Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Resources 3. Course organisation 4. Lecture calendar 5. Essay topics

Excavation at Rocky Cape. Photograph by Harry Lourandos.

This unit provides an introduction to the physical and cultural characteristics of humans living in Australia prior to the eighteenth century. Reconstruction of prehistoric life is based primarily upon archaeological investigations, with additional reference to palaeo-environmental and ethno-historical information. PREH2004 describes archaeological finds throughout Australia during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Much of the unit focuses on the way prehistoric humans exploited their environment, especially their economy and their impact on the landscape. Claims for demographic change and the development of social and economic complexity are also examined.

Because the archaeological study of human remains provides important information about the physical and cultural evolution of Australian Aborigines, photographs of skeletons will be displayed and discussed. While the study of skeletal remains is an essential part of the evidence for Australian prehistory, some people feel uncomfortable viewing such material. Consequently, while students are encouraged to attend the lectures and tutorials dealing with skeletons, these classes are not considered compulsory.

Emphasis is placed on the development of a detailed knowledge of the archaeological evidence and a critical assessment of the competing explanations. At the same time, the purpose of the unit is to give you an understanding of the diversity of adaptive patterns and archaeological residues across Australia.

With its hyperlinks and extensive references this page should be your first stop resource on Australian prehistory.

Your next stop should be ANU's Online Information Literacy Tutorial: InFlite, which will enhance your search and research skills.

For information on access to computers for web browsing and email see Teaching and Learning Technology Support Unit's Services for Students page, provided by ANU IT SERVICES. The location of student computer facilities is also available from TLTSU on their ANU Student computer facilities page.

Murray, T. (ed) 1998 Archaeology of Aboriginal Australia. Allen and Unwin.

This book is a reader containing reproductions of many of the key articles on Australian archaeology. Added to this, the articles are introduced with descriptions of their historical context and influence. As such this volume is rather like a brick, and you will find it extremely useful, although no replacement for extensive reading.

In addition to this text, two recent overview papers will guide you in your exploration of this subject. Both can be viewed by clicking the links below.

A number of books written on the subject of Australian prehistory are recommended to you as worth reading. The volume that comes closest to a standard text is White and O’Connell (1982), but unfortunately it is now out of date. Some of the other volumes, particularly Dodson (1992), Frankel (1992) and Lourandos (1996), provide very good coverage from particular perspectives. In alphabetical order the recommended readings are:

(This book is a good introduction to aspects of Australian prehistory).

(A recent review of Australian prehistory from an environmental perspective).

(A recent overview, available in the shops and is reasonably priced).

(An intriguing introduction to the topic, written for high school students and reasonably priced).

(A new discussion of the patterns of prehistory).

(An early synthesis of Australian prehistory - this is the second edtion, the remarkable first edition was 1969. Still worth reading).

(An updated but less compelling version of the original Mulvaney book. Read the original version.).

(This book is highly detailed but is now out of print. Available in libraries).

In addition to these books, two recent overview articles on prehistoric research in Australia will provide you with useful overviews of where archaeology has been heading:

Veth, P., S.O'Connor and L.Wallis 2000 Perspectives on ecological approaches in Australian archaeology. Australian Archaeology 50:54-66.

Hiscock, P. and C.Clarkson 2000 Analysing Australian stone artefacts: an agenda for the twenty first century. Australian Archaeology 50:98-108.

Other articles in that issue of the journal Australian Archaeology may be of interest to you, although they will be of limited relevance for the material covered in this course

A number of journals regularly publish articles on Australian prehistory. These journals can be very useful to browse. The following list includes journals worth looking through in your research:

Archaeology in Oceania Australian Rock Art Research Australian Archaeology Queensland Archaeological Research Australian Aboriginal Studies World Archaeology Antiquity

Excavation at Puritjarra. Photograph by Mike Smith.

Excellent library resources are available for Australian Archaeology. In fact Canberra is uniquely provisioned for studies of Australain / Aboriginal archaeology. At ANU try the ANU libraries (particularly the Chifley and Menzies buildings). And of course the National Library of Australia is an extremely valuable resource. However, for this subject nothing rivals resources provided by the: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. There is no borrowing from the AIATSIS library, which means it may become your second home but which also means every reference you look for will be available. AIATSIS library is on the foreshore of Lake Burley Griffen within easy walking distance of ANU (near the National Museum on Acton Peninsula). Opening hours are: 9 am to 5 pm weekdays except Tuesdays. Details of the location and opening hours are available from the web page of the AIATSIS library. If you need help at the AIATSIS library ask for Dr Barry Cundy, an expert in Australian Archaeology. However before you go off to the AIATSIS library you can now browse Mura, the on-line catalogue of AIATSIS to see if the material you are seeking is available there.

It is surprising how much information is available on-line. It is well worth treating the Web as a source of information equal to conventional libraries, although be warned that some information may be unreliable. When looking for information on the Web the following links are recommended:

• For searches of the World Wide Web start at: Archaeology World Search, the ANU's key internet resource on archaeology.
• For links to Archaeology departments and Institutions involved in Australian archaeology try: Archaeology World’s "Links To Resources On Australian Archaeology", and University of Sydney "Archaeology related links".
• For a great list of research engines relevant for Australia look in at the National Library of Australia’s "Internet Resources".

