. Contemporary Globalisation (CG) and free trade as progressive factors:
(i) for cosmopolitanism, against nationalism;
(ii) for peace, against war?
(iii) cf. Benjamin Constant and economic liberals on benefits of ‘commerce’.
2. Global governance necessary to deal with global problems:
(i) poverty and starvation;
(ii) rectifying injustice of colonialism and Empire;
(iii) diseases – germs cross borders;
(iv) climate change as global problem;
(v) wars and conflict – role of UN.
3. Decentralisation and revival of the ‘local’ in the global (‘glocalisation’!).
4. Democratic deficits of global governance:
(i) undemocratic institutions of global governance – IMF, World Bank, UN;
(ii) class basis of embryonic global state – global capitalism;
(iii) US/ Western hegemony or dominance of ‘New World Order’
5. CG undermining nation-state democracy and civil society:
(i) the ‘post-national constellation’ (Habermas);
(ii) constraining democratic policy-making and state activism (welfare, equality etc.);
(iii) multilateral agreements as constraints on national policy;
(iv) economic power of capital.

IV. Benefits and Deficits of Contemporary Globalisation for Culture and Civil Society

1. Cosmopolitan consciousness:
(i) expansion of concern from local or national to global – Live Aid etc.
(ii) recognition of ‘difference’ and diversity.
2. Homogenisation as cultural deficit:
(i) problems of nationalism on global scale;
(ii) value of cultural diversity – ‘bad’ diversity?
(iii) advantages of homogeneity – for mutual understanding.
3. Dominant global culture as bad?
(i) consumerist capitalism;
(ii) free or immoral – cf. Political Islamism;
(iii) indifference of commercial society to cultural values.
4. Undesirable cultural reactions to global culture:
(i) intensified nationalism,
(ii) localism and chauvinism;
(iii) reactionary movements,
(iv) violence.
5. Towards global civil society?

V. Responses to Contemporary Globalisation

1. Globalisation of NSMs:
(i) global issues;
(ii) global activism;
(iii) global agenda.
2. Return of class:
(i) New Social Movements as beyond class and class conflict?
(ii) anti-corporate globalisation movements – (neo-liberal) capitalism as target again;
(iii) 1st/3rd World interests and alliances – workers’ rights, environmental protection;
(iv) 1st/3rd World conflicts of interests – jobs vs. development;
(v) the myth of post-materialism?
3. Scholte’s alternative responses to CG:
(i) neo-liberal support;
(ii) global reformism;
(iii) global radicalism:
4. Two kinds of global reformism (Scholte):
(i) ‘thin’ reformism (global safety net)
(ii) ‘thick’ reformism (global social democracy).
5. Two kind of global radicalism:
(i) reactive radicalism;
(ii) pro-active radicalism.
6. Reformism from above vs. ‘democratisation from below’:
(i) against global statism;
(ii) role of SMs and empowerment;
(iii) role of global civil society (J. Keane, Global Civil Society)

Week 11. Global Civil Society. Organisation and Tactics.

I. Introduction

1. So far we’ve analysed
(i) different dimensions of globalisation and identified
(ii) possible advantages and deficits of globalisation.
2. Need to look at possible political responses,
i.e. alternatives and challenges to globalisation from social movements (SMs) and civil society.

II. Global Civil Society

1. Civil society as sphere apart from
(i) economy/ production/ capitalism,
(ii) state/ government/ institutionalised politics,
(iii) ‘private’ sphere/ family/ domestic relations.
See: J. Keane, Global Civil Society? (CUP, 2003)
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America.
2. Elements of civil society:
(i) voluntary associations;
(ii) charities and so-called ‘third sector’;
(iii) public sphere and media;
(iv) social movements (SMs), activists, networks;
(v) social movement organisations (SMOs, NGOs etc.).
3. Globalisation of civil society (GCS) and SMs:
(i) transnationalisation;
(ii) GSMs and international NGOs or INGOs.
4. Pessimistic view of GCS:
(i) dominance of capitalism,
(ii) bourgeois hegemony over civil society (Gramsci);
(iii) reproduction of power and domination.
5. GCS and the return of class:
(i) economic globalisation;
(ii) SMs and class;
(iii) politics of North vs. South
6. ‘Pessimism of the intellect’ vs. ‘optimism of the will’ (Gramsci)?

III. Limits to Statism

1. Political ideologies of global politics:
(i) neo-liberalism,
(ii) ‘thin’ and ‘thick’ reformism (Scholte);
(iii) radicalism – reaction, revolution or withdrawal (Scholte etc.).
2. Need for overarching alternative ideology or postmodern celebration of diversity?
3. Limits of state as political actor:
(i) social and cultural transformation;
(ii) authoritarian states;
(iii) over-burdened states;
(iv) globalisation and the ‘post-national constellation’ (Habermas).
4. Limits of electoral politics:
(i) social democracy as a ‘passive political formation’ – tyranny of the political centre/ ‘floating voter’;
(ii) e.g. Rudd ALP and the torments of Peter Garrett.
(iii) Green Party as radical but marginal.
5. Media and the global public sphere.

IV. Global Civil Society as a Permanent Level of Global Politics

1. Global civil society as a permanent level of global politics:
(i) no totalising theory or ideology;
(ii) politics beyond states.
(iii) SMs and civil society not just a stage of (pre-institutional) politics.
2. GSMs and degrees of organisation:
(i) centralisation and ‘unity of purpose’;
(ii) or dispersed and uncontrollable resistance (c.f. Seattle);
(iii) synergies and cooperation.
3. Remaining role of nation-states and electoral politics,
(i) favourable political framework for civil society activism;
(ii) but need for alternative politics of globalisation;
(iii) ‘double’ democratisation’ (Held, Keane) of state and (global) civil society:
Economy, civil society etc.
4. Levels of political agency:
(i) State, economy, civil society;
(ii) Political agency – individual, group, network, community;
(iii) Social movements as permanent aspect of politics;
(iv) Formal organisations (NGOs and INGOs, interest group, pressure groups etc)
(v) Electoral political parties – competing for control of state;
(vi) State as essential but limited political agency.

V. A 'Political Toolbox' for GSMs, or Lessons from New Social Movements

1. Autonomy of dimensions of oppression:
(i) no single source or logic of oppression;
(ii) cf. Marxism and primacy of class conflict;
(iii) Radical Feminism and primacy of gender (patriarchy).
2. Contingent historical entanglement of dimensions of oppression:
(i) e.g. S. Africa – racism and class;
(ii) e.g. N. Ireland – religion and class;
(iii) contingent synergies and alliances between SMs.
(iv) contingent conflicts and tensions between SMs
3. Theory of autonomous organisation;
(i) against separatism;
(ii) authenticity of interests –
consciousness, identity politics and the proliferation of identities.
(iii) empowerment of interests –
organisation, unity, political realities, cooperation between groups and movements..
4. Implications of ‘rich’ identities:
(i) multiple and cross-cutting identities vs. ‘
(ii) exclusive identities (e.g. nationalism, religious fundamentalisms).
(iii) no simple oppressor vs. oppressed (or friend-enemy) distinction.
(iii) plural dimensions of alliance;
(iv) plural dimensions of conflict.
5. ‘Beyond the fragments’?
(i) logics of fragmentation;
(ii) logics of articulation.

Week 12. Contemporary Social Movements – An Articulating Framework?

I. Introduction: The Need for an Articulating Framework?

1. Responding to the postmodernist (PM) challenge:
(i) Difference and diversity as ultimate criteria.
(ii) Need for a moral and ideological framework?
2. SMs and social transformation:
(i) Culture – need for a holistic challenge to prevailing culture;
(ii) State – role of electoral parties;
(iii) Gramsci’s ‘war of position’ vs. ‘war of manoeuvre’.
(iv) Counter-hegemonic challenge to the status quo?
3. But articulating framework does not rule our difference/ diversity:
(i) Difference is an articulating framework;
(ii) Not all difference is good:
e.g Fascism, Racism, Nationalism, Religious bigotry etc.

