Lecturer: Prof. Matthew Spriggs

The course covers the archaeology of the Pacific Islands, spanning Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, including New Zealand. The course will examine the evidence for the initial settlement of these regions, and also cultural developments through ancient times to the historical period.

Assessment will be based on two essays or projects worth 40% each (3000 words each or equivalent) and 20% based on tutorial attendance and participation including a short 10 minute tutorial presentation. The first essay will be due on Thursday 18th September and the final essay on Thursday 30th October. Essay topics will be discussed in the first tutorial. There will be penalties for lateness without a doctor's certificate. Tutorial attendance will be noted and will affect your final grade. Attendance at lectures is also most important as much of the material to be discussed is new, unpublished material.

NOTE: There will be no tutorial in the first week of classes.

Tuesday 14.00 to 15.00 AD HOPE BLDG room G30.

Thursday 14.00 to 15.00 AD HOPE BLDG room G30.

Thursday 15.00 to 16.00 AD HOPE BLDG room G30.

Lecture schedule (subject to change)

Lectures will be held on Tuesdays and Thursdays 9.00 to 10.00 in JOHN DEDMAN BLDG room 102.

T. 22 July #1 Introduction to the Course. The place of human biology, linguistics and archaeology in building the early history of the Pacific.

Th. 24 July #2 The Early Colonisation of Sahul and its Southeast Asian Background.

T. 29 July #3 Pleistocene and Holocene Environments of the Western Pacific (guest lecture by Dr Geoff Hope of RSPAS).

Th. 31 July #4 Pleistocene Archaeology of New Guinea.

T. 5 Aug. #5 Pleistocene Archaeology of Island Melanesia.

Th. 7 Aug. #6 Agricultural Origins in New Guinea.

T. 12 Aug. #7 The Early to Mid-Holocene in Island Melanesia.

Th. 14 Aug. #8 The origins of the Lapita Culture in Island Melanesia and Wester Polynesia.

T. 19 Aug. #9 What does Lapita mean in the Western Pacific?

Th. 21 Aug. #10 Austronesian Linguistic History.

T. 26 Aug. #11 Biological Origins of Pacific Populations.

Th. 28 Aug. #12 The Archaeology of Micronesia.

T. 2 Sept. #13 The Later Archaeology of New Guinea, 2000BP to European Contact.

Th. 4 Sept. #14 The Making of Island Melanesian Cultures to 750BP.

T. 9 Sept. #15 Dark Ages? Fiji and Western Polynesian Archaeology to 750 BP.

Th. 11 Sept. #16 Initial Colonisation of Central-East Polynesia.

T. 16 Sept. #17 The Later Archaeology of Fiji and Western Polynesia.

Th. 18 Sept. #18 Polynesian and Early European Contacts with Melanesia.

T. 7 Oct. #19 Archaeological Sequences in Central Polynesia.

Th. 9 Oct. #20 The Rise and Fall of Easter Island Culture.

T. 14 Oct. #21 Pacific Rock Art: an overview (guest lecture by Meredith Wilson)

Th. 16 Oct. #22 From Colonisers to Kings in Hawaii.

T. 21 Oct. #23 The Early Settlement of New Zealand: Moa Hunters and Farmers.

Th. 23 Oct. #24 The Later Archaeology of New Zealand.

T. 28 Oct. #25 Historical Archaeology in the Pacific: From Aneityum to Anahulu

Th. 30 Oct. #26 Wrap up of the Course: Themes and Future Directions in Research.

TUTORIAL TOPICS

Week beginning Topic and Reading

All readings are either in brick (indicated by*) or on short loan. Codes refer to items in Reading List.

July 28 General discussion and setting of assignments.

Reading (after the event! )*A4, *A9, E18 -chapter 1

August 4 Early Colonisations of Sahul and Near Oceania and their SE Asian background

Reading: *A4, *E8

August 11 Pleistocene New Guinea and Island Melanesia

Reading: *FOa, *E4, E18 - chapters 2 and 3

August 18 Early Agriculture in Near Oceania?

Reading: *F5, E21, Spriggs in F19

August 25 The Great Lapita Debate

Reading: *G15, *G24, E18 - chapters 4 and 5, A3 - chapter 6

Sept 1 Language and Biology in the early history of the Pacific

Reading: *D9, A3- chapters 3 and 9 and 10 and 11

Sept 8 Post-Lapita Cultural Change in the Western Pacific and Micronesia

Reading: *J1, E18 - chapters 6 to 7, K1 - chapters 3 and 4

Sept 15 Human Impacts on Pacific Environments

Reading: *C13, *C14

October 6 Colonising Polynesia: the Models

Reading: *K4, *O6, *O7, K1 - chapter 1

October 13 FILM: Man on the Rim, Episode 11 'The Last Horizon'

October 20 Culture Change in Easter Island and Hawaii

Reading: *S5, *S6

October 27 1.Culture change in New Zealand; 2. European Contact in the Pacific

Reading: (1) *X6, *Z22, K1- chapters 5 and 6 (2) E18 - chapters 8 to 10.

(compiled by Peter Bellwood 1995, with additions by Matthew Spriggs 1997)

* Denotes item is reproduced in the course brick.

SL/ denotes item is in short loan.

Abbreviations for major journals

AO Archaeology in Oceania (formerly APAO)

ANZ Archaeology in New Zealand (formerly NZAAN)

AP Asian Perspectives

APAO Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania

BIPPA Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

JPH Journal of Pacific History

JPS Journal of the Polynesian Society

JRSNZ Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand

JSO Journal de la Société des Océanistes

MCO Man and Culture in Oceania

NZAAN New Zealand Archaeological Assn. Newsletter

NZJA New Zealand Journal of Archaeology

PAR Bishop Museum, Honolulu: Pacific Anthropological Records.