In the A.D.Hope Building the School of Archaeology and Anthropology has a number of displays relevant to this unit. One display contains many of the stone artefacts that are refered to be archaeologists. Another display is the original latex pull from excavations at Lake Mungo. Have a good look around the displays.

Displays of Aboriginal material culture can also be viewd at the National Museum of Australia, located on Acton Peninsula, within walking distance of the ANU. Despite being one of the ugliest buildings ever conceived of there are some rare items on display, such as eel/fish nets. The Museum has sections called the 'First Australians Gallery' and 'Tangled Destinies: Land and People in Australia', and these contain useful visual images of equipment, some of which is archaeologically preserved.

This unit is about the broad patterns of human occupation in Australia, and will not deal with the details of the stone artefacts found in Australian archaeological sites. If you want to understand the analysis of stone artefacts enrol in PREH3017 (Archaeological Artefact Analysis) or PREH2036 (Understanding Early Technologies) next time they are offered. In the meantime you can familiarise yourself with the traditional implement types recognised by Australian archaeologists. Introductory readings on Australian implements can be found in the following sources:

• Archaeology World's Stone Artefacts. (http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/stone.htm)
• Hiscock, P. 1994 Technological responses to risk in Holocene Australia. Journal of World Prehistory 8(3):267-292.
• Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow 1996 Backed into a corner. Australian Archaeology 42:64-65. (http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/papers/paapapers/ba.htm)

A number of support services are available within ANU to assist you in pursuing your academic goals and developing study skills. In particular the Academic Skills and Learning Centre offers ANU students free and confidential help with their academic work. The Counselling Centre offers a free and confidential counselling service to all ANU students. There is also an ANU Disability Support Unit that have be of assistance. The Jabal Centre also provides support services for Indigenous students.

PREH2004 requires three contact hours per week throughout the semester.

The organisation of the unit will be explained in the tutorial during the second week, so it is important that you attend!

Note:

• To achieve a mark all assessment has to be completed.
• Grading classes are those recommended by AVCC: Pass (50-59%), Credit (60-69%), Distinction (70-79%) and High Distinction (80% or more).
• Grading will follow the School guidelines: it is expected that at least 15-35% of students would normally obtain a Pass, 25-50% would obtain a Credit, about 25% would obtain a Distinction, and less than 10% would obtain a High Distinction.

1. 3,000 word essay due 2 November, 2001.

2. Verbal tutorial presentations - times and topics to be arranged in the first tutorial. Written summary to be handed in at the presentation.

Extensions for assignments will only be given automatically on the provision of a medical certificate. In that event you must consult with Dr Hiscock for an extended deadline. Requests for extensions for non-medical reasons will be granted only in exceptional circumstances, and pressure of other work or unavailability of texts will not be accepted as legitimate grounds for extension. Do not leave your preparation until the last moment - START EARLY!

If you are unable to meet a set deadline consult with the lecturer before the expiry of the deadline. No penalties are placed on late work; but late work will not be accepted unless an extension has been approved.

Essay questions, each with a bibliography, are found below. Choose any topic from the list for for your essay. Your tutorial presentations may be on the same question as your essay.

The tutorial presentations delivered by your fellow students will guide you in researching your essay on a similar topic. Take full advantage of this, but do not rely solely on the material provided during these sessions. As with the lectures, tutorials merely introduce you to a topic. You must expand upon this information in your essay.

In writing your essay the objective should be to produce an original, well-researched and thoroughly referenced argument. The more these qualities are evident the higher the mark you will get. Note that an essay should not merely be a collation of views in the literature. Summarizing the literature is not creating an argument and does not illuminate the subject. You must be creative in the sense that you advance an argument about the literature, grounded in the published body of knowledge but making a new statement about it. Of course the argument must be clearly and stylishly written to transmit this new statement.

The following checklist indicates the sorts of features that will get your essay a high mark. Print out and use this checklist for your essays. Make sure you can answer yes to all of the questions.

3f. REFERENCING (INCLUDING CITING WEB PAGES):

Some pointers for referencing in bibliographies are available from:
Bibliographic citation: an introduction (http://www.itc.glam.ac.uk/lrc/LRCINFO/CITINTRO.HTM)
or
Harvard citation and referencing guide (http://www.lmu.ac.uk/lss/ls/docs/harvfron.htm)

Do not using the Oxford system (involving footnotes) - it is not acceptable for PREH2004.

The tutorial discussions listed below have been designed to parallel the lectures. References relevant to the tutorials are provided in the list of essay questions. If you are preparing a tutorial presentation you should read all of the references listed for that topic. If you are not giving a tutorial presentation you should read the references to become aquainted with the topic.

The week numbers referred to in the following table are those listed in the Lecture Calendar.

In giving a presentation to the tutorial be brief and DO NOT READ from detailed notes or a finished paper. Keep your notes short and use visual material to illustrate your arguments. Provide examples where possible. Prepare questions/points for general discussion.