II. Pluralist Socialism as an Articulating Framework

1. M. Rustin, For a Pluralist Socialism (1985):
(i) revival of the socialist project by appeal to NSMs and GSMs.
(ii) rejection of bad socialism;
(iii) appeal to working class on behalf of the ‘new politics’.
(iv) Commitment to economic rights combined with pluralism of values.
2. M. Walzer, Spheres of Justice (1983):
(i) Cultural pluralism – whose justice?
(ii) Other spheres of justice:
honour, merit, friendship, membership, community etc.
(iii) Pluralism of ‘complex equality’:
(iv) Rejection of monistic socialism – equality as only value;
(v) Danger of political domination replacing dominance of money.
3. Advantages of socialist pluralism as articulating framework:
(i) critical extension of traditions of liberalism and socialism;
(ii) appeal to actual people – compatible with democracy;
(iii) recognises strategic importance of working class;
(iv) Social Democracy’s progressive tradition;
(v) social justice as basis for ‘calibration’ of conflicting interests.
4. Possible problems with this solution:
(i) Socialism as an unappealing ideology;
(ii) Feeble state of social democracy today;
(iii) productivism of socialist tradition against the environment.
5. Note similar solutions of radical theorists:
(i) ‘Radical and plural democracy’ (Laclau and Mouffe);
(ii) Left postmodernism;
(iii) Habermas’s deliberative democracy.
(iv) Offe’s Left-Green alliance;
(v) Touraine and the reconciliation of technology and autonomy.

III. Green Ideology as an Articulating Framework

1. Recall distinction between ecology and Greens;
(i) Deep and shallow ecologists concerned with value of nature.
(ii) Greens as articulation of NSM and perhaps also GSM issues – as political ‘bloc’.
2. Left-wing profile of Green ideology:
(i) Ecology and critique of rampant capitalism;
(ii) But need for working class support (e.g. Tasmania);
(iii) Commitment to social justice or even eco-socialism.
(iv) Sustainable jobs.
(v) Resolution of conflicting demands of movements – social justice vs. growth.
3. Advantages of Green ideology as articulating framework:
(i) Appeal to actors of NSMs and GSMs.
(ii) Contemporary prominence of ‘green’ issues – e.g. Global Warming;
(iii) Addresses nature-society relationship explicitly – cf. socialist pluralism;
(iv) Anti-materialism helps to defuse distributional/ class conflict;
(v) Resonates with anti- and postmodernist themes – cf. socialism.
4. Possible problems with Green solution:
(i) Anti-rationalism – mysticism and authoritarianism;
(ii) Anti-humanism – animals before humans;
(iii) Green stagism – no guarantee that ecological problems encourage Green solutions.

TUTORIAL PROGRAMME

• Tutorials are an essential component of the course. They provide an opportunity to discuss ideas and raise questions related to each week’s topic and associated readings. Accordingly, 10% of the overall assessment is based on tutorial attendance and contribution. N. B. Attendance at a minimum of 7 out of 10 tutorials is a condition of successful completion of this unit.
• You will need to purchase the text for this course, V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest (Allen & Unwin, 2003), and the Reading Brick for Global Social Movements. Essential readings for each week’s tutorial (marked ‘*’ below) can be found either in the text or in the Reading Brick. Suggestions for further reading and tutorial questions are also listed below.
• You can sign up for Tutorials using the Faculty of Arts Tutorial Signup system from Week One of Second Semester. Go to http://arts.anu.edu.au/tutorials/. Please note that you can only access the system via an ANU computer.

Week One (w/b 16th July)
No Tutorials. Reading Brick and Textbook available.

Week Two (w/b 23rd July)
Introduction and overview of the course. General questions about the course content and structure, assessment, organisation of tutorials etc.
What Are Social Movements? Politics Beyond the State. What are social movements? What is their relationship to the more institutionalised politics of government and electoral parties? What is the problem of collective action and how do social movements solve this problem?
*V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation, Ch. 1, ‘Social movements and social change’, pp. 1-43.
J. Pakulski, Social Movements, Introduction, pp. xi-xxi.
P. Wilkinson, Social Movement, Ch. 1, pp. 11-32.
D. Della Porta & M. Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction (Blackwell, UK and USA, 1999), Ch. 1, ‘The Study of Social Movements’ (more theoretical perspective).

Week Three (w/b 30th July)
‘‘Old’ Social Movements. Nationalism, Capitalism and the Modern State. What are some examples of so-called ‘old’ social movements? How did 19th and 20th century working-class and women’s movements change our societies? What impact have nationalist movements had? Who are the main contenders in the politics of capitalism and class?
*A. Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction, Ch. 4, ‘Socialism’.
A. Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction, Ch. 5, ‘Nationalism’.
V.I. Lenin, What is to be done? (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1975), pp. 96-116.
E. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism (Schocken, New York, 1961), Ch. 3, pp. 95-165.
R. Luxemburg, ‘Social Reform or Revolution’ in Selected Political Writing, ed. R. Looker (London, Cape, 1972), pp. 52-134.

Week Four (w/b 6th August)
‘New Politics’. New Social Movements vs. the Welfare State. What is ‘welfare state capitalism’? Which social movements gave rise to the welfare state? What is the ‘new politics’? What role do so-called ‘new’ social movements (NSMs) play in the new politics? What is the relationship between NSMs and class politics?
*R.J. Dalton, M. Kuechler & W. Bürklin, ‘The Challenge of New Movements’ in Dalton & Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order, pp. 3-16.
*D. West, ‘New Social Movements’ in G.F. Gaus & C. Kukathas, eds Handbook of Political Theory (Sage, London & Thousand Oaks, 2004) Ch. 20, pp. 265-76.
C. Offe, ‘New Social Movements: Challenging the boundaries of institutional politics’ in Social Research, v. 52, no. 4, 1985, pp. 817-868.
R. Miliband, Divided Societies: Class Struggle in Contemporary Capitalism, Chapter 3, pp. 95-114.

Week Five (w/b 13th August)
Politics of Culture, Consciousness and Identity. From Black Power to ‘Second Wave’ Feminism. What is the politics of culture, consciousness and identity? What role did culture, consciousness and identity play in the US Black Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s? What is the role of ‘consciousness raising’ and identity in ‘second wave’ feminism? What role do culture, consciousness and identity play in the Aboriginal movement?
*V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation, Ch. 3, ‘The women’s movement’, pp. 98-164.
D. Della Porta & M. Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, Ch. 4, pp. 83-109.
V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest, Ch. 2, ‘The Aboriginal movement’.
H. Eisenstein, Contemporary Feminist Thought, Ch. 4 & 14.
A. Koedt et al, ‘Feminist Manifestos’ in Radical Feminism, pp. 365-387.
Carmichael, S. ‘Power and Racism’ in The Black Power Revolt, pp. 63-76.

Week Six (w/b 20th August)
Beyond Consumerism and Growth. Environment, Peace and Global Justice.
Is all politics based on self-interest or are some political movements essentially altruistic? Why are some contemporary movements described as universalist? What are the implications of the term ‘post-materialism’? Do anti- or post-materialist values play an important role in contemporary social movements? Do you regard your own political concerns as selfish or altruistic, as materialist or anti-materialist?
*R. Inglehart, The Silent Revolution, Ch. 10, ‘The Post-Materialist Phenomenon’, pp. 262-90.
*V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation, Ch. 4, ‘The green movement’, pp. 165-241.
R.B.J. Walker & S.H. Mendlovitz, ‘Peace, Politics and Contemporary Social Movements’ in Towards a Just World Peace, pp. 3-12.
A. Dobson, Green Political Thought, Chapter 1.

