Elephants
1984 (with P. M. Monappa). Elephants at Work. Hemisphere
28(5):285-291.
1985 Plio-Pleistocene Mammals in Island Southeast Asia. Mod.
Quaternary Res. S.E. Asia 9:43-54.
Forest Elephants
(L.cyclotis
) are strikingly different from Bush or Savannah Elephants (L.africana),
and should be classified as two distinct species.
African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana), Addo National Park, South Africa. Photo, D.Groves.
African Forest Elephant
(Loxodonta cyclotis),
Zoologischer Garten Berlin, about 1965
2000 (with P.Grubb) Do
Loxodonta cyclotis and L.africana interbreed? Elephant,
2, 4:4-7.
In the Virunga National Park and in western Uganda the elephants are of hybrid stock, although in the Uele River region, including Garamba National Park, their ranges meet but there is no evidence of interbreeding.
Type specimen of Elephas cyclotis Matschie 1900 (now regarded as a valid species, Loxodonta cyclotis), in Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, probably taken in 1899
Type specimen of Elephas oxyotis Matschie 1900 (now regarded as a synonym or a northern subspecies of Loxodonta africana), in Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, probably taken in 1899
2000 What are the elephants
of West Africa? Elephant, 2, 4:7-8.
The two species both occur, in more or less their typical habitats, unlike a few other species of ungulates (buffalo, bushbuck, bushpig) in which the forest species typically occupies the savannah niche in West Africa.
2000 (with P.Grubb). Are there
Pygmy Elephants? Elephant, 2, 4:8-10.
No. Adult female
Loxodonta
cyclotis are
extremely small and may be mistaken for "pygmies"; male elephants
found with herds are unlikely to be mature.