PPS Proceedings Prehistoric Society

RAIM Records Auckland Institute and Museum

WA World Archaeology

________________________________________________

A1 Bellwood, P.S. 1978 Man's Conquest of the Pacific.

SL/A2 Irwin, G. 1992 The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of the Pacific.

SL/A3 RECOMMENDED READING Bellwood, P. et al. eds 1995 The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.

*A4 Bellwood, P. 1989 The colonization of the Pacific. In Hill, A.V.S. and Serjeantson, S (eds), The Colonization of the Pacific: a Genetic Trail, pp. 1-59.

A5 Terrell, J. 1986 Prehistory in the Pacific Islands.

A6 Bellwood, P.S. 1984 The great Pacific migration. Yearbook of Science and the Future for 1984, pp.80-93.

A7 Burenhult, G. ed. 1993 People of the Stone Age (pp. 145-61 deal with Oceania)

A8 Howells, W.W. 1973 The Pacific Islanders.

*A9 Kirch, P.V. and M. Weisler 1994 Archaeology in the Pacific Islands: an appraisal of recent research. Journal of Archaeological Research 2:285-328.

B1 Green, R.C. and Kelly, M. (eds.) 1970 Studies in Oceanic culture history (PAR vols.11 and 12).

B2 Kirk, R.L. and Szathmary, E. (eds.) 1985 Out of Asia (Chapters 8-12).

B3 Bellwood, P. ed. 1990 Indo-Pacific Prehistory 1990, Vols 1 and 2. BIPPA 10 and 11. (Available from Peter Bellwood for $12.00 each - vol. 2 has many Oceania papers).

B4 Misra, V.N. and Bellwood, P. (eds) 1985 Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory.

B5 Kirch, P.V. ed. 1986 Island societies.

B6 Yen, D.E. and Mummery, J. (eds) 1990 Pacific production systems.

B7 Graves, M. and Hunt, T. (eds) 1990 Exchange, interaction and social complexity in Oceania. Asian Perspectives volume 29/2.

SL/B8 Dodson, J. ed. 1992 The Naive Lands. (NOTE THIS IS ON RESERVE IN HANCOCK LIBRARY NOT CHIFLEY HANCOCK reserve 2 HR QC884.N18 )

B9 Spriggs. M. et al. eds 1993 A Community of Culture.

B10 Akazawa, T. and Szathmary, E. (eds) 1996 Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersals.

B11 Kirch, P. and Hunt, T. 1997 Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands.

C1 Oliver, D.L. 1989 Oceania (2 volumes - read introductory chapters in Vol. 1)

C2 Crocombe, R. 1983 The South Pacific.

C3 Oliver, D.L. 1989 Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands.

C4 Chowning, A. 1977 Introduction to the Peoples and Cultures of Melanesia.

C5 Alkire, W.H. 1978 Coral Islanders (about Micronesia).

C6 Brookfield, H.C. with Hart, D. 1971. Melanesia.

C7 Brown, Paula 1978 Highland Peoples of New Guinea.

C8 Friedman, J. 1981 Notes on structure and history in Oceania. Folk 23:275-95.

C9 Friedman, J. 1982 Catastrophe and continuity in social evolution. In Renfrew, C. et al. (eds), Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, pp. 175-96.

C10 Douglas, B. 1979 Rank, power, authority; a reassesment of traditional leadership in South Pacific societies. J. Pacific History 14:2-27.

C11 Thomas, N. 1989 The force of ethnology. Current Anthropology 30/1:27-42.

C12 Thomas, N. 1989 Out of Time.

*C13 Steadman, D. 1995 Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity meets Zooarchaeology. Science 267:1123-1131.

*C14 Spriggs, M. Landscape catastrophe and landscape enhancement: are either or both true in the Pacific? In B11, pp. 80-104.

C15 Nunn, P.D. 1994 Oceanic Islands (geomorphology text).

C17 Houghton, P. 1991 The early human biology of the Pacific; some considerations. JPS 100:167-96. See subsequent debate by van Dijk and Houghton in NZJA 13:65-89, 91-99, 1991.

C18 Records of the Australian Museum vol. 41, pp. 207-332 (1989) contains articles by Green, Pietrusewsky and Houghton on Lapita skeletons from New Britain and Fiji.

C19 Howells W.W. and Schwidetsky, I. 1981 Oceania. In Rassengeschichte der Mensheit. Asia I: Japan, Indonesien, Ozeanien, pp.115-66.

C20 Pietrusewsky, M. 1983 Multivariate analysis of New Guinea and Melanesian skulls. Journal of Human Evolution 12:61-76.

C21 Pietrusewsky, M. 1990 Lapita-associated skeletons from Watom Island PNG and the origin of the Polynesians. AP 28/1:83-89.

C25 Hill, A.V.S. and Serjeantson, S. (eds) 1989 The Colonization of the Pacific: a Genetic Trail.

C26 Kelly, K.M. 1990 Gm polymorphisms, linguistic affinities and natural selection in Melanesia. Current Anthropology 31:201-19.

C27 Clark, J. and Kelly, K. 1993 Human genetics, palaeoenvironments and malaria: relationships and implications for the settlement of Oceania. American Anthropologist 95 (3):612-30.

C28 Hagelberg, E. and Clegg, J. 1993. Genetic polymorphisms in prehistoric Pacific Islanders. Proc.Royal Society of London 252:163.

C29 Gibbons, A. 1994. Genes point to a new identity for Pacific pioneers. Science 263:32-3.

C30 Hagelberg, E. 1994. DNA from ancient Easter Islanders. Nature 369:25-6.

C31 Hertzberg, M. et al. 1991 Polynesian origins and migration: the story according to nuclear and mtDNA markers. BIPPA 11:270-5.

C32 O’Shaughnessy, D.F. et al. 1990 Globin genes in Micronesia: origins and affinities of Pacific Island peoples. American Journal of Human Genetics 46:144-55.