Week Seven (w/b 27th August)
Case Study: Gay/Lesbian/Queer Movements – The Politics of Sexuality.
What is new about gay/lesbian/queer politics? What role do ‘consciousness’, ‘coming out’ and ‘pride’ play in the politics of sexuality? What is the role of language? What is the importance of history to sexual politics? What does it mean to say that ‘the personal is political’?
*A. Jagose, Queer Theory, Chs 4 & 6, pp. 30-43 & 58-71.
V. Burgmann, Power and Protest: Movements for Change in Australian Society (Allen & Unwin, 1993), Ch. 3, ‘Out and Proudly Out’: the lesbian and gay movements’, pp. 138-86.
D. Altman, ‘The Emergence of Gay Identity in the USA and Australia’ in Jennett & Stewart, Politics of the Future, Chapter 1, pp. 30-55.

Mid-Semester Break – 1st -16th September

Week Eight (w/b 17th September)
Dimensions of Globalisation. Neoliberal Capitalism, Post-National States and Global Civil Society. What are the different dimensions of globalisation? How does technology affect globalisation? What is neoliberal globalisation? How does globalisation affect nation-states? What is global civil society? Which (if any) of these dimensions of globalisation is really inevitable?
*J.A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, Ch. 1, pp. 13-40.
*A. Starr, Naming the Enemy: Anti-corporate Movements Confront Globalization, Introduction, pp. vii-xii.
J.A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, Part II, Chs 5-8.
A. Colas, International Civil Society, Ch. 2.
J. Habermas, The Post-National Constellation, Ch. 4, pp. 58-112.

Essay Deadline: Thursday 20th September 2007 at 4 p.m.

Week Nine (w/b 24th September)
Anti-Corporate Globalisation Movements. Aims and Themes.
How does globalisation affect social movements and their activities? Are all ‘anti-globalisation’ movements opposed to all forms of globalisation? Why do some people talk about alter-globalisation movements? What are the alternatives to neoliberal globalisation considered by Scholte? Can you think of other alternatives?
*V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation, Ch. 5, ‘Anti-capitalism and anti-corporate globalisation’, pp. 242-326.
J.A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, Ch. 12, pp. 283-314.
R. Cohen, & S.M. Rai, Global Social Movements, Ch. 1, pp. 1-17.
Keane, J. Global Civil Society,

Week Ten (w/b 1st October)
Public Holiday – Monday 1st October
NO LECTURES OR TUTORIALS – REVISION WEEK

Week Eleven (w/b 8th October)
Global Civil Society. Organisation and Tactics. What are the main features of contemporary anti- or alter-globalisation movements? What forms of organisation do they employ? What forms of political strategy and tactics do they use? What, if anything, do global social movements have in common with ‘old’ and ‘new’ social movements?
*Canadian Security Intelligence Service, ‘Anti-Globalization: A Spreading Phenomenon’ (http://www.redandgreen.org/Information/200008e.html)
*D. McNally, Another World is Possible, pp. 13-27.
A. Starr, Naming the Enemy: Anti-corporate Movements Confront Globalization, Chs 2-4.
N. Klein, No Logo, Part IV, Chs 12-18.
A. Colas, International Civil Society, Ch. 3.

Week Twelve (w/b 15th October)
Contemporary Social Movements - An Articulating Framework?
Does the demand for autonomy made by contemporary social movements imply separatism? What relationship should they have with one another? Are there possibilities for cooperation, alliance or even unity between these movements? If so, on what basis? What are the strengths and weaknesses of socialist pluralism and green ideology as an articulating framework?
*V. Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation, Ch. 6, pp. 327-49.
M. Rustin, For a Pluralist Socialism, Introduction, pp. 24-45 and Chapter 3, pp. 76-95.
S. Rowbotham: ‘The women’s movement and organising for socialism’ in S. Rowbotham, L. Segal & H. Wainwright, Beyond the Fragments: Feminism and the Making of Socialism (Merlin Press, London, 1979), pp. 21-155.
C. Jennett & R. Stewart, Politics of the Future, Introduction, pp. 1-28.

Week Thirteen (w/b 22nd October)
NO LECTURES OR TUTORIALS – REVISION WEEK.

Return to CONTENTS.
 
 

WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT

• Choose a topic from the list below, then formulate your own title for this topic. If you wish to write on a different topic that is still relevant to the course, you should consult with your tutor in advance.
• Essays should be concise, clearly expressed and logically structured. It is important to draw on a reasonable range of sources. Do not reference sources that you do not use.
• Essays must be produced on a word processor and submitted in hard copy – you may be asked to submit an electronic copy of your essay as well. Your essay should be around 2,250 words in length (+/- 10%). Essays that are substantially shorter or longer will be penalised. You must include an accurate word-count on the cover sheet. Also remember to use the spelling checker on your computer!
• Wherever possible you should reference scholarly, published sources (books and articles) rather than websites and please note that YOU MUST INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS!
• Essays should have footnotes or end-notes and a list of references actually consulted in writing the essay. You must provide full bibliographical details – including author, title, date, journal or publisher, location and, where appropriate, page numbers – in a clear and consistent way. For Guidelines see the Political Science Essay Writing Guide at http://arts.anu.edu.au/sss/POLSEssayGuide.pdf

ESSAY TOPICS

1. Discuss one global social movement. What are the main features of the movement including its typical actors, demands, forms of organisation and tactics. Consider the movement’s successes, failures and prospects.

2. Discuss one new social movement. What are the main features of the movement including its typical actors, demands, forms of organisation and tactics. Consider the movement’s successes, failures and prospects.

3. Discuss one third world or developing-country social movement. What are the main features of the movement including its typical actors, demands, forms of organisation and tactics. Consider the movement’s successes, failures and prospects.

4. Discuss the relationship between one social movement and political parties in Australia.

5. Discuss the relationship between one political party in Australia and social movements.

6. Discuss and critically assess one theoretical approach to the explanation of global social movements.

7. Discuss and critically assess one theoretical approach to the explanation of new social movements.

ESSAY DEADLINE: Your essay must be delivered to the Essay Box outside the main School of Social Sciences Office by the due deadline (see Lecture Programme). It is School policy that once essays on a particular topic have been returned to students, no further essays on that topic will be accepted.

PENALTIES - In fairness to students who meet the essay deadline, there will be a penalty of 2% per day on all essays submitted after the due date or approved extension. The penalty is two percentage points subtracted from the assessed mark for the essay for each calendar working day (or part thereof) by which the essay is overdue.

PLAGIARISM - Your attention is drawn to the Faculty of Arts’ policies on plagiarism. Plagiarised essays will be seriously penalised and may be given a mark of zero.

EXTENSIONS
Requests for an extension must be made before the deadline. Extensions may be granted on medical or other reasonable grounds. Please read the guidelines on extensions set out below. If you are seeking an extension of the essay deadline, your should discuss your request with your Tutor. Please let your Tutor know as soon as possible, if you are experiencing any problems that may affect your assignment. Please note the following:
1. Medical reasons – requests for an extension must be supported by a medical certificate.
2. Personal problems – requests for an extension must be supported by some documentation (e.g. letter from your doctor, college tutor, parent or other appropriate individual). If you have been seeing a counsellor from the University Counselling Service, s/he may be able to write a letter in support of your request – but please note that you should not see a counsellor solely in order to obtain such a letter.
3. Clash of essay deadlines – an extension will not be granted on the basis of a clash of essay deadlines.
4. Outside employment – an extension will be granted only for exceptional and/or additional work commitments. Requests for an extension must be supported by a letter from your employer.
5. Participation in sporting events – requests for an extension must be supported by a letter from the appropriate sporting body.

