DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

The Australian National University

This aim of this subject is to introduce you to the study of the archaeology of culture contact or cross-cultural engagement. The primary focus of the subject will be the archaeological evidence relating to the interactions between indigenous peoples and western colonial/settler societies since the 15th century. The course will cover the different theories and models that have been used to explain the processes and events of culture contact and will draw on archaeological, anthropological and historical materials.

Tuesday 11am-12pm BPB-W121

Thursday 11am-12pm COP-G031

Tuesday 12-1pm ADH-G12

Thursday 12-1pm ADH-G30

You are required to attend as many of the lectures as possible and all of the scheduled tutorial/workshop sessions. If you are absent from more than four of the tutorial/workshop sessions without the evidence of a medical certificate or because of a major personal crisis, you will be deemed to have failed the unit. If, for any reason, you are unable to attend any of the tutorial/workshop sessions please make sure you come and see me or contact me via e-mail or phone. It is in your own interest to attend these sessions and to participate in the discussions.

Please use the Harvard referencing system. This is the standard system used in archaeology. Look at papers in AO or AA if you are still unsure as to the particulars of the Harvard system. Basically, it is an author/date/page number system. In the Harvard system you organise your references alphabetically by author and chronologically by date. You do not use op. cit. or ibid., numbered references, endnotes or footnotes. In your reference list only include those articles and books referred to in your text. Long quotations of 25 words or more should be indented and placed as a separate paragraph. Short quotations should be placed within the sentence.

a) Quotations

Apple trees grow in orchards and as Smith (1980:3) has stated, 'Apples tend to be red and green in colour', confirming the earlier views of Greentree et al. (1950)

Smith (1980:3) has noted the following characteristics of apples,

b) In text references

Smith (1980:3) has noted that all apples are red and green.

It has been noted by a number of authors that apples are red and green (Greentree et al. 1950: 55, Greentree and Orchard 1952; Smith 1980:3, 1987:45; Windfall 1996:2).

c) Reference List

Greentree, A., Orchard, T. & F. Picker 1950 Apples are Green. Journal of Fruit 24: 50-60.

Greentree, A. and T. Orchard 1952 More on Green Apples. In W. Pear (ed.) Fruit of the World. Orange Books: London.

Smith, G. 1980 New Evidence for Red and Green Apples. Fruit and Society 3: 1-15.

Smith, G. 1987 Apples: The Definitive Book. Custard Publications: New York.

Windfall, A. 1996 (re)d Apples: a post-modern analysis. In M. Fruitault & J. E. Mange (eds) Apples and Power. Orchard Press:Paris.

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. There is an official Faculty of Arts statement of policy and procedures about plagiarism, a copy of which is held in the Department office. Consult this if you are unsure about plagiarism and the penalties if caught. Here are some definitions of plagiarism from that document to guide you through the maze.

Plagiarism can be defined in general as ‘the appropriation, by copying, summarising or paraphrasing, of another’s ideas or argument, without acknowledgment’. There are two elements, the act of appropriation and the intent to deceive. Appropriation may, in the most naive instances, amount to direct copying; in the most clever and unscrupulous instances, it may be accompanied by intelligent editing used to conceal origins. As for the intent to deceive, the deliberateness of this may be difficult to determine. Modes of such misappropriation are described below.

This, the most naive form of plagiarism, is the reproduction of another author’s expressions, word for word, without acknowledgment. Direct quotation, is of course, sometimes necessary; but it is only permissible when indicated by quotation marks or indentation and acknowledged by exact references. It is insufficient to make general attribution or to give references selectively for only some of the passages reproduced. References should be to the work in which the material was found; lifting references or footnotes which refer to a third work (as if it had been consulted when in fact it had not) is not acceptable. The only exceptions to the rule that all sources must be acknowledged are such things as items of common knowledge or irreplaceable expressions in wide use.

To summarise the argument of other authors (for example, by isolating the main points and tracing their connections) is a legitimate and sometimes indispensable scholarly activity, provided it is made clear that this is being done. to summarise another person’s or other persons’ argument, ideas or information as though they were one’s own, however, is a form of plagiarism.