C33 Stoneking, M. et al. 1990 Geographic variation in human mtDNA from Papua New Guinea. Genetics 124:717-33.

(I have more references on this topic if any one is interested - it is currently a major growth area in research)

See Chapters 2 and 3 in A3

D1 Bellwood, P. 1991 The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages. Scientific American July 1991, pp. 88-93.

D3 Blust, R. 1988 The Austronesian homeland: a linguistic perspective. AP 26/1:45-68.

D4 Ross, M. 1989 Early Oceanic linguistic prehistory. J. Pacific History 24:135-49.

D5 Wurm, S. 1983 Linguistic prehistory in the New Guinea area. Journal of Human Evolution 12:25-35.

D6 Foley, W. 1986 The Papuan Languages of New Guinea.

D7 Pawley, A.K. and Green, R.C. 1984 The Proto-Oceanic language community. J. Pacific history 19:123-46.

D8 Pawley, A. 1982 Rubbish-man,. commoner, big-man chief? In Siikala, J. (ed), Oceanic Studies, pp. 33-52.

*D9 Pawley, A.K. and Ross, M. 1993 Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history. Annual Review of Anthropology 22:425-59.

D10 Pawley, A. and Ross, M. eds 1994. Austronesian Terminologies: Continuity and Change (many chapters on proto-language vocabulary reconstructions).

SL/E1 Smith, M. et al. eds 1993. Sahul in Review. (many relevant chapters)

E2 Groube, L.M. et al. 1986 A 40,000 year old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, PNG. Nature 324:453-5.

E3 Wickler, S. and Spriggs, M. 1988 Pleistocene human occupation of the Solomon Is. Antiquity 62:703-6.

*E4 Allen, J. et al. 1989 Human Pleistocene adaptations in the tropical island Pacific. Antiquity 63:548-61.

E5 Flannery, T. and White, J.P. 1991 Animal translocation. National Geographic Research 7(1):96-113.

E6 Clark, J.T. 1991 Early settlement in the Indo-Pacific. J. Anthropological Archaeology 10:27-53.

E7 Gibbons, J. and Clunie, F. 1986 Sea level changes and Pacific prehistory. JPH 21:58-82. See also comments by P. Bellwood in JPH 22:106-8 (1987).

*E8 Pavlides, C. and Gosden, C. 1994. 35000 year-old sites in the rainforests of west New Britain. Antiquity 68:604-10.

E9 Green, R.C. 1988 Those mysterious mounds are for the birds. ANZ 31:153-8.

SL/E10 Allen, J. and Gosden, C. eds 1992 Report of the Lapita Homeland Project. (site reports on Pleistocene sites in Melanesia).

SL/E11 White J.P. and O'Connell, J. 1982 A prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul.

E12 Chowning, A. 1982 Physical anthropology, linguistics, genetics. In Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, ed. J.L. Gressitt, pp.131-68.

E13 Swadling, P. 1981 Papua New Guinea's prehistory.

E14 Hope, G.S. et al. 1983 Palaeoecology and prehistory in New Guinea. J. Human Evolution 12:37-60.

E15 Bulmer, S. 1982 Human ecology and cultural variation in prehistoric New Guinea. In Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, ed. J.L. Gressitt, pp.169-206.

E16 Pawley, A.K. ed. 1991 Man and a Half (Part V has chapters on archaeology).

E17 Welsch, R.L. et al. 1992 Language and culture on the north coast of New Guinea. American Anthropologist 94:568-600. See discussion by Moore and Romney, American Anthropologist June 1994.

SL/E18 RECOMMENDED READING Spriggs, M. 1997 The Island Melanesians.

E19 Attenborough, R. and Alpers, P. (eds) 1992 Human Biology in Papua New Guinea (especially Ch. 7 by Lilley on archaeology).

E20 Articles in Antiquity 69 (Special number 265) 1995 Transitions: Pleistocene to Holocene in Australia and Papua New Guinea, by Gosden, Hope and Golson, Yen and Harris.

SL/E21 Enright, N. and Gosden, C. 1992 Unstable archipelagos - SW Pacific Environment and prehistory since 30,000 BP, in B8, pp. 160-198.

*F0 Mountain, M. ...Late Pleistocene to Holocene in the Highlands of New Guinea, in E16

F1 White, J.P. 1972 Ol Tumbuna.

F2 Mountain, M-J. 1983 Preliminary report of excavations at Nombe. BIPPA 4:84-99.

F3 White, J.P. et al. 1970 Kosipe - A late Pleistocene site in the Papuan Highlands. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 36:152-70.

F4 Haberle, S. et al. 1991 Environmental changes in the Baliem valley. J. Biogeography 18:25-40.

*F5 Golson, J. and Gardner, D. 1990 Agriculture and sociopolitical organization in New Guinea Highlands prehistory. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:395-417.

F6 Articles on New Guinea agriculture by Groube (pp. 292-304) and Golson (pp. 678-87) in Harris, D. and Hillman, G. (eds), Foraging and farming (1989).

F7 Golson, J. and Vasey, D. 1981 Chapters 1 to 4 in Denoon, D. and Snowden, C. (eds.), A time to plant and a time to uproot.

F8 Golson, J. 1977 No room at the top. In Allen, J. et al. (eds.), Sunda and Sahul, pp.602-39. See also Hemisphere, volume 21, No.2:13-21.

F9 Gillieson, D. et al. 1986 Soil erosion and agricultural history in the Central Highlands of PNG. In V. Gardiner (ed), International Geomorphology 1986, Part II, pp. 507-22.

F10 Sullivan, M. and Hughes, P. 1986 Geomorphic setting of prehistoric garden terraces in the Eastern Highlands of PNG. In V. Gardiner (ed) (as above), pp. 569-82.