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SECOND ASSIGNMENT

The Second Assignment will be available here (online) on Thursday 1st November and must be handed in to the School of Social Sciences Essay Box no later than 4pm on Thursday 8th November 2007. Some hard copies of the Second Assignment will also be available from the School of Social Sciences office for students who are unable to download the online version.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following list covers most of the major topics of this course and supplements the weekly tutorial readings. It is not, however, intended to be definitive or exhaustive. When researching your essay, should also use the various resources of the University Library, including catalogue, databases and library advisers. Where appropriate, you can also make use of the worldwide web (see links on course web-site). However, wherever possible you should reference scholarly, published sources (books and articles) and wherever possible include page numbers.

Globalization and Global Social Movements

‘Anti-Globalization: A Spreading Phenomenon’, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, (http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/200008_e.html).
Archibugi, D. & Held D., eds (1995) Cosmopolitan Democracy: An agenda for a new world order (Cambridge, MA: Polity Press).
Archibugi, D., Held D. & Köhler, M. (1998) Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in cosmopolitan democracy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
Arrighi, G., Hopkins, T. K. & Wallerstein, I. (1989) Antisystemic Movements (London and New York: Verso).
Barber, Benjamin R. (1995) Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Random House)
Barnet, R. (1994) Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations (New York: Simon & Schuster).
Brecher, J., Childs, J. B. & Cutler, J., eds (1993) Global Visions: Beyond the New World Order (Boston: South End Press).
Brecher, J. & Costello, T. (1998) Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic reconstruction from the bottom up (South End Press, Cambridge, MA), 2nd Edition.
Brecher, J., Costello, T. and Smith, B. (2000) Globalization from Below: The power of solidarity (Boston: South End Press).
Bull, H. & Watson, A. (1984) The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Burgmann, V. (2003) Power, Profit and Protest: Australian social movements and globalisation (Allen & Unwin, NSW).
Castells, Manuell (1996-7) The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Oxford, Blackwell), Vol. 1 The rise of the network society, Vol. 2 The power of identity.
Chay, J., ed. (1989) Culture and International Relations (New York: Praeger).
Cohen, R. and Rai, S., eds (2000) Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London).
Colas, Alejandro (2002) International Civil Society: Social movements in world politics (Malden, MA : Polity Press/Blackwell Publishers).
Commission on Global Governance (1995) Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Danaher, K. & Burbach, R., eds (2000) Globalize This! The battle against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press).
Della Porta, D., Kriesi, H. & Rucht, D., eds (1999) Social Movements in a Globalizing World (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Edwards, M. & Gaventa, J., eds (2001) Global Citizen Action (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO).
Ekins, Paul (1992) A New World Order: Grassroots movements for global change (London and New York: Routledge).
Eschle, C. (2001) Global Democracy, Social Movements, and Feminism (Westview Press, Boulder, Co.).
Falk, R. (1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a new global politics (Cambridge: Polity).
Featherstone, M., ed. (1990) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalisation and Modernity (London: Sage).
Galtung, J. (1980) The True Worlds: A transnational perspective (New York: Free Press).
Ghils, P. (1990) ‘International civil society: international non-governmental organizations in the international system’, International Social Science Journal, 44, 133, August, pp. 417-29.
Gills, B., ed. (2000) Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (London: Macmillan).
Goodman, James, ed. (2002) Protest and Globalisation: Prospects for transnational solidarity (Annandale, NSW: Pluto Press Australia).
Gordenker, L. & Weiss, T. G., eds (1996) NGOs, the United Nations and Global Governance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
Habermas, J. (2001) The Post-National Constellation: Political essays (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Hall, S., Held, D. & McGrew, T., eds (1992) Modernity and its Futures (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Halliday, F. (1988) ‘Three concepts of internationalism’, International Affairs, 64, 2, pp. 187-97.
Hamel, Pierre, et al, eds (2001) Globalization and social movements (New York: Palgrave).
Hardt, M. & Negri, A. (2000) Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order (Polity Press, Cambridge).
Held, D. (1995) Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
Held, D., McGrew A., Goldblatt, D &Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, economics and culture (Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press).
Held, D. & McGrew, A. (2000) The Global Transformations Reader: An introduction to the globalization debate (Cambridge, UK & Malden, Mass.: Polity Press).
Hirst, P. & Thompson, G. (1995) Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity).
Keck, M. E. & Sikkink, K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy networks in international politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP).
Keohane, Robert & Nye, Joseph, eds, (1970) Transnational Relations and World Politics (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, & London)
Kegley, C. W. & Wittkopf, E. R. (2001) World Politics: Trend and Transformation (Bedford/ St. Martin’s, Boston & New York).
Keyman, E. Fuat (1997) Globalization, State, Identity/Difference: Towards a critical social theory of international relations (Humanities Press, New Jersey)
Klein, N. (2000) No Logo (London: Flamingo).
Lechner, F. J. & Boli, J., eds (2000) The Globalization Reader (Blackwell, Oxford and Malden, MA).
Lemert, C., ed. (1991) International and Politics: Social theory in a changing world (London: Sage).
Lipschutz, R.D. (1992) ‘Reconstructing world politics: the emergence of global civil society’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 21, 3, pp. 389-420.
McBride, S. & Wiseman, J., eds (2000) Globalisation and its Discontents (Macmillan, Basingstoke).
Melucci, A. (1996) Challenging Codes: Collective action in the information age (CUP: Cambridge).
Mendlowitz, S. H. Walker, R. B. J., eds (1987) Towards a Just World Peace: Perspectives from social movements (Butterworth, Boston & London).
Murphy, Craig N. (1994) International Organization and Industrial Change: Global governance since 1950 (Cambridge: Polity).
Murphy, Craig N., ed. (2002) Egalitarian politics in the age of globalization (Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave, 2002).
O’Brien, R. O. et al. (2000) Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral economic institutions and global social movements (Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press).
Paolini, A. J., Jarvis, A. P. & Reus-Smit, C. (1998) Between Sovereignty and Global Governance: The United Nations, the state and civil society (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
Ray, Larry J. (1993) Rethinking Critical Theory: Emancipation in the age of global social movements (London ; Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications).
Rosenberg, J. (1994) The Empire of Civil Society: A critique of the realist theory of international relations (London: Verso).
Rucht, Dieter (1999) ‘The Transnationalization of Social Movements: Trends, causes, problems’ in Della Porta, D., Kriesi, H. & Rucht, D., eds (1999) Social Movements in a Globalizing World (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Rupert, Mark (2000) Ideologies of Globalization (Routledge, London and New York).
Sassen, Saskia (1996) Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press).
Scholte, J. A. (1993) International Relations of Social change (Buckingham: Open University Press).
Scholte, J. A. (2000) Globalization: A Critical Introduction (Macmillan, Basingstoke & St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2000).
Shaw, M. (1994) ‘Civil society and global politics: beyond a social movements approach’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 23, 3, pp. 647-67.
Smith, J., Chatfield, C. & Pagnucc, R. eds. (1997) Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse).
Press).Smith, M. P. & Guarnizo, L. E., eds (1998) Transnationalism from Below (Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers)
Starr, Amory (2000) Naming the Enemy: Anti-corporate movements confront globalization (Annandale, NSW: Pluto Press).
Tarrow, Sidney G. (1994) Power in Movement: Social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge, CUP).
Tarrow, Sidney G. (2000) Transnational Contention (San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy: European University Institute/Robert Schumann Centre).
Tomlinson, John (1999) Globalization and Culture (Polity Press, Cambridge
Touraine, A. (2001) Beyond Neoliberalism (Polity Press, Cambridge), trans. D. Macey.
Walker, R. B. J., ed. (1984) Culture, Ideology, and World Order (Boulder: Westview Press).
Walker, R B J (1988) One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just world peace (L. Rienner, Boulder & Zed Books, London, 1988). .
Walker, R. B. J. (1993) Inside/outside : international relations as political theory (Cambridge & New York, Cambridge University Press).
Walker, R.B.J. (1994) ‘Social movements/ world politics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 23, 3 (Winter), pp. 669-700.
Walker, R.B.J. & Mendlovitz, S. H., eds (1990) Contending Sovereignties: Redefining political community (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers).
Wapner, P. (1996) Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, NY: SUNY Press).
Waterman, P. (2001) Globalization, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms (London and New York: Continuum).
Woods, N., ed. (2000) The Political Economy of Globalization (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Old and New Social Movements