The following checklist indicates the sorts of features that will get your presentation a high mark. Print out and use this checklist for your presentation. Make sure you can answer yes to all of the questions.

Yes = Images of human skeletal material illustrated.

TOPIC 1 - Chapter 2 in the Murray textbook.

Allen, J. 1989 When did humans first colonize Australia? Search 20(5):149-154.

Allen, J. 1994 Radiocarbon determinations, luminescence dating and Australian archaeology. Antiquity 68:339-343.
(http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/papers/ausdates/allen1.htm)

Allen, J. and S. Holdaway 1995 The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia. Antiquity 69:101-112.

Bowdler, S. 1990 50,000 year-old site in Australia - is it really that old? Australian Archaeology 31:93.

Bowdler, S. 1991 Some sorts of dates from Malakunanja II: a reply to Roberts et al. Australian Archaeology 32:50-51.

Bowdler, S. 1992 Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia and the Antipodes: archaeological versus biological interpretations. Pp.559-589 in T. Akazawa, K.Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds) The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.

Bowdler, S. 1996 The human colonization of Sunda and Sahul: cultural and behavioural considerations. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 14:37-42.

Bowler, J.M. 1998 Wilandra Lakes revisited: environmental framework for human occupation. Archaeology in Oceania 33:120-155.

Bowler, J.M., and J. W. Magee 2000 Redating Australia's oldest human remains: a sceptic's view. Journal of Human Evolution 38:719-726. (click for .pdf file)

Bowler, J.M. and D.M.Price 1998 Luminecence dates and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Mungo: review and new perspectives. Archaeology in Oceania 33:156-168.

Chappell, J., J. Head and J. Magee 1996 Beyond the radiocarbon limit in Australian archaeology and Quaternary research. Antiquity 70:543-552.

Dayton, L. and J.Woodford 1996 Australia’s date with destiny. New Scientist 2059:28-31.

Fullagar, R.L.K., D.M.Price and L.M.Head 1996 Early human occupation of northern Australia: archaeology and thermoluminescence dating of the Jinmium rock-shelter, Northern Territory. Antiquity 70(270):751-773.
(http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/papers/ausdates/jinmium.htm)

Gillespie, R. 1998 Alternative timescales: a critical review of Willandra Lakes dating. Archaeology in Oceania 33:169-182.

Gillespie, R., and R.G. Roberts 2000 On the reliability of age estimates for human remains at Lake Mungo. Journal of Human Evolution 38:727-732. (Click for .pdf file)

Grün,R., N.A. Spooner, A. Thorne, G. Mortimer, J.J. Simpson, M.T. Mcculloch, L.Taylor, D. Curnoe 2000 Age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton, reply to Bowler & Magee and to Gillespie & Roberts. Journal of Human Evolution 38:733-742. ( click for .pdf file)

Head, L. 1994 Both ends of the candle? Discerning human impact on the vegetation. Australian Archaeology 39:82-86.

Hiscock, P. 1990 How old are the artefacts at Malakunanja II? Archaeology in Oceania 25:122-124.

Kershaw, A.P. 1994 Site 820 and the evidence for early occupation in Australia - a response. Quaternary Australasia 12(2):24-29.

Murray-Wallace, C. V. 1996 Understanding ‘deep’ time - Advances since Archbishop Ussher? Archaeology in Oceania 31:173-177.

O'Connell, J.F. and J, Allen. 1998 When did Humans first arrive in Greater Australia and Why is it important to know? Evolutionary Anthropology 6:132-146.

Pearce, R.H. and M. Barbetti 1981 A 38,000-year-old archaeological site at Upper Swan, Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 16:173-178.

Richardson, N. 1992 Conjoin sets and stratigraphic integrity in a sandstone shelter: Kenniff Cave (Queensland, Australia). Antiquity 66 (251):408-418.

Roberts, R.G. and R. Jones 1994 Luminescence dating of sediments: new light on the human colonisation of Australia. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1994/2:2-17.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, and M.A. Smith 1990 Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000 year-old human occupation site in northern Australia. Nature 345:153-156.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, and M.A. Smith 1990 Stratigraphy and statistics at Malakunanja II: reply to Hiscock. Archaeology in Oceania 25:125-129.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, and M.A. Smith 1990 Early dates at Malakunanja II: a reply to Bowdler. Australian Archaeology 31:94-97.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, and M.A. Smith 1993 Optical dating at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory, indicates human occupation between 53,000 and 60,000 years ago. Australian Archaeology 37:58-59.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, N.A. Spooner, M.J. Head, A.S. Murray and M.A. Smith 1994 The human colonisation of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory. Quaternary Geochronology, Quaternary Science Reviews 13:575-583.

Roberts, R.G., R. Jones, and M.A. Smith 1994 Beyond the radiocarbon barrier in Australian prehistory: a critique of Allen’s commentary. Antiquity 68:611-616.
(http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/papers/ausdates/rjs94.htm)

Roberts, R.G., M. Bird, J. Olley, R. Galbraith, E. Lawson, G. Laslett, H Yoshida, R. Jones, R. Fullager, G. Jacobsen and Q. Hua 1998 Optical and radiocarbon dating at Jinmiun rock shelter in northern Australia. Nature 393:358.