F11 Feil, D. 1987 The evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea societies. See also Feil, D.K. in American Anthropologist 88:623-36, 1986 for a summary.

F12 Gorecki, P. and Gillieson, D. (eds) 1989 A crack in the spine.

F13 Gorecki, P. 1986 Human occupation and agricultural development in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Mountain Research and Development, 6(2):159-66.

F14 Golson, J. 1982 The Ipomoean revolution revisited. In A. Strathern ed., Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Society, pp.109-36.

F15 Bayliss-Smith, T. and J. Golson 1992 A Colocasian revolution in the New Guinea Highlands? AO 27:1-21.

F16 Bayliss-Smith, T. and Golson, J. 1992 Wetland agriculture in the New Guinea Highlands. In B. Coles ed. The Wetland Revolution in Prehistory.

F17 Guddemi, P. 1992 When horticulturalists are like hunter-gatherers. Ethnology 31:303-14.

F18 Daniels J. and C. 1993. Sugarcane in prehistory. AO 28:1-7.

SL/F19 Articles by Groube, Bellwood, Bayliss-Smith and Spriggs in Harris D. (ed) 1996 The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia.

See the Lapita section in BIPPA 11, 1991 (item B3, above)

SL/G1 Kirch, P.V and Hunt, T.L. (eds). 1988 Archaeology of the Lapita cultural complex: a critical review.

G2 Spriggs, M. ed. 1990 Lapita design, form and composition.

SL/G3 Green, R.C. 1991. The Lapita Cultural Complex: current evidence and proposed models. BIPPA 11:295-305.

G4 Green, R.C. 1979 Lapita. In Jennings, J. (ed.), The Prehistory of Polynesia, pp.27-60.

SL/G5 Allen, J. and Gosden, C. (eds) 1992 Report of the Lapita Homeland Project.

G6 Galipaud, J.C. ed. 1992 Poterie Lapita et Peuplement (most articles are in English).

G7 Kirch, P.V. 1988 The Talepakemalai Lapita site and Oceanic prehistory. National Geographic Research 4:328-42.

G8 Gosden, C. et al. 1989 Lapita sites of the Bismarck Archipelago. Antiquity 63:561-86.

G9 Spriggs, M. 1984 The Lapita Cultural Complex. JPH 19:202-23.

G10 Ambrose, W. 1988 An early bronze artefact from PNG. Antiquity 62:483-91.

G11 Diamond, J. 1988 Express train to Polynesia. Nature 336:307-8.

G12 Gosden, C. 1992. Production systems and the colonization of the western Pacific. WA 24:55-69.

G13 Hayden, B. 1983 Social characteristics of early Austronesian colonizers. BIPPA 4: 123-34.

G14 Kirch, P.V. 1991 Prehistoric exchange in western Melanesia. Annual Review of Anthropology 20:141-65.

*G15 Allen, J. and White, J.P. 1989 The Lapita Homeland. JPS 98:129-46.

G16 Bellwood, P. and Koon, P. 1989 'Lapita colonists leave boats unburned!'. Antiquity 63:613-22.

G17 Smith, A. 1995. The need for Lapita. WA 26:366-79.

G18 Davidson, J. et al. 1990 The Lapita site of Natunuku, Fiji. NZJA 12:121-55.

G19 Green, R.C. and Cresswell, M.M. (eds.) 1976 Southeast Solomon Islands Culture History (Especially pp.225-70).

G20 Kirch, P.V. and Yen, D.E. 1982 Tikopia.

G21 Kirch, P.V. 1988 Niuatoputapu.

G22 Terrell, J. 1990 Storytelling and prehistory. Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 1-29

G23 Terrell, J. 1988 History as a family tree....interpretations of prehistory in the South Pacific. Antiquity 62:642-57.

*G24 Spriggs, M. 1996 What is SE Asian about Lapita? In B10, pp. 324-48.

G25 Terrell, J. et al 1997 The dimensions of social life in the Pacific: human diversity and the myth of the primitive isolate. Current Anthropology 38 (2):155-195.

G26 Wahome, E. 1997 Continuity and change in Lapita and post-Lapita ceramics: a review of evidence from the Admiralty Islands and New Ireland, PNG. AO 32 (1): 118-123.

G27 Sand, C. 1996 Recent developments in the study of New Caledonia's prehistory. AO 31: 45-71.

H1 Egloff, B. 1979 Recent prehistory in Southeast Papua.

H2 Bulmer, S. 1979 Prehistoric ecology and economy in the Port Moresby region. NZJA 1:1-27.

H3 Allen, J. 1977 Fishing for wallabies. In Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. (eds.), The evolution of social systems, pp.419-55.

H4 Irwin, G. 1978 Pots and entrepots. WA 9:299-319.

H5 Dutton, T. ed. 1982 The Hiri in history.

H6 Irwin, G. 1985 The emergence of Mailu.

H7 Irwin, G. 1983 Chieftainship, kula and trade in Massim prehistory. In Leach, J. and Leach, E.R. The Kula, pp. 29-72.

SL/E18 RECOMMENDED READING Spriggs, M. 1997 The Island Melanesians. Chapters 6-10

H8 Lilley, I. 1988 Prehistoric exchange across the Vitiaz Strait, PNG. Current Anthropology 29: 513-6.

H9 Terrell, J. 1978 Archaeology and the origins of social stratification in southern Bougainville. JSO 39:23-43.

H10 Ross, M. 1994. Sequencing and dating linguistic events in Oceania: the linguistics/archaeology interface. WAC Conference paper, New Delhi (I have a copy).

I1 Garanger, J. 1972 Archéologie des Nouvelles Hébrides A translation of this Monograph by R. Groube is published as Oceania Monograph 24, 1982.

I2 Kirch, P.V. (ed) 1986 Island societies.

I3 Hunt, T.L. 1981 New evidence for early horticulture in Fiji. JPS 90:259-69.