Aboriginal/ Black/ Anti-Racist/ Ethnic Movements

Allen, R. L. (1969) Black Awakening in Capitalist America (New York: Doubleday).
Barbour, F. B. ed. (1968) The Black Power Revolt (Boston, MA: Collier-Macmillan).
Barth, F (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The social Organization of Cultural Differences.
Berndt, RM, ed. (1977) Aborigines and Change: Australia in the 70s.
Baldwin, J (1963) The Fire Next Time.
Back, L. & Solomos, J. eds (2000) Theories of Race and Racism: A reader (London and New York: Routledge).
*Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society, chapter 1.
Carmichael, S & C V Hamilton, Black Power.
Fanon, F (1963) The Wretched of the Earth.
Fanon, F (1976) 'Racism and culture' in Racial Conflict, Discrimination and Power: Historical and Contemporary Studies, ed. W Barclay et al.
Gilbert, K (1973) Because a White Man'll Never Do It.
Glazer, N et a. (1976) Ethnicity: Theory and Experience.
Howard, M.C., ed, (1982) Aboriginal Power in Australian Society.
Howard, M, ed, (1989) Ethnicity and Nation-building in the South Pacific.
McGuiness, S B (1972) 'Black Power in Australia' in Racism: The Australian Experience, ed. F S Stevens, v. 2.
McQueen, H (1974) Aborigines, Race and Racism.
Rowley, CD (1971) Outcasts in White Australia.
Sykes, R B (1989) Black Majority.
Wagstaff, T. (1969) Black Power: The radical response to white America (Toronto: Collier-Macmillan).

Alternative Life-Style Movements

Altman, D (1980) Rehearsals for Change: Politics and culture in Australia.
Bennett, J W (1975) 'Communes and communitarianism', Theory and Society, 2, no. 1.
Cock, P (1979) Alternative Australia.
Cock, P (1985) 'Sustaining alternative culture: the drift towards rural suburbia', Social Alternatives, 4 (4).
Manuel, F (1969) 'Towards a Psychological History of Utopias' in B McLaughlin, ed, Studies in Social Movements (New York, Free Press).
Metcalf, W et al. (1987) Social Characteristics of Alternative Lifestyle Participants in Australia (Brisbane: Institute of Applied Environmental Research).
Sommerlad, E et al. (1985) Rural Land Sharing Communities: An alternative economic model (Canberra: Australian Govt Publishing Service).
Taylor, A (1981) Retreat or Advance: New settlers and alternative lifestyles in the rainbow region (Armidale: University of New England).

Gay/ Lesbian/ Queer

Adam, Barry D. (1995) The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement (Twayne, Simon & Schuster/Macmillan, New York) (international; up-to-date)
Aldrich, R. (1993) Gay Perspectives II: More essays in Australian gay culture (Dept. Economic History, University of Sydney).
Altman, D (1971) Homosexual Oppression and Liberation.
Altman, D (1986) AIDS and the New Puritanism.
Altman, D et al. (1989A) Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?
Altman, D (1989B) 'The emergence of gay identity in the USA and Australia' in Jennett & Stewart, Politics of the Future.
Ballard, J (1989) 'The Politics of AIDS' in H Gardner, ed, The Politics of Health: The Australian Experience.
Blasius, Mark & Phelan, Shane (1997) We Are Everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics (Routledge, London and New York).
Boughner, T (1988) Out of all time: A gay and lesbian history.
Bronski, M (1984) Culture Clash: The making of a gay sensibility.
*Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society, Ch. 3.
Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge, London and New York, 1990).
Carter, E & S Watney (1989) Taking Liberties: AIDS and cultural politics.
Cruickshank, Margaret (1992) The Gay and Lesbian Movement (Routledge, London).
D'Emilio, J (1983) Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The making of a homosexual minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago: Chicago University Press).
D'Emilio, J. & Freedman, E. B. (1988) Intimate Matters: A history of sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row).
D'Emilio, J. (1992) Making Trouble: Essays on gay history, politics, and the university (New York, Routledge).
Dowsett, G W (1990) 'Reaching men who have sex with men in Australia: an overview of AIDS education', Aust J of Social Issues, 26.
Dynes, Wayne R Homosexuality: A research guide.
Eisenstein, Hester Contemporary Feminist Thought.
Epstein, S (1987) 'Gay politics...' in Socialist Review, 93/94.
Ferguson, Ann et al. 'On "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence": Defining the issues' in N.O. Keohane et al., eds, Feminist Theory: A Critique of Ideology, 1982.
Fernbach, D (1981) The Spiral Path.
Frye, Marilyn 'Lesbian Feminism and the Gay Rights Movement', in The Politics of Reality: Essays in feminist theory, 1983.
Gay Left Collective, eds.(1980) Homosexuality: Power and Politics.
Kirp, David L. & Bayer, R. (1992) AIDS in the Industrialized Democracies (Rutgers UP, New Brunswick).
Greenberg, D (1988) The Construction of Homosexuality.
Halperin, David M., A Hundred Years of Homosexuality, and other essays on Greek love (Routledge, New York and London, 1990).
Halperin, David M., Saint Foucault: Towards a gay hagiography (Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1995).
Healey, Emma & Mason, Angela (1994) Stonewall 25: The Making of the Lesbian and Gay Community in Britain (Virago, London).
Jagose, Annamarie (1996) Queer Theory (Melbourne University Press).
Koedt, Anne 'Lesbianism and Feminism' in A. Koedt et al., eds, Radical Feminism, 1973.
McCaffrey, ed. The Homosexual Dialectic.
Mieli, M (1980) Homosexuality and Liberation.
Mohr, Richard D. (1992) Gay Ideas: Outing and other controversies (Beacon Press, Boston).
Reynolds, Robert (2002) From Camp to Queer: Re-making the Australian Homosexual (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne).
Rich, Adrienne 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence', in Signs, 5, no. 4, 1980.
Robinson, PA The Sexual Radicals.
Sontag, S (1989) AIDS and its Metaphors.
James D. Steakley: The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (Salem, NH, 1975).
Thompson, D (1985) Flaws in the Social Fabric (re. Australia).
Walter, A Coming Out.
Weeks, J (1977) Coming Out (Quartet Books).
Wotherspoon, G (1991) City of the Plain: History of a Gay Sub-Culture (Sydney).