Spooner, N. A. 1998 Human occupation at Jinmium, northern Australia: 116,000 years ago or much less? Antiquity 72:173-178.

Thorne, A., R. Grün, G. Mortimer, N.A. Spooner, J.J. Simpson, M. McCulloch, L. Taylor, D. Curnoe 1999 Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton Journal of Human Evolution 36(6):591-612. (Click for .pdf file)

White, J. P. 1994 Site 820 and the evidence for early occupation in Australia. Quaternary Australasia 12(2):21-23.

Wright, R. 1986 How old is zone F at Lake George? Archaeology in Oceania 21:138-139.

Turn of the century excavation at Sheas Creek.

 

 

Topic 2 - Chapter 3 in the Murray textbook.

Allen, H. 1998 Reinterpreting the 1969-1972 Willandra Lakes archaeological surveys. Archaeology in Oceania 33:207-220.

Balme, J. 1995 30,000 years of fishery in western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 30:1-21.

Balme, J. and J. Hope 1990 Radiocarbon dates from midden sites in the lower Darling River area of western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 25:85-101.

Beaton, J.M. 1985 Evidence for a coastal occupation time-lag at Princess Charlotte Bay (North Queensland) and implication for coastal colonization and population growth theories for Aboriginal Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 20:1-20.

Birdsell, J.B. 1977 The recalibration of a paradigm for the first peopling of Greater Australia. Pp.113-167 in J. Allen, J. Golson, and R. Jones (eds) Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Academic Press.

Bowdler, S. 1977 The coastal colonisation of Australia. Pp.205-246 in J. Allen, J. Golson, and R. Jones (eds) Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Academic Press.

Cosgrove, R., J. Allen and B. Marshall 1990 Palaeo-ecology and Pleistocene human occupation in south central Tasmania. Antiquity 64(242):59-78.

Dortch, C. 1984 Devil's Lair, a study in prehistory. Perth: Western Australian Museum.

Hallam, S.J. 1977 The relevance of Old World archaeology to the first entry of Man into New Worlds: colonization seen from the Antipodes. Quaternary Research 8:128-148.

Hallam, S.J. 1987 Coastal does not equal littoral. Australian Archaeology 25:10-29.

Hiscock, P. 1984 Preliminary report on the stone artefacts from Colless Creek Cave, Northwest Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research 1:120-152.

Hiscock, P. and H. Allen 2000 Assemblage variability in the Willandra Lakes. Archaeology in Oceania 35: 97-103.

Horton, D.R. 1981 Water and Woodland: the peopling of Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 16:21-27.

Jones, R. 1987 Pleistocene life in the dead heart of Australia. Nature 328:666.

Jones, R. 1979 The fifth continent: problems concerning the human colonization of Australia. Annual review of Anthropology 8:445-446.

Morse, K. 1988 Mandu Mandu Creek rockshelter: Pleistocene human coastal occupation of North West Cape, Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 23(3):81-88.

Rindos, D. and E. Webb 1992 Modelling the initial human colonisation of Australia: perfect adaptation, cultural variability and cultural change. Proceedings of the Australasian Society of Human Biology 5:441-454.

Shawcross, W. 1998 Archaeological excavations at Mungo. Archaeology in Oceania 33:183-200.

Smith, M.A. 1987 Pleistocene occupation in arid Central Australia. Nature 328:710.

Smith, M.A. 1989 The case for a resident human population in the Central Australian Ranges during full glacial aridity. Archaeology in Oceania 24:93-105.

Smith, M.A., M. Spriggs, and B. Frankhauser (eds) 1993 Sahul in review. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.

Smith, M.A. 1993 Biogeography, Human ecology and prehistory in the sandridge deserts. Australian Archaeology 37:35-50.

Thorley, P.B. 1998 Pleistocene settlement in the Austalian arid zone: occupation of an inland riverine landscape in the central Australian ranges. Antiquity 72:34-45.

Thorley, P. 2001 Uncertain supplies: water availability and regional archaeological structure in the Palmer River catchment, central Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 36:1-14.

Veth, P. 1989 Islands in the interior: a model for the colonization of Australia's arid zone. Archaeology in Oceania 24:81-92.

Excavation at Fraser Cave, Tasmania.

 

 

Adcock, G. J., E.S. Dennis, S.Easteal, G.A. Huttley, L.S. Jermin, W.J. Peacock and A.Thorne 2001 Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(2):537-542.

Brown, P. 1981 Artificial cranial deformation: a component in the variation in Pleistocene Australian Aboriginal crania. Archaeology in Oceania 16:156-167.

Brown, P. 1987 Pleistocene homogeneity and Holocene size reduction: the Australian human skeletal evidence. Archaeology in Oceania 22:41-67.

Brown, P. 1989 Coobool Creek. A morphological and metrical analysis of the crania, mandibles and dentitions of a prehistoric Australian human population. Terra Australis 13. Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University.