I4 Hunt, T.L. 1987 Patterns of human interaction and evolutionary divergence in the Fiji Islands. JPS 96:299-334.

I5 Best, S. 1984 Lakeba: the prehistory of a Fijian island.(PhD thesis, copy available for reading in Archaeology, RSPAS - see me).

I6 Birks, L. 1973 Excavations at Sigatoka dune site, Fiji.

I7 Frost, R. 1973 Archaeological Excavations on Taveuni, Fiji.

I8 Parry, J.T. 1977 Ring-ditch fortifications in the Rewa Delta, Fiji. Bulletin Fiji Museum No. 3.

I9 Parry, J.T. 1984 Air-photo interpretation of fortified sites (Fiji). NZJA 6:71-94.

I10 Parry, J.T. 1987 The Sigatoka Valley; pathway into prehistory. Fiji Museum Bulletin 9.

I11 Green, R.C. and Mitchell, J.S. 1983 New Caledonian culture history. NZJA 5:19-67.

I12 Galipaud, J.C. 1992. Un ou plusieurs peuples potiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie? JSO 95:185-200.

*J1 Rainbird, P. 1994. Prehistory in the tropical Northwest Pacific: the Caroline, Mariana and Marshall Islands. J. World Prehistory 8:293-349.

J2 Hunter-Anderson, R.L. (ed) 1990 Recent advances in Micronesian archaeology. Micronesica Supplement 2.

J3 Craib, J. 1993. Early occupation at Unai Chulu, Tinian. BIPPA 13: 116-34.

J4 Butler, B. 1994. Early prehistoric settlement in the Mariana Islands. Man and Culture in Oceania 10:15-38.

J5 Ayres, W. 1985 Micronesian prehistory: research on Ponape. In Misra V.N. and Bellwood, P.S. (eds.), Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory, pp. 399-409.

J6 Ayres, W. 1990 Mystery islets of Micronesia. Archaeology, Jan-Feb 1990: 59-63.

J7 Davidson, J. 1988 Archaeology in Micronesia since 1965. NZJA 10: 83-100.

J8 Graves, M. 1991 Architectural and mortuary diversity in late prehistoric settlements at Tumon Bay, Guam. Micronesica 24:169-94.

J9 Peoples, J.G. 1993 Political evolution in Micronesia. Ethnology 32:1-18.

J10 Morgan, W. N. 1988 Prehistoric architecture in Micronesia.

J11 Intoh, M. and Leach, B.F. 1985 Archaeological investigations in the Yap Islands. BAR International Series 277.

J12 Sinoto, Y. 1984 Caroline Islands archaeology. PAR 35.

J13 Cordy, R. 1993. The Lelu Stone Ruins (Kosrae, Micronesia). Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series No. 10.

J14 Athens, J. et al 1996 Development of an agroforest on a Micronesian high island. Antiquity 70:834-846.

SL/K1 RECOMMENDED READING Bellwood, Peter 1987 The Polynesians. Revised edition.

SL/K2 Jennings, J.D. (ed.) 1979 The Prehistory of Polynesia.

SL/K3 Kirch, P.V. 1984 The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms.

*K4 Kirch and Green. 1987 History, phylogeny and evolution in Polynesia. Current Anthropology 28:431-56.

K5 Kirch, P.V. 1988 Circumscription theory and sociopolitical evolution in Polynesia. American Behavioral Scientist 31:416-27.

K6 Kirch, P.V. 1989 Prehistory. In Howard, A. and Borofsky, R. (eds), Developments in Polynesian Ethnology, pp. 13-46.

K7 Green, R.C. 1984 Settlement pattern studies in Oceania. NZJA 6:59-70.

K7 Kirch, P.V. 1991 Polynesian agricultural systems. In P.A. Cox and S. Banack eds, Islands, Plants and Polynesians, pp.113-33.

K8 Kirch, P. and Lepofsky, D. 1993. Polynesian irrigation. AP 32:183-204.

SL/L1 Irwin, G. 1992 The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of the Pacific.

L2 Lewis, D. 1994 We the Navigators. 2nd edition.

L3 Sharp, A. 1963 Ancient Voyagers in Polynesia.

L4 Gladwin, T. 1970 East is a Big Bird.

L5 Levison, M., Ward, R. and Webb, J. 1973 The settlement of Polynesia: a computer simulation.

L6 Finney, B. et al. 1989 Wait for the west wind. JPS 98:261-302.

L7 Finney, B. 1985 Anomalous westerlies, El Niño, and the colonisation of Polynesia. American Anthropologist 87:9-26.

L8 Finney, B. 1994. Polynesian voyagers to the New World. Man and Culture in Oceania 10:1-14.

L9 Irwin, G. 1989 Against, across and down the wind. JPS 98:167-206.

L10 Irwin, G. 1990 Human colonization and change in the remote Pacific. Current Anthropology 31: 90-4.

L11 Feinberg, R. 1990 A long-distance voyage in contemporary Polynesia. JPS 100:25-44

L12 Finney, B. 1977 Voyaging canoes and the settlement of Polynesia. Science 196:1277-85.

L13 Finney, B. 1979 Hokule'a: the Way to Tahiti.

L14 Doran, E. 1981 Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins.

L15 Finney, B. 1976 Pacific Navigation and Voyaging.

L16 Finney, B. 1994. Voyage of Rediscovery: a cultural Odyssey through Polynesia.

L17 Bridgman, H.A. 1983 Could climatic change have had an influence on the Polynesian migrations? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 41:193-206.

L18 Howard, A. 1967 Polynesian Origins and Migration: A Review of Two Centuries of Speculation and Theory. In Highland, G.A. et al. (eds.) Polynesian Culture History, pp.45-102.

M1 Poulsen, J. 1987 Early Tongan prehistory

M2 Spennemann, D. 1988 Pathways to the Tongan Past.