Green/ Ecological Movements

Altman, D (1980) Rehearsals for Change: Politics and Culture in Australia.
Anderson, V. (1991) Alternative Economic Indicators (London).
Bahro, R. (1982) Socialism and Survival (Heretic Books, London).
Bonyhady, Tim (1993) Places Worth Keeping: Environmental politics and law in Australia (Allen & Unwin, Australia) (esp. environmental law)
Bramwell, A (1989) Ecology in the 20th Century.
Brown, B. & Singer, P. Green Politics.
*Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society, Ch. 4.
Christoff, P (1987) 'A long draught shared? The environment movement and strategies for change in the 80s', Social Alternatives, 6 (4).(re Australia)
Cotgrove, S (1982) Catastrophe or Cornucopia.
Cotgrove, S & Duff, A (1980) 'Environmentalism, middle class radicalism and politics', Sociological Review, 28, 2.
Dobson, A. (1990) Green Political Thought: An Introduction (New York, Routledge).
Frankel, B (1987) The Post-Industrial Utopians.
Galtung J (1986) 'The green movement: a socio-historical exploration', Int Sociol, v. 1, no. 1.
Gordon, R, ed, (1970) The Australian New Left.
Hayward, Tim (1995) Ecological Thought: An Introduction (Polity Press, Cambridge).
Hülsberg, W (1985) 'The Greens at the Crossroads', New Left Review, 152.
Hülsberg, W (1987) 'After the West German elections', New Left Review, 154.
Hülsberg, W (1988) The German Greens.
Hutton, D, ed, (1987) Green Politics in Australia.
Milbrath, L (1984) Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society.
Müller-Rommel, F (1985A) 'The Greens in Western Europe', Int Pol Sci Rev, v. 6, no. 4.
Müller-Rommel, F (1985B) 'Social movements and the Greens: new internal politics in Germany', European J of Political Res, 13.
Müller-Rommel, F (1985C) 'New social movements and political parties', West European Politics, 8.
Müller-Rommel, F & Poguntke, T, eds (1995) New Politics (Dartmouth Publishing Co., Aldershot) (useful collection of articles).
Newell, P. (2000) 'Environmental NGOs and globalization: The governance of TNCs' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Paehlke, RC (1989) Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (Yale UP).
Papadakis, E (1984) The Green Movement in West Germany.
Papadakis, E (1986) 'The Green alternative: interpretations of social protest and political action in West Germany', Aust J of Politics and History, v. 32, no. 4.
Papadakis, E (1989) 'Struggles for social change...' in Jennett & Stewart, Politics of the Future.
Papadakis, E (1993) Politics and the Environment: The Australian experience (Allen & Unwin, Australia).
Poguntke, T (1986) 'New Politics and Party Systems: the emergence of a new type of party?', West European Politics, v. 10, no. 1, 1986.
Poguntke, T (1987) 'The organization of a participating party - the German Greens', European J of Political Res, 15.
Quigley, P. 'Rethinking Resistance: Environmentalism, Literature, and Poststructural Theory' in Environmental Ethics, 14, Winter 1992, pp. 291-306.
Roddewig, R (1978) Green Bans (re. Australia).
Rüdig W et al. (1986) 'The withered "greening" of British Politics: a study of the Ecology Party', Political Studies, v. 34, no. 2.
Trainer, F. E. (1985) Abandon Affluence! (London).
Wolf, F-O (1986) 'Eco-socialist transition on the threshold of the 21st century', New Left Review, 158.
Yearley, S. & Forrester, J. (2000) 'Shell, a sure target for global environmental campaigning' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).

Labour/ Working Class Movements/ Labour internationalism

Abendroth, W. (1972) A Short History of the European Working Class (London: NLB).
Aswin, Sarah (2000) 'International labour solidarity after the Cold War' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Bernstein, E. (1961) Evolutionary Socialism: A criticism and affirmation (New York, Schocken).
Bronner, S. E. (1990) Socialism Unbound (New York: Routledge).
Callinicos, A. The Revolutionary Road to Socialism.
Cliff, T. (1975) Lenin, Vol. I 'Building the Party' (London: Pluto Press).
Hunter, Allen (1995) 'Globalization from below: promises and perils of the new labour internationalism', Social Policy 25 (4), pp. 6-13.
Luxemburg, R. (1971) Selected Political Writings, ed. D. Howard (Monthly Review Press, New York and London).
Molyneux, J. (1987) Arguments for Revolutionary Socialism (London: Bookmarks).
Moody, K. (1997) Workers in a Lean World: Unions in the international economy (London: Verso).
Munck, R. (2000) 'Labour in the global: challenges and prospects' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Regini, M., ed. (1992) The Future of Labor Movements (London: Sage Publications).
Waterman, Peter (1993) 'Social movement unionism: a new model for a New World Order', Review 16 (3), pp. 245-78.
Waterman, P. (1998) Globalization, Social Movements and the New Internationalism (London: Mansell).

Peace Movements

Bolton, CD (1972) 'Alienation and Action:: A study of peace group members', Amer J of Sociol, 78.
Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society, Ch. 4.
Carter, A. (1992) Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics Since 1945 (Longman Cheshire, Melbourne).
Dankbaar, B (1984) 'Alternative defence policies and the peace movement', J of Peace Research, 21, no. 2.
Kitschelt, H (1986) 'Political opportunity structures and political protest: anti-nuclear movements in four democracies', Brit J of Political Science, 16, 1.
Kriesi, H et al. (1987) 'Old and new politics: the Dutch peace organisations', European J of Political Res, 15.
Ladd, A E & al. (1983) 'Ideological themes in the antinuclear movement: consensus and diversity', Sociol Inquiry, 53, 2-3.
Mattausch, J. (2000) 'The peace movement: retrospects and prospects' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Mendlowitz, S.H. & Walker, R B J (1987) Towards a Just World Peace.
Parkin, F (1968) Middle Class Radicalism: The social bases of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.
Prior, S (1987) 'The rise and fall of the nuclear disarmament party', Social Alternatives, 6 (4).
Saunders, M & R Summy (1986) The Australian Peace Movement: A short history (Peace Research Centre, ANU).
Taylor, R & Young, N, eds (1987) Campaigns for Peace (Manchester University Press).
Walker, R B J (1988) One World, Many Worlds.

Religious and Revivalist Movements

Beckford, J. A. (2000) 'Religious movements and globalization' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Bourdeaux, Michael The Influence of Religion (NY: Sharpe, 1994).
Lubeck, P. M. (2000) 'The Islamic revival: antinomies of Islamic movements under globalization' in R. Cohen & S. M. Rai, Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Mews, Stuart ed., Religion in Politics: A World Guide (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1989).
Perry, Michael J. The Role of Religion and Morality in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
Sahliyeh, Emile ed., Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990).
Swarup, Hem Lata ed., Women, Politics and Religion (Delhi: Indian Council of Education, 1986).

Student Movements

Altbach, P, ed, (1989) Student Political Activism (Greenwood Press).
Cockburn A & R Blackburn, eds. (1969) Student Power.(Penguin Books).
Feenberg, A (1978) 'Remembering the May Events', Theory and Society, no. 6.
Habermas, J (1971) Towards a Rational Society, Chapters 1-3.
Lipset, S (1967) Student Politics.
Nagel, J, ed, (1969) Student Power.
Rootes, C (1978) 'The rationality of student radicalism', Aust and NZ J of Sociol, 14 (4).
Rootes, CA (1980) 'Student radicalism: Politics of moral protest and legitimation problems of the modern capitalist state', Theory and Society, 9, no. 3.
Rootes, CA (1981) 'Students as agents of radical social change', Social Alternatives, 2, no. 1.
Statera, G (1975) Death of Utopia: The development and decline of student movements in Europe.
Touraine, A (1971) The May Movement.