This means expressing an author’s meaning in different words. This too is permissible; but only when full and exact references are given. A common form of plagiarism combines copying with paraphrase, repeating some words of original text and substituting different words for others. The more fully the wording is changed, the more fully the copyist may have understood and assimilated the material; but it is still necessary to acknowledge the source of the ideas and to acknowledge direct quotations as such. The inclusion within a paraphrase or summary of any part of the original text requires a reference. Very large paraphrase may be difficult to describe as plagiarism, but insofar as the work is derivative the need to cite its source remains. This sort of grey area, where the extent of indebtedness is hard to determine, is especially troublesome, and the onus on the student to ensure that all debts are properly indicated.

It should be stressed that, even with full acknowledgments, derivative writing, whether copying, quoting, summarising, or paraphrasing another’s work, can never be a proper substitute for a student’s own thought. Quotation and paraphrase are pointless unless the material is offered as evidence or as the basis of further analysis.

The suggested assessment for this subject is two pieces of work –an essay and a small research project with a mark for tutorial attendance and marks for two brief presentations of your project materials.

• Extensions for assignments will be only be given automatically on the provision of a medical certificate. Extensions for other personal reasons will only be considered after discussion with me. Late assignments submitted without an approved extension will attract a penalty of -5% for each day overdue.

Tutorial Attendance 12% - you are required to attend all the tutorials for this subject. Anyone missing more than four tutorial sessions without a medical certificate will be deemed to have not attended sufficient sessions to obtain a pass mark for the subject. One mark per session attended will be awarded.

Write a 1500-2000 word essay on one of the following topics

Does the Fatal Impact model of culture contact adequately account for the nature of the relationships between indigenous peoples and colonial settler society?

Wilson considers the archaeology of culture contact to be an archaeology of mixed epistemologies. Discuss giving examples from archaeological studies.

Discuss the relative merits of the theories of acculturation, domination and resistance and creolisation.

Is there a contact period? Discuss giving examples from archaeological studies.

Are the processes of cross-cultural interaction universal or context specific? Give examples from the archaeological literature.

Identify an area of Australia where you would like to carry out a research project. It could be your home town or somewhere like the south coast of New South Wales, Central Australia, Flinders Island or northern south Australia. Write a one page (350 words) synopsis briefly describing the area chosen and your reasons why. Bring to the tutorial session in Week 7.

Present an overview of the historical sources and archaeological background for your region. Use local histories, maps, archival sources, ethnohistories and archaeological journal articles to pull together an account of the interactions between indigenous peoples and colonial settler society. Include a summary of the late Holocene archaeological record of settlement and subsistence patterns to provide the background to the processes of contact. Length - 1500-2000 words .

Present a archaeological project proposal on the archaeology of contact based on your background research. Outline what question or issue relating to contact that you intend to tackle and outline what sorts of places, evidence andarchaeological and other methods you would use to do the project. Length - 1500 - 2000 words.

There is no prescribed text for this course. Instead there will be a bound photocopy of the text of a forthcoming manuscript placed in closed reserve in the library. I have also given you a lengthy (!) reference list to aid you in your assignments. The list contains a number of edited volumes and issues of journals. All of these contain further articles of relevance.

Clarke, Anne & Robin Torrence ms Negotiating Difference: Re-interpretations of cross-cultural engagements in Oceania.

Aboriginal History

American Antiquity

Antiquity

Ethnohistory

Historical Archaeology

Journal of the Polynesian Society

World Archaeology

Allen, F.J. 1969 Archaeology and the History of Port Essington. PhD Thesis, Department of Prehistory, Australian National University: Canberra.

Allen, F.J. 1978 The archaeology of nineteenth century British imperialism. In R. Schulyer (ed.) Historical Archaeology: A Guide to Substantive and Theoretical Contributions pp 139-148. Baywood Publishing Company: Farmingdale.

Altman, J. C. 1987 Hunter-gatherers today: an Aboriginal economy in north Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Attenbrow, V. & D. Steele 1995 Fishing in Port Jackson – more than met the eye. Antiquity 69, 47-60.

Attwood, B. 1989 The Making of the Aborigines. Allen and Unwin:Sydney.

Axtell, J. 1979 Ethnohistory: an Historian's Viewpoint. Ethnohistory 26: 1-13.

Baker, R. M. 1999 Land is Life. From Bush to Town. The Story of the Yanuwa People. Allen & Unwin.

Beckett, J. R. 1988 The past in the present; the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality. In Past and Present: the construction of Aboriginality, Beckett, J. R. (ed.), 191-214. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

Bedford, S. 1996 Post-contact Maori – the ignored component in New Zealand Archaeology. Journal of the Polynesian Society 105, 411-439.