M3 Hunt, T.L. and Kirch, P.V. 1988 An archaeological survey of the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa. JPS 97:153-84.

M4 Kirch, P.V. and Hunt. T. eds. 1993. The To’aga Site. (American Samoa)

M6 Groube, L.M. 1971 Tonga, Lapita Pottery, and Polynesian Origins. JPS 80:278-316.

M7 Davidson, J.M. 1977 Western Polynesia and Fiji. WA 9:82-94.

M8 Davidson, J.M. 1969 Settlement patterns in Samoa before 1840. JPS 78:44-82.

M9 Jennings, J.D. (ed.) 1976 Excavations on Upolu, Western Samoa. PAR 25.

M10 Jennings, J.D. (ed.) 1980 Archaeological excavations in Western Samoa. PAR 32.

M11 Green, R.C. and Davidson, J.M. (eds.) 1969 and 1974 Archaeology in Western Samoa. (2 vols.)

M12 Green, R.C. 1971 Evidence for the Development of the early Polynesian Adze kit. NZAAN 14:12-44.

M13 Best, S. et al. 1992. Necromancing the stone: archaeologists and adzes in Samoa. JPS 101:45-85.

M14 Jennings, J. et al. 1982 Samoan village patterns, JPS 91:81-103.

M15 Best, S. 1993. Fijian and Samoan fortifications. JPS 102:385-448. See also Best, S. 1992 Fortifications in Fiji and Samoa. ANZ 35:40-4.

N1 Bayard, D. 1976 The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outliers. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, 9.

N2 Yen, D.E. and Gordon, J. (eds.) 1973 Anuta: a Polynesian Outlier in the Solomon Islands. PAR 21. See also JPS 91:245-54, 1982, and Kirch in B5.

N3 Kirch, P.V. and Yen, D.E. 1983 Tikopia.

N5 Pawley, A. 1967 The relationships of Polynesian outlier languages. JPS 76:259-96.

N6 Kirch, P.V. 1984 The Polynesian outliers. JPH:19-224-38.

N7 Kirch, P.V. 1988 Niuatoputapu.

O2 Heyerdahl, T. 1950 The Kon-Tiki expedition.

O3 Sinoto, Y.J. 1983 An analysis of Polynesian migrations. JSO 39:57-67

O4 Kirch, P.V. 1986 Rethinking Eastern Polynesian prehistory. JPS 95:9-40.

O5 Rolett, B. 1993 Marquesan prehistory and the origins of Eastern Polynesian culture. JSO

*O6 Anderson, A. 1995 Current approaches in East Polynesian colonization research. JPS 104:110-32.

*O7 Spriggs, M. and Anderson A. Late colonization of East Polynesia. Antiquity 67: 200-217.

P1 Sinoto, Y.H. 1970 An archaeologically based assessment of the Marquesas as a dispersal centre. In B1, pp. 105-32.

P2 Anderson, A. et al. 1994. Reconsideration of the Marquesan sequence. AO 29:29-52.

P3 Kirch, P. 1991 Chiefship and competitive involution: the Marquesas Islands of eastern Polynesia. In T. Earle ed. Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology, pp.119-45.

P4 Bellwood, P.S. 1972 A settlement pattern survey in the Hanatekua Valley, Hivaoa, Marquesas Islands. PAR 17.

P5 Dickinson, W. and Shutler, R. 1974 Probable Fijian origin ... pottery from the Marquesas. Science 185:454-7.

P6 Thomas, N. 1990 Marquesan Societies.

P7 Rolett, B. 1992 Faunal extinctions and depletions... Marquesas Islands. JPS 101:86-94.

P8 Sweeney, M. et al. 1993 A reappraisal of evidence for subsistence change at the Hane Dune Site. AP 32:225-38.

Q1 Sinoto, Y. 1979 Excavations on Huahine. Pacific Studies 3/1:1-40.

Q2 Emory, K.P. and Sinoto, Y. 1964 Early Eastern Polynesian burials at Maupiti. JPS 73:143-60.

Q3 Bellwood, P.S. 1971 Varieties of ecological adaptation in the southern Cook Islands. APAO 6:145-69.

Q4 Bellwood, P.S. 1978 Archaeological research in the Cook Islands.

Q5 Green, R.C. et al. 1967 Archaeology on the island of Mo'orea.

Q6 Allen, M. and Steadman, D. 1990 Excavations at the Ureia site, Aitutaki, Cook Islands. AO 25:24-36.

Q7 Kirch, P.V. 1988 Polynesia's mystery islands. Archaeology May/June 1988, pp. 26-31.

Q8 Kirch, P.V. et al. 1992 Ancient environmental degradation. National Geographic Research 8:166-79.

Q9 Kirch, P. and Ellison, J. 1994. Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human colonization of remote Oceanic islands. Antiquity 68:310-21. See response by A. Anderson, Antiquity 68:845-7.

SL/R1 Flenley, J. and Bahn, P. 1992 Easter Island, Earth Island.

R2 Heyerdahl, T. and Ferdon, E. (eds.) 1961 and 1965 The Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the east Pacific. (2 vols).

R3 Heyerdahl, T. 1989 Easter Island: the Mystery Solved.

R4 Golson, J. 1965 Thor Heyerdahl and the prehistory of Easter Island. Oceania 36:38-83.

R5 Mulloy, W. 1970 A speculative reconstruction of techniques of carving, transporting and erecting Easter Island statues. APAO 5:1-23.

R6 Cotterell, B. and Kamminga, J. 1990 Mechanics of pre-industrial technology (pp. 226-32 on Easter Island statues).

R7 Skjolsvold, A. (ed) 1989. Kon-Tiki Museum Occasional Papers 1 (2 papers on Easter Island statues).