Women's Movements

Baker A J (1982) 'The problem of authority in radical movement groups: a case-study of lesbian-feminist organisation', J of Applied Behav. Sci., 18, no. 3.
Banks O (1981) The Faces of Feminism.
Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society, (Allen and Unwin) Ch. 2.
Cancian et al. (1981) 'Mass media and the women's movement: 1900-1977, J of Applied Behav. Sci., 17, no. 1.
Charvet J (1982) Feminism.
Connell, R. W. (1993) 'Men and the Women's Movement', Social Policy, Summer, 1993, v. 23, no. 4.
Dowse S (1983) 'The women's movement fandango with the state' in Baldock and Cass, Women, Social Welfare and the State, Sydney.
Ettore EM (1978) 'Women, urban social movements and the lesbian ghetto', Int J of Urban and Regional Res, 2, no. 3.
Evans, R J (1977) The Feminists: Women's emancipation movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840-1920.
Freeman J (1973) 'Origins of the women's liberation movement' Amer J of Sociol, 78, no. 4.
Freeman J (1975A) The Politics of Women's Liberation.
Freeman J (1975B) 'Political organisation in the feminist movement', Acta Sociologica, 18, no. 2-3.
Grieve N & A Burns, eds, (1986) Australian Women: New feminist perspectives.
Hekman, Susan J. (1990) Gender and Knowledge: Elements of a Postmodern Feminism (Polity Press, Cambridge).
Klein E (1984) Gender Politics.
Nicholson, Linda J., ed. (1990) Feminism/Postmodernism (Routledge, London and New York).
Rowbotham S (1973) Women's Consciousness, Man's World.
Sawer M & M Simms (1984) A Woman's Place.
Simms M (1984) Australian Women and the Political System.
Summers A(1975) Damned Whores and God's Police: The colonization of women in Australia.
Tong, R. (1989) Feminist Thought.

General Discussion of Social Movements

Arendt, H (1958) The Origins of Totalitarianism.
Bagguley, P (1992) ‘Social change, the middle class and the emergence of ‘new social movements: A critical analysis’, Sociol Rev, 1992, 4, pp. 26-48.
Banks, J A (1972) The Sociology of Social Movements.
Barnes, S.H. & Kaase, M (1979) Political Action: Mass participation in five Western democracies.
Boggs, C (1983) ‘The New Populism and the Limits of Structural Reform’, Theory and Society, 12, 3.
Boggs, C (1986) Social Movements and Political Power.
Bookchin, M (1971) Post-Scarcity Anarchism.
Brand, K.W. (1986) ‘New Social Movements as a Metapolitical Challenge’, Thesis Eleven, 15.
Buechler, S. (2000) Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism (Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York).
Burgmann, V. (1993) Power and Protest: Movements for change in Australian Society (Allen and Unwin).
Bürklin, W P (1985) 'The split between the established and the non-established left in Germany', European J of Political Research, 13.
Castells, M (1983) The City and the Grassroots: A cross-cultural theory of urban social movements.
Cohen, J L (1982) Class and Civil Society: The limits of Marxian critical theory.
Cohen, J L (1982) ‘Between crisis management and social movements’, Telos, 52.
Cohen, J L (1983) ‘Rethinking Social Movements’, Berkeley J of Sociology, 28.
Cohen, J L (1985) ‘Strategy or Identity’, Social Research, 52, 4.
Cohen, R. & S. M. Rai, eds (2000) Global Social Movements (Athlone Press, London & New Brunswick, NJ).
Crouch, C (1977) Participation in Politics.
Crouch, C & Pizzorno, P, eds (1978) The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe since 1968.
Dalton, R J & Kuechler, M, eds, (1990) Challenging the Political Order: New social movements in Western democracies.
Della Porta, Donatella and Diani, Mario : Social Movements: An Introduction (Blackwell UK & USA, 1999).
Diani, M (1992) ‘The concept of social movement’, Sociol Rev, 92, 4, pp. 1-25.
Eder, K (1985) ‘The “New Social Movements”: Moral Crusades, Political Pressures Groups or Social Movements’, Social Research, 52, 4.
Eder, K (1982) ‘A New Social Movement?’, Telos, 52.
Eder, K (1990) ‘The rise of counter-culture movements against modernity: nature as a new field of class struggle’, Theory, Culture and Society, 7, 4.
Evans, R (1973) Social Movements: A reader and source book.
Eyerman, R & Jamison A (1991) Social Movements - A Cognitive Approach.
Frankel, B. (1984) ‘In defence of class analysis’, Arena, 66.
Frankel, B. (1987) The Post-Industrial Utopians (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Frankel, B. (1992) From the Prophets Deserts Come: The struggle to reshape Australian political culture (Boris Frankel & Arena, Melbourne).
Frankel, B. (1992-3) ‘Social Movements and the Political Crisis in Australia’, Arena, Dec 92-Jan 93, pp. 11-14.
Freeman, J ‘(1979) ‘Resource mobilization and strategy’ in Zald and McCarthy, The Dynamics of Social Movements.
Freeman, J (1983) Social Movements of the 60s and 70s.
Fuentes, M & Gunder Frank, A (1989) ‘Ten Theses on Social Movements’, World Development, 17, 2.
Gamson, WA (1968) Power and Discontent.
Gamson, WA (1975) The Strategy of Social Protest.
Gamson, WA & al. (1982) Encounters with Unjust Authorities.
Gamson, WA & al. (1984) ‘Organizing the Poor’, Theory and Society, 13, 4.
Giddens, A (1985) The Nation-State and Violence.
Giddens, A (1986) ‘Action, subjectivity and the constitution of meaning’ in Social Research, 53, 3.
Gorz, A (1982) Farewell to the Working Class.
Guattari, F (1984) Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics.
Gundelach, P (1982) ‘Grass-roots organizations, societal control and dissolution of norms’, Acta Sociologica, Supp.
Gundelach, P (1984) ‘Social transformation and new forms of voluntary associations’, Social Science Information, 23, 6.
Gunew, S & A Yeatman, eds. (1993) Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, Australia).
Gurr, T (1970) Why Men Rebel.
Habermas, J (1976) Legitimation Crisis.
Habermas, J (1981) ‘New Social Movements’, Telos, 49.
Habermas, J (1985) ‘A Philosophico-Political Profile’, New Left Review, 151.
Hannigan, J A (1985) ‘Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells and Social Movement Theory’, Sociological Quarterly, 26, 4.
Haynes, Jeff (1997) Democracy and Civil Society in the Third World: Politics and New Political Movements (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1997).
Hirschmann, A C (1982) Shifting Involvements: Private interest and public action.
Howard, JR, ed (1974) The Cutting Edge: Social movements and social change in America.
Howard, M. & Larmour, P., eds, (1993) The Tasmanian Parliamentary Accord & Public Policy 1989-92: Accommodating the New Politics.
Inglehart, R (1977) The Silent Revolution.
Inglehart, R (1981) ‘The Silent Revolution in Europe’, Amer Political Science Review, 75, 3.
Inglehart, R & Rabier, JR (1986) ‘Political realignment in advanced industrial society: from class-based politics to quality-of-life-politics, Government and Opposition, 21, 4.
Jenkins, Craig J., ed. (1995) The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements (Allen & Unwin, Australia).
Jennett, C & Stewart, R, eds(1989) Politics of the Future.
Johnston, Hank & Klandermans, Bert (1995) Social Movements and Culture (UCL Press, London).
Jordan, Glenn & Weedon, Chris (1995) The Politics of Culture (Blackwell, Oxford UK and Cambridge USA).
Katznelson, I (1981) City Trenches, Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States.
Keane, J (1984) Public Life and Late Capitalism.
Keane, J (1988A) Democracy and Civil Society.
Keane, J, ed (1988B) Civil Society and the State
Keane, J. (2003) Global Civil Society (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York).
Kornhauser, A (1959) The Politics of Mass Society.
Korpi, W (1974) ‘Conflict, power and relative deprivation’, Amer Political Sci Review, 63..
Laclau, E & Mouffe, C (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy.
Larana, E. et al. (1994) New Social Movements: From ideology to identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
Lasch, C (1978) The Culture of Narcissism.
Lash, S & Urry, J (1987) The End of Organised Capitalism.
Lipsky, M (1980) Street-Level Bureaucracy.
Lowe, S (1986) Urban Social Movements.
McCarthy, J D & Zald, M.N. (1973) The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization.
Maddison, S. & Scalmer, S. (2006) Activist Wisdom: Practical knowledge and creative tension in social movements (UNSW Press, Sydney).
Melucci, A (1980) ‘The New Social Movements: A theoretical approach’, Social Science Information, 19, 2.
Melucci, A (1985) ‘The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements’, Social Research, 52,4.
Melucci, A (1989) Nomads of the Present.
Melucci, A (1992) ‘Challenging codes: framing and ambivalence in the ideology of social movements’, Thesis Eleven, 31, 1992, p. 131-142.
Melucci, A. (1994) ‘A strange kind of newness: what’s “new” in the New Social Movements’ in Larana, E. et al, eds, New Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple UP).
Melucci, A. (1996) Challenging Codes: Collective action in the information age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Mendlowitz, S.H. & Walker, R B J, eds (1987) Towards a Just World Peace.
Miliband, R. (1989) Divided Societies: Class struggle in contemporary capitalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Morris, A. M. & Mueller, C. M. (1992) Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (Yale UP, New Haven & London) (esp. resource mobilization theory).
Muller, E N (1980) Aggressive Political Participation.
Nedelmann, B (1984) ‘New Political Movements and Changes in Processes of Intermediation’, Social Science Information, 23, 6.
Nicholson, Linda J. (1990) ed. Feminism/Postmodernism (Routledge, New York & London).
Nicholson, Linda & Seidman, Steven (1995) Social Postmodernism: Beyond Identity Politics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York).
Oberschall, A (1973) Social Conflict and Social Movements.
Offe, C (1984) Contradictions of the Welfare State.
Offe, C (1985A) ‘New Social Movements: Challenging the boundaries of institutional politics’, Social Research, 52, 4.
Offe, C (1985B) Disorganized Capitalism.
Olson, M (1965) The Logic of Collective Action.
Outhwaite, M. (1994) Habermas: A Critical Introduction (Polity Press,
Cambridge).
Pakulski, J (1991) Social Movements: The politics of moral protest.
Parkin, F (1979) Marxism and Class Theory: A bourgeois critique.
Pizzorno, A (1985) ‘On the Rationality of Democratic Choice’, Telos, 63.
Pusey, M. (1987) Jürgen Habermas (Tavistock/ Ellis Horwood, UK).
Roberts, RE and Kloss, RM (1979) Social Movements.
Rowbotham, S & al. (1979) Beyond the Fragments: Feminism and the making of socialism.
Rucht, D., ed. Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA (Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main & Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1991)
Rucht, D., ‘Sociological Theory as a Theory of Social Movements? A Critique of Alain Touraine’ in D. Rucht, ed. Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA (Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main & Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1991).
Rush, GB & Denisoff, R S (1971) Social and Political Movements.
Rustin, M (1985) For a Pluralist Socialism.
Scott, A (1990) Ideology and the New Social Movements.
Smelser, N J (1963) Theory of Collective Behavior.
Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement: Social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge: CUP).
Tilly, C (1978) From Mobilization to Revolution.
Tilly, C & al., (1975) The Rebellious Century 1830-1930.
Tilly, L & al., (1981) Class Conflict and Collective Action.
Touraine, A (1977) The Self-Production of Society.
Touraine, A (1981) The Voice and the Eye: An analysis of social movements.
Touraine, A (1985) ‘An Introduction to the Study of Social Movements’, Social Research, 52, 4.
Tucker, K H (1991) ‘How new are the new social movements?’, Theory, Culture and Society, 8.
Walker, R B J (1988) One World, Many Worlds.
West, D (1990) Authenticity and Empowerment (Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead).
Wilkinson, P (1971) Social Movements (London: Macmillan).
Zirakzadeh, C. E. (1997) Social Movements in Politics: A comparative study (London, Longmans).