Brown, P. 2000 Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3. Journal of Human Evolution 38:743-749 . (click for .pdf file)

Brown, P. Peter Brown’s Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology. (http://metz.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/palaeo.html)

Collier, S. 1989 The influence of economic behaviour and environment upon robusticity of the post-cranial skeleton: a comparison of Australian Aborigines and other populations. Archaeology in Oceania 24:17-30.

Habgood, P.J. 1986 The origins of the Australians: a multivariate approach. Archaeology in Oceania 21:130-137.

Habgood, P.J. 1989 The origin of anatomically modern humans in Australia. Pp. 245-273 in P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds) The human revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin of modern humans. Edinburgh University Press.

Hawks, J., S.Oh, K.Hunley, S.Dobson, G.Cabana, P.Dayalu, M.H.Wolpoff 2000 An Australasian test of the recent African origin theory using the WLH-50 calvarium. Journal of Human Evolution 39:1-22. (PDF file)

Freedman, L. 1985 Human skeletal remains from Mossgiel, N.S.W. Archaeology in Oceania 20:21-31.

Page, K., T. Dare-Edwards, A. Thorne, S. Webb and D. Price 1994 Pleistocene human occupation site at Lake Urana, New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 38:38-44.

Pardoe, C. 1991 Competing paradigms and ancient human remains: the state of the discipline. Archaeology in Oceania 26(2):79-85.

Stringer, C. 1998 A metrical study of the WLH-50 calvaria. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 327-332.

Thorne, A.G. 1971 Mungo and Kow Swamp: morphological variation in Pleistocene Australians. Mankind 8:85-89.

Thorne, A.G. 1976 Morphological contrasts in Pleistocene Australiana. Pp.95-112 in R.L. Kirk and A.G.Thorne (eds) The origin of the Australians. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Thorne, A.G. 1977 Separation or reconciliation? Biological clues to the development of Australian Society. Pp.187-204 in J. Allen, J. Golson, and R. Jones (eds) Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Academic Press.

Thorne, A.G. and S.R. Wilson 1977 Pleistocene and recent Australians: a multivariate comparison. Journal of human evolution. 6:393-402.

Thorne, A.G. and D. Curnoe 2001 Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3: reply to Brown "Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3". Journal of human evolution. 39:587-600.

Thorne, A.G. and M.H. Walpoff 1981 Regional continuity in Australasian Pleistocene hominid evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55:337-341.

Thorne, A.G. and M.H. Wolpoff 1992 The multiregional evolution of humans. Scientific American 266(4):28-33.

Wolpoff, M.H., A.G. Thorne, F.H.Smith, D.W. Frayer, and G.G. Pope 1994 Mulitregional evolution: a world-wide source for Modern Human populations. Pp.175-200 in M.H.Nitecki and D.V.Nitecki (eds) Origins of anatomically modern humans. Plenum Press.

Webb, S.G. 1989 The Willandra Lakes Hominids. Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University.

Archer, M. 1984 Effects of Humans on the Australian vertebrate fauna. In M. Archer and G. Clayton (Eds) Vertebrate Zoogeography and evolution in Australasia. Pp.151-162. Hesperian Press.

Bowler, J.M. 1998 Wilandra Lakes revisited: environmental framework for human occupation. Archaeology in Oceania 33:120-155.

Bowman, D.M.J.S. 1991 Can we untangle fire - megafauna - climate - human Pleistocene impact on the Australian biota? Archaeology in Oceania 26:78.

Clarke, R.L. 1983 Pollen and charcoal evidence for the effects of Aboriginal burning on the vegetation of Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 18:32-37.

Dodson, J.R. 1989 Late Pleistocene vegetation and environmental shifts in Australia and their bearing on faunal extinctions. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:207-217.

Dodson, J.R., Fullagar, R., Furby, J.H., Jones, R. & Prosser, I. 1993 Humans and megafauna in an Late Pleistocene environment from Cuddie Springs, north western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 28:94-99.

Field, J. 1999 The Role of Taphonomy in the Identification of Site Function at Cuddie Springs. In M.-J. Mountain (ed.) Taphonomy '95. Proceedings of the 1995 Taphonomy Symposium. ANU Canberra. Pp. 51-54.

Field, J. and J.Dodson 1999 Late Pleistocene megafauna and human occupation at Cuddie Springs, southeastern Australia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65:275-301.

Flannery, T.F. 1990 Pleistocene faunal loss: implications of the aftershock for Australia's past and future. Archaeology in Oceania 25:45-67.

Flannery, T.F. 1994 The future eaters. Reed Books.

Flannery, T.F. and B. Gott 1984 The Spring Creek Site, southwestern Victoria, a late surviving megafaunal assemblage. Australian Zoologist 21:385-422.

Furby, J.H., R.Fullagar, J.R.Dodson and I.Prosser 1993 The Cuddie Springs bone bed revisited, 1991. Pp.204-212 in M.A.Smith, M. Spriggs, and B. Frankhauser (eds) Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Department of Prehistory, Australian National University. Occasional papers in prehistory 24.