R8 Skjolsvold, A. ed. 1994 Kon-Tiki Museum Occasional Papers 3 (Anakena excavation report).

R9 Flenley, J. et al. 1991 The late Quaternary vegetational and climatic history of Easter Island. J. Quaternary Science 6:85-115.

R10 Lee, G. 1992 The Rock Art of Easter Island.

R11 Steadman, D.W. et al. 1994. Stratigraphy, chronology and cultural context of an early faunal assemblage from Easter Island. AP 33:79-98.

S1 Graves, M. and Addison, D. 1995. The Polynesian settlement of the Hawaiian Archipelago. WA 26: 380-99.

S2 Dye, T. and Komori, E. 1992. A pre-censal population history of Hawaii. NZJA 14:113-28.

S3 Kirch, P.V. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks.

S4 Clark, J.T. 1988 Palaeodemography in Leeward Hawaii. AO 23:22-30.

*S5 Kirch, P.V. 1990 The evolution of sociopolitical complexity in prehistoric Hawaii. J. World Prehistory 4:311-45.

*S6 Spriggs, M. 1988 The Hawaiian transformation of ancestral Polynesian society. In Gledhill, J. et al (eds), State and society, pp. 57-73.

S6a Kolb, M.J. 1994 Monumentalism and the rise of religious authority in precontact Hawaii. Current Anthropology 35:521-48.

S7 Kirch, P.V. 1990 Regional variation and local style: a neglected dimension in Hawaiian prehistory. Pacific Studies 13:41-54.

S8 Kirch, P. and Kelly, M. (eds.) 1975 Prehistory and ecology in a windward Hawaiian Valley: Halawa Valley, Molokai. PAR 24.

S9 Kirch, P.V. 1977 Valley agricultural systems in prehistoric Hawaii. AP 20:246-80

S10 Earle, T. 1978 Economic and social organisation of a complex chiefdom: The Halealea District, Kaua'i, Hawaii.

S11 McCoy, P. 1977 The Mauna Kea adze quarry project. JPS 86:223-44.

S12 Green, R.C. 1980 Makaha before 1880 A.D. PAR 31.

S13 Kirch, P.V. 1982 The impact of prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian ecosystem. Pacific Science 36:1-14.

S14 Cordy, R. 1981 The study of prehistoric social change: the development of complex societies in the Hawaiian Islands

S15 Athens, S. and Ward, J. 1993. Environmental change and prehistoric Polynesian settlement in Hawaii. AP 32:205-24.

S16 Weisler, M. and Kirch, P.V. 1985 The structure of settlement space in a Polynesian chiefdom. NZJA 7:129-58.

S17 AP vol. 30, parts 1 and 2 (1991), contain many papers on Hawaiian archaeology

S18 Kirch, P.V. and Sahlins, M. (ed.)1992 Anahulu: The archaeology of history. 2 vols.

S19 Ladefoged, T. et al. 1996 Dryland agricultural expansion and intensification in Kohala, Hawai'i Island. Antiquity 70: 861-880.

SL/T1 Sutton, D. ed. 1994. The Origins of the First New Zealanders.

T2 Wilson, J. (ed) 1987 From the Beginnings: the Archaeology of the Maori.

SL/T3 Davidson, J.M. 1984 The Prehistory of New Zealand.

T4 Davidson, J.M. 1993 New Zealand prehistory since 1954, in Item B9 on this list.

T5 Prickett, N. (ed.) 1982 The First Thousand Years.

T6 Duff, R. 1977 The Moa Hunter period of Maori Culture. 3rd ed.

T7 Fox, A. 1976 Prehistoric Maori Fortifications.

T8 Houghton, P. 1980 The First New Zealanders.

T9 Trotter, M. and McCulloch, B. 1971 Prehistoric Rock Art of New Zealand.

T12 Leach, H.M. 1984 A Thousand Years of Gardening in New Zealand.

T13 Davidson,J.M. 1985 New Zealand prehistory. Advances in World Archaeology 4:239-91.

T14 Shawcross, W. 1969 Archaeology with a short, isolated time-scale: New Zealand. WA 1:184-99.

T15 Golson, J. 1959 Culture change in prehistoric New Zealand. In J.D. Freeman and W. Geddes (eds.) Anthropology in the South Seas pp. 29-74.

T17 Simmons, D.R. 1969 Economic change in NZ prehistory. JPS 78:3-34.

See chapters in T1, above

U1 Caughley, G. 1988 The colonization of New Zealand by the Polynesians. JRSNZ 18/3:245-70.

U1a Anderson, A. and McGovern, R. 1990 The pattern of prehistoric Polynesian colonization in NZ. JRSNZ 20:41-63.

U1b Anderson, A. 1991 The chronology of colonization in NZ. Antiquity 65:767-95.

U2 Green, R.C. 1975 Adaptation and Change in Maori Culture, in Kuschel, G. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography in New Zealand. pp. 1-44.

U3 McGlone, M.S. 1983 Polynesian deforestation of New Zealand. AO 18:11-25.

U4 Fankhauser, B. 1992 Radiocarbon dates for Umu ti from South Canterbury. ANZ 35:27-39.

V1 Higham, C.F. 1976 The economic basis of the Foveaux Straits Maori in prehistory. In Sieveking, G. Longworth, I. and Wilson, K. (eds.) Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, pp.221-34.

V2 Sutton, D.G. and Marshall, Y.M. 1980 Coastal hunting in the Subantarctic zone. NZJA 2:25-30.

V3 Anderson, A. 1983 When all the moa-ovens grew cold.

V4 Anderson, A. 1982 A review of economic patterns during the Archaic Phase in southern New Zealand. NZJA 4:45-76.

V5 Anderson, A. 1986 Pavements, pounamu and ti: the Dart Bridge site in western Otago. NZJA 8:115-42.

V6 Leach, H. 1969 Subsistence patterns in prehistoric New Zealand.