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LINKS TO RELEVANT WEBSITES
 
A number of links related to social movements can be accessed via my Making Changes website.  Comments and suggestions for additions are welcome!
 
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PAST LECTURE OUTLINES (2006)

1. Introduction and Overview of the Course (No outline)

2. Introduction: Globalisation, Social Movements and Resistance (21st Feb)

I. Social Movement: A Preliminary Definition

1. Social Movements (SMs) are people acting politically from outside of political institutions.
2. Institutional and organised politics refers to government, parliament, political parties, interest and lobby groups.
3. Institutionalised politics also refers to the system of nation-states.
4. SMs as the unconventional politics; of excluded groups; for radical change or to resist change.

II. Some Historical Examples. ‘Old’ Social Movements

1. ‘Old’ social movement (OSM) as a label of convenience; contrasted with ‘new’ and ‘global’ SMs (see below).
2. Religious movements and revivals from the Roman Empire to the contemporary world: Christianity, Islam.
3. Nationalist movements: fall of Christendom; 19th-century nationalism; anti-colonial struggles and communism; after the Soviet Union, after Yugoslavia.
4. Working-class SMs: Trade Union rights; votes for workers; reformist (ALP?) vs. revolutionary socialism.
5. 19th & 20th-century women’s movements: anti-slavery; moral reform; votes for women.

III. From ‘Old’ to ‘New’ Social Movements

1. New Social Movements (NSMs) from 1960s and 70s: anti-Vietnam War; counterculture; students’ movements of 60s.
2. Identity politics: feminism; gay/lesbian/queer; Black Power and anti-racism.
3. Post-materialist politics: peace, green, environmental and global justice movements.
4. Other contemporary movements: pro-democracy, new right and One Nation, religious revivals.
5. So what’s new about new social movements?

IV. From ‘New’ to ‘Global’ Social Movements

1. After Seattle: global social movements (GSMs) opposed to corporate/capitalist/neoliberal globalisation.
2. Al Qaeda, Islamism as a global social movement (GSM)?
3. So what’s new about global social movements?

V. Globalisation and Resistance

1. What is globalisation? Globalisation with or without capitalism.
2. Origins of globalisation. Is globalisation as new?
3. Is globalisation inevitable? Is it irreversible?
4. Resisting (aspects of) globalisation and the role of social movements.

3-4. What are Social Movements?

I. Introduction

1. In other words, what makes social movements different from other kinds of political activity?
2. Pakulski’s definition in Social Movements as starting point. Social movements are

recurrent patterns of collective activities which are partially institutionalised, value oriented and anti-systemic in their form and symbolism. (Social Movements, p. xiv).

II. Social Movements as ‘Non- or Extra-Institutional Activity’

1. Institutions can be defined as ‘activities which are repeated or continuous within a regularized pattern that is normatively sanctioned’ (FDMT).
2. SMs distinguished from formal institutions and organisations, esp. political parties and interest groups.
3. Informality of SMs: no rules or formal requirements of membership, no formal leaders, no formal democracy.
4. But movements are typically associated with (give rise to/ are inspired by) organisations such as interest and lobby groups, political parties, campaigning/ self-help organisations, publications etc.

III. Social Movements as Oppositional or ‘Anti-Systemic’

1. Why else would SMs work outside the formal political institutions, if not to change/ resist?
2. But SMs as ‘anti-systemic’ in different ways: oppositional (promoting change), conservative (resisting change), reactionary (reversing change). Examples.
3. Anti-systemic movements in pluralist liberal democracies are initially surprising, because system appears to provide mechanisms for social and political change.
4. Therefore these SMs sometimes described as new SMs (NSMs); as surprising.
5. Note that contrast between ‘conservative’, ‘progressive’ and ‘reactionary’ movements assumes direction of history or development.
6. Assumptions about ‘improvement