Bender, B. (ed.) 1993 Landscape: politics and perspectives. Berg: Providence.

Berndt, R. and C. Bernd, 1954 Arnhem Land. Its History and Its People. F.W. Cheshire: Melbourne.

Biernoff, D. 1974 Pre and Post European designs of Aboriginal Settlement: the case of the Nugggubuyu of Eastern Arnhem Land. Man-Evironment Systems 4: 272-282.

Birckhead, J. T. De Lacy and L. Smith (eds.) 1992 Aboriginal Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas. Aboriginal; Studies Press: Canberra.

Birmingham, J. 1992 Wybalenna: The Archaeology of Cultural Accommodation in Nineteenth Century Tasmania. The Australian Society for Historical Archaeology Inc.: Sydney

Birmingham, J. and A. Wilson 1993 Sydney University Central Australian Archaeological Project. Society for Historical Archaeology Research Bulletin 16: 1-8.

Bowdler, S. 1976 Hook, line and dilly-bag: an interpretation of an Australian coastal shell midden. Mankind 10: 248-258.

Broom L., B. J. Siegal, E. Z. Vogt and J. B. Watson 1954 Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation. American Anthroplogist 56: 973-1000.

Burke H. C., Lovell-Jones and C. Smith, 1993 Beyond the looking-glass: Some thoughts on sociopolitics and reflexivity in Australian Archaeology. Australian Archaeology 38: 12-23.

Byrne, Denis 1998. In Sad but Loving Memory: Aboriginal burials and cemeteries of te last 200 years in NSW. Sydney: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

C. P. Mountford (ed.) Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land. Volume 2, Anthropology and Nutrition pp 90-135. Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.

Cane, S. B., 1987, Australian Aboriginal subsistence in the Western Desert. Human Ecology 15: 391-434.

Carment, D. 1991. History and the Landscape in Central Australia: a study of the material evidence of European culture and settlement. Darwin: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University.

Carter, P. 1987. The Road to Botany Bay: an exploration of landscape and history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chaloupka, G. 1984. From Palaeoart to Casual Paintings. Darwin: Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences.

Chaloupka, G. 1993. Journey in Time: the world's longest continuing art tradition. Chatswood: Reed.

Clarke, A. 1994. Winds of Change: an archaeology of contact in the Groote Eylandt archipelago, Northern Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University.

Colley, S. & Bickford, A. ‘Real’ Aborigines and ‘Real’ Archaeology: Aboriginal Places and Australian Historical Archaeology. World Archaeology Bulletin 7, 5-21.

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David, B. & Chant, D. 1995. Rock art and regionalisation in north Queensland prehistory. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 37: 357-528.

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Dening, G. 1995a. The Death of William Gooch: a History's Anthropology. Hawai’i: University of Hawai'i Press.

Dening, G. 1995b. Deep Narratives in Cultural Encounters. In Work in Flux, E. Greenwood, K. Neumann & A. Sartori (eds), 73-82. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.

Denoon, D. (ed) 1997 The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. CUP.

Dewar, M. 1992 The 'Black War' in Arnhem Land. Missionaries and the Yolngu 1908-1940. Australian National University, North Australian Research Unit: Darwin.

Donaldson, I. & Donaldson, T. (eds) 1985. Seeing the First Australians. Sydney: George Allen & Unwin.

Edwards, R. 1979. Australian Aboriginal Art: the art of the Alligator Rivers region, Northern Territory. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Falk, L. (ed.) 1991 Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective. Smithsonian Institution Press.

Ferguson, L. 1992 Uncommon Ground: archaeology and Early african America 1650-1800. Smithsonian Institution Press.

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Fitzhugh W. W. 1985, Introduction. In W.W. Fitzhugh (ed.) Cultures in Contact. the Impact of European Contacts on Native American Cultural Institutions A.D. 1000-1800 pp 1-15. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington.

Fourmile, H. 1989. Who owns the past? Aborigines as captives of the archives. Aboriginal History 13 (1 & 2): 1-8.

Frederick, U. K. 1997. Drawing in differences: changing social contexts of rock art production in Watarrka (Kings Canyon) National Park, Central Australia. Unpublished MA thesis, Australian National University.

Gero, J. M., D. Lacy and M. l. Blakey (eds), 1983, The Socio-politics of Archaeology. University of Massachusetts Anthropologcal Report Series No. 23. Amherst.

Gosden, C. (ed.) 1997 Culture Contact and Colonialism. World Archaeology 28/3.

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