V7 Simmons, D.R. 1967 Little Papanui and Otago prehistory. Records Otago Museum, Anthropology, 4.

V8 Anderson, A. and Smith, I. 1992 The Papatowai site. JPS 101:129-58.

W1 Bulmer, 1989 Gardens in the south: diversity and change in Prehistoric Maaori agriculture. In Harris, D. and Hillman, G. (eds), Foraging and farming, pp. 688-705.

W2 Leach, B.F. and Leach, H.M. (eds.) 1979 Prehistoric man in Palliser Bay.

W3 Leach, B.F. 1981 The prehistory of the southern Wairarapa JRSNZ 11:11-33.

W4 Kennedy, J. 1969 Settlement in the Bay of Islands, 1772.

W5 Prickett, N. 1982 An archaeologist's guide to the Maori dwelling. NZJA 4:111-48.

W7 Shawcross, F.W. 1976 Kauri Point Swamp: the ethnographic inter-pretation of a prehistoric site. In G. Sieveking, I.H. Longworth and K.E. Wilson (eds.) Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology. pp.277-305.

W8 Shawcross, F.W. 1967 An investigation of Prehistoric diet and economy on a coastal site at Galatea Bay, New Zealand. PPS 33:107-131.

W9 Best, S. 1977 The Maori adze, JPS 86:307-38.

W10 Best, S. 1980 Oruarangi pa. NZJA 2:65-92, 1980.

W13 Sutton, D. ed. 1990 The Archaeology of the Kainga.

W14 Dye, T. and Steadman, D. 1990 Polynesian ancestors and their animal world. American Scientist 78(3):207-15.

W15 Steadman, D. 1989 Extinction of birds in eastern Polynesia. J. Archaeological Science 16:177-205.

X2 Yen, D.E. 1961 The adaptation of the kumara, JPS 70:338-48.

X3 Burrows, C. 1982 On New Zealand climate within the last 1000 years. NZJA 4:157-69.

X4 Grant, P. 1985 Major periods of erosion and alluvial sedimentation in New Zealand during the Late Holocene. JRSNZ 15:67-121.

X5 Anderson, A. 1989. Prodigious birds.

*X6 Anderson, A. 1989 Mechanics of overkill in the extinction of New Zealand moas. J. Archaeological Science 16:137-51.

X7 Anderson, A.J. 1983 Faunal depletion and subsistence change in the early prehistory of southern New Zealand. AO 18:1-10.

X8 Anderson, A.J. 1984 The extinction of moa in southern New Zealand. In Martin, P.S. and Klein, R.G. eds. Quaternary Extinctions, pp.723-40.

Z1 Davidson, J.M. 1987 The Paa Maori revisited. JPS 96:7-26.

Z3 Bellwood, P.S. 1978 Archaeological research at Lake Mangakaware, Waikato.

Z4 Irwin, G. 1985 Land, pa and polity.

Z5 Groube, L.M. 1970 Origin and development of earthwork fortifications. PAR 11:133-64.

Z6 Fox, A. 1978 Tirimoana pa, Te Awanga, Hawkes Bay.

Z7 Fox, A. 1977 Pa of the Auckland Isthmus. RAIM 14:1-24.

Z8 Irwin, G. 1982 Creation myths and the origin of pa. NZAAN 25/4:258-67.

Z9 Fox. A. 1983 Pa and people in New Zealand. NZJA 5:5-18.

Z10 Sutton, D. ed. 1993 The Archaeology of the Peripheral Pa at Poueroa, Northland.

Z10 Leach F. and Davidson, J.M. (eds.) 1981 Archaeological studies of Pacific stone resources. See articles by Beck, Davidson, Sutton and Campbell.

Z12 Leach, B.F. and de Souza, P. 1979 The changing proportions of Mayor Island obsidian in New Zealand prehistory. NZJA 1:29-52.

Z13 Leach, B.F. et al. 1986 The origin of prehistoric obsidian artefacts from the Chatham and Kermadec Islands. NZJA 8:143-70.

Z14 Leach, B.F. 1978 Four centuries of community interaction and trade in Cook Strait, New Zealand. Mankind 11:391-405.

Z14a Walter, R.K. 1988 The development and use of communication networks in the prehistoric North Island of New Zealand. AO 23:71-7.

Z14b Anderson, A. and McFadgen, B. 1990 Prehistoric two-way voyaging between New Zealand and East Polynesia (Raoul Island). AO 25:37-42.

Z15 Davidson, J.M. 1978 The prehistory of Motutapu Island, JPS 87:327-38.

Z16 Sutton, D.G. 1980 A culture history of the Chatham Islands. JPS 89:67-94.

Z17 Sutton, D.G. 1982 Towards the recognition of convergent cultural adaptation in the Subantarctic Zone. Current Anthropology 23:77-98.

Z18 Richards, R. 1972 A population distribution map of the Morioris of the Chatham Islands, c.1790. JPS 81:350-74.

Z20 Sorrenson, M.P.K. 1979 Maori origins and migrations.

Z21 Best, E. 1915 Maori and Maruiwi. Trans, N.Z. Inst. 48:435-47.

*Z22 Allen, H. 1987 Moa-hunters and Maoris: a critical discussion of the work of Roger Duff and later commentators. NZJA 9:5-23.

Z23 Williams, H.W. 1937 The Maruiwi myth. JPS 46:105-22.

Z24 Golson, J. 1960 Archaeology, tradition and myth in NZ prehistory. JPS 69:380-402.

Z25 Sharp, C.A. 1956 The prehistory of the New Zealand Maoris. JPS 65:155-60.

Z26 Sorrenson, M. 1986 The whence of the Maori. JPS 86:449-79.

Z27 Simmons, D.R. 1965 A New Zealand Myth. NZ Journal of History 3:14-31.