Furby, J.H Dinnertime at Cuddie Springs: hunting and butchering megafauna?
(http://www.archaeology.usyd.edu.au/research/cuddie/cuddie.html)

Gillespie, R., D.R. Horton, P. Ladd, P.G. Macumber, T.H. Rich, A.R. Thorne, and R.V.S. Wright 1978 Lancefield Swamp and the extinction of the Australian megafauna. Science 200:1044-1048.

Gorecki, P.P., D.R. Horton, N. Stern, R.V.S. Wright 1984 Coexistence of humans and megafauna in Australia: improved stratified evidence. Archaeology in Oceania 19:117-119.

Hiscock, P. ANU Visit to Cuddie Springs 1997
(http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/photos/cuddie/cuddie97.htm)

Hope, J.H., A. Dare-Edwards, and M. McIntyre 1983 Middens and Megafauna: stratigraphy and dating of Lake Tandou lunette, western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 18:45-52.

Horton, D.R. 1981 A review of the extinction question: man, climate and megafauna. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 15:86-97.

Horton, D.R. 2000 The Pure State of Nature : Sacred Cows, Destructive Myths and the Environment. Allen & Unwin.

Horton, D.R. and R.V.S. Wright 1981 Cuts on Lancefield bones: carnivorous Thylacoleo, not humans, the cause. Archaeology in Oceania 16:73-80.

Martin, P.S. 1984 Prehistoric overkill: the global model. Pp.354-403 in P.S. Martin and R.G. Klein (eds) Quaternary extinctions, a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press.

Merrilees, D. 1968 Man the destroyer: late Quaternary changes in the Australian marsupial fauna. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 51:1-24.

Murray, P. and G. Chaloupka 1984 The dreamtime animals: extinct megafauna in Arnhem Land rock art. Archaeology in Oceania 19:105-116.

Roberts, R.G., T.F.Flannery, L.K.Ayliffe, H.Yoshida, J.M.Olley, G.J.Prideaux, G.M.Laslett, A.Baynes, M.A.Smith, R.Jones, and B.L.Smith 2001 New Ages for the last Asutralian Megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292:1888-1892. (click to view a .pdf copy)

Vanderwal, R. and R. Fullager 1989 Engraved Diprotodon tooth from the Spring Creek locality, Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 24:13-16.

Webb, R.E. 1998 Megamarsupial extinction: the carrying capacity argument. Antiquity 72:46-55.

Wright, R. 1986 New light on the extinction of the Australian megafauna. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 109:1-9.

Excavation at Cuddie Springs.

 

Allen, H. 1979 Left out in the cold: why the Tasmanians stopped eating fish. The Artefact 4:1-10.

Bowdler, S. 1980 Fish and culture: a Tasmanian polemic, Mankind 12:334-340.

Bowdler, S. 1984 Hunter Hill, Hunter Island. Terra Australis 8. Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University.

Bowdler, S. 1988 Tasmanian Aborigines in the Hunter Islands in the Holocene: island resource use and seasonality. Pp.42-52 in G. Bailey and J. Parkington (eds) The archaeology of prehistoric coastlines. Cambridge University Press.

Bowdler, S. and H. Lourandos 1982 Both sides of Bass Strait. Pp.121-132 in S. Bowdler (ed.) Coastal archaeology in eastern Australia. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

Colley, S.M. 1987 Fishing for facts. Can we reconstruct fishing methods from archaeological evidence? Australian Archaeology 24:16-26.

Colley, S.M. and R. Jones 1987 New fish bone data from Rocky Cape, northwest Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania 22:67-71.

Colley, S. and R. Jones 1988 Rocky Cape revisited - new light on prehistoric Tasmanian fishing. Pp. 336-346 in J. Clutton-Brock (ed.) The Walking Larder. Allen and Unwin.

Cosgrove, R. 1995 Late Pleistocene behavioural variation and time trends: the case from Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania 30:83-104.

Jones, R. 1977 Man as an element of a continental fauna: the case of the sundering of the Bassian bridge. Pp.317-386 in J. Allen, J. Golson, and R. Jones (eds) Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Academic Press.

Jones, R. 1977 The Tasmanian paradox. Pp.189-204 in R.V.S. Wright (ed.) Stone tools as cultural markers: change evolution, complexity. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Jones, R. 1978 Why did the Tasmanians stop eating fish? Pp.11-48 in R. Gould (ed.) Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Lourandos, H. 1983 10,000 years in the Tasmanian highlands. Australian Archaeology 16:39-47.

Lourandos, H. 1988 Seals, sedentism and change in the Bass Strait. Pp.277-285 in B. Meehan, and R. Jones (ed.) Archaeology with ethnography: an Australian perspective. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

Sim, R. 1994 Prehistoric human occupation in the King and Furneaux Island regions, Bass Strait. Pp. 358-374 in M. Sullivan, S. Brockwell, and A. Webb (eds) Archaeology in the North. North Australian Research Unit, Darwin.

Sim, R. 1999 Why the Tasmanians stopped eating fish: evidence for late Holocene expansion in resource exploitation strategies. In Australian Coastal Archaeology. J. Hall and I. J. McNiven, eds. Pp.263-269. Canberra: ANH Publications, Australian National University.

Stockton, J. 1983 The prehistoric population of northwest Tasmania. Australian Archaeology 17:67-78.

Vanderwal, R. and D. Horton 1984 Coastal southwest Tasmania. Terra Australis 9. Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University.

Walters, I. 1981 Why did the Tasmanians stop eating fish: a theoretical consideration. Artefact 6:71-77.

Excavation at Rocky Cape. Photograph by Harry Lourandos.

 

 

Attenbrow, V. and D. Steele 1995 Fishing in Port Jackson, New South Wales - more than met the eye. Antiquity 69:47-60.

Bowdler, S. 1971 Ball’s Head: the excavation of a Port Jackson rockshelter. Records of the Australian Museum 28:117-128.

Bowdler, S. 1976 Hook, line and dillybag: an interpretation of an Australian coastal shell midden. Mankind 10:248-258.

Bowdler, S. (Ed) 1982 Coastal archaeology in Eastern Australia. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

Colley, S. 1997 A pre- and post-contact Aboriginal shell midden at Disaster Bay, New South Wales south coast. Australian Archaeology 45:1-19.

Lampert, R.J. 1966 An excavation at Durras North, New South Wales. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 1(2):83-118.

Lampert, R.J. 1971 Burrill Lake and Currarong. Terra Australis 1. Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University.

Mackay, R. and J. P. White 1987 Musselling in on the N.S.W. coast. Archaeology in Oceania 22:107-111.

Owen, J.F. and J.R. Merrick, J.R. 1994 An analysis of coastal middens in southeastern Australia: selectivity of angling and other fishing techniques related to Holocene deposits. Journal of Archaeological Science 21:11-16.

Sullivan, M.E. 1982 Exploitation of offshore islands along the New South Wales coastline. Australian Archaeology 15:8-19.

Sullivan, M.E. 1984 A shell midden excavation at Pambula Lake on the far south coast of NSW. Archaeology in Oceania 16:1-15.

Sullivan, M.E. 1987 The recent prehistoric exploitation of edible mussel in Aboriginal shell middens in southern New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 22:97-106.

Allen, H. 1998 Reinterpreting the 1969-1972 Willandra Lakes archaeological surveys. Archaeology in Oceania 33: 207-20.

Balme, J. 1991 The antiquity of grinding stones in semi-arid western New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 32:3-9.

Edwards, D.A. and J.F. O’Connell 1995 Broad spectrum diets in arid Australia. Antiquity 69 (265):769-783.

Fullagar, R. and J.Field 1997. Pleistocene seed grinding implements from the Australian arid zone. Antiquity 71:300-307.

Gorecki, P., M.Grant, S.O'Connor and P.Veth 1997 The morphology, function and antiquity of Australian grinding implements. Archaeology in Oceania 32:141-150.

Gould, R.A. 1977 Puntutjarpa rockshelter and the Australian Desert Culture. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 54(1).

Gould, R.A. 1978 James Range East Rockshelter, Northern Territory, Australia: a summary of the 1973 and 1974 investigations. Asian Perspectives 21:85-125.

Gould, R. A. 1980 Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gould, R. A. 1991 Arid-land foraging as seen from Australia: adaptive models and behavioural realities. Oceania 62: 12-33.

Gould, R.A. 1996 Faunal reduction at Puntutjarpa rockshelter, Warburton Ranges, Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 31:72-86.

Hiscock, P. and P. Veth 1991 Change in the Australian desert culture: a reanalysis of tulas from Puntutjarpa rockshelter. World Archaeology 22(3):332-345.

Napton, L.K. and E.A.Greathouse 1985 Archaeological investigations at Pine Gap (Kuyunba), Northern Territory. Australian Archaeology 20:90-108.

Ross, A., T.Donnelly and R.Wasson 1992 The peopling of the arid zone: human-environment interactions. Pp.76-114 in J.Dodson (ed.) The Naive Lands. Longman Cheshire.

Saggers, S. 1982 Comparative analysis of adzes from Puntutjarpa rockshelter and the James Range East Site complex, Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 17:122-126.

Smith, M.A. 1983 Central Australia: preliminary archaeological investigations. Australian Archaeology 16:27-38.

Smith, M.A. 1986 An investigation of possible Pleistocene occupation at Lake Woods, Northern Territory. Australian Archaeology 22:60-74.

Smith, M.A. 1986 A revised chronology for Intirtekwerle (James Range East) rockshelter, Central Australia. The Beagle 3:123-130.

Smith, M.A. 1986 The antiquity of seedgrinding in Central Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 21:29-39.

Smith, M.A. 1993 Biogeography, human ecology and prehistory in the sandridge deserts. Australian Archaeology 37:35-50.

Veth, P. 1987 Martujarra prehistory: variation in arid zone adaptations. Australian Archaeology 25:102-111.

Veth, P. 1989 Islands in the interior: a model for the colonization of Australia’s arid zone. Archaeology in Oceania 24:81-92.

Veth, P. 1993 Islands in the interior. The Dynamics of prehistoric adaptations within the Arid Zone of Australia. International Monographs in prehistory, archaeological series 3.

Veth, P. 1995 Marginal returns and fringe benefits: characterising the prehistory of the lowland deserts of Australia. Australian Archaeology 40:32-38.

Walshe, K. 2000 Carnivores, taphonomy and dietary stress at Puntutjarpa, Serpent's Glen and Intitjikula. Archaeology in Oceania 35: 74-81.

Excavation at Puritjarra. Photograph by Mike Smith.

Attenbrow, V., B. David and J. Flood 1995 Mennge-ya and the origins of points: new insights into the appearance of points in the semi-arid zone of the Northern Territory. Archaeology in Oceania 30:105-120.

Beaton, J. 1982 Fire and water: aspects of Australian Aboriginal management of cycads. Archaeology in Oceania 17:51-58.

Beaton, J. 1991 Excavations at Rainbow Cave and Wanderer's Cave: two rockshelters in the Carnarvon Range, Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research 8:3-32.

Beaton, J. 1991 Cathedral Cave: a rockshelter in Carnarvon Gorge, Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research 8:33-84.

Bellwood, P. 1997 Prehistoric cultural explanations for widespread language families. Pp.123-134. in McConvell, P. and N.Evans (eds) Archaeology and linguistics. Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Bowdler, S. 1981 Hunters in the Highlands: Aboriginal adaptations in the eastern Australian uplands. Archaeology in Oceania 16:99-111.

Bowdler, S. and S. O’Connor 1991 The dating of the Australian Small Tool Tradition, with new evidence from the Kimberley, W.A. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1991/1:53-62.

Dortch, C.E. 1981 Recognition of indigenous development and external diffusion in Australian Prehistory. Australian Archaeology 12:27-31.

Evans, N. and R.Jones 1997 The cradle of the Pama-Nyungans: archaeological and linguistic speculations. Pp.376-384. in McConvell, P. and N.Evans (eds) Archaeology and linguistics. Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Gould, R.A. 1969 Puntutjarpa rockshelter: A reply to Messrs Glover and Lampert. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 4: 229-237.

Hiscock, P. 1986 Technological change in the Hunter River Valley and its implications for the interpretation of late Holocene change in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 21:40-50.

Hiscock, P. 1993 Bondaian technology in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 28(2):64-75.

Hiscock, P. 1994 Technological responses to risk in Holocene Australia. Journal of World Prehistory 8(3):267-292.

Hiscock, P. 1999 Holocene coastal occupation of western Arnhem Land. In Australian Coastal Archaeology. J. Hall, and I. J. McNiven, eds. Pp.91-103. Canberra: ANH Publications, Australian National University.

Hiscock, P. 2001 Sizing up prehistory: sample size and composition of artefact assemblages. Australian Aboriginal Studies 2001/1:48-62.

Hiscock, P. and V.Attenbrow 1998 Early Holocene backed artefacts from Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 33(2):49-62.

Hiscock, P. Prehistoric Australian Artefacts. (http://artalpha.anu.edu.au/web/arc/resources/paa/arcrock.htm)

Jones, R. 1977 The Tasmanian paradox. Pp.189-204 in R.V.S. Wright (ed.) Stone tools as cultural markers: change evolution, complexity. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Jones, R. and I. Johnson 1985 Deaf Adder Gorge: Lindner Site, Nauwalabila 1. Pp.165-228. in Jones, R (ed.) Archaeological research in Kakadu National Park. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.

Kohen, J.L., E.D. Stockton and M.A.J. Williams 1984 Shaws Creek KII: a prehistoric occupation site in the Blue Mountains piedmont, eastern New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 19:57-73.

Lamb, L. 1996 A methodology for the analysis of backed artefact production on the South Molle Island Quarry, Whitsunday Islands. Pp. 151-159 in S. Ulm, I. Lilley and A. Ross (eds) Australian archaeology 95. Tempus 6, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland.

Layton, R. 1997 Small tools and social change. Pp.376-384. in McConvell, P. and N.Evans (eds) Archaeology and linguistics. Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

McBryde, I. 1985 Backed blade industries from the Graman rockshelters, New South Wales, some evidence on function. Pp.231-249 in V.N. Misra and P. Bellwood (eds) Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory. Oxford and IBH: New Delhi.

McConvell, P. 1996 Backtracking to Babel: the chronology of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 31:125-144.

McNiven, I.J. 2000 Backed to the Pleistocene. Archaeology in Oceania 35: 48-52.

Morwood, M. J. 1981 Archaeology of the Central Queensland Highlands: the stone component. Archaeology in Oceania 16: 1-52.

Morwood, M.J. 1984 The prehistory of the Central Queensland Highlands. Pp.325-380 in F. Wendorf and A.E. Close (Eds) Advances in World Archaeology. Academic Press.

Mulvaney, D.J. and E.B.Joyce 1965 Archaeological and geomorphological investigations on Mt.Moffit Station, Queensland, Australia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31:147-212.

Mulvaney, D.J. 1976 "The chain of connection": the material evidence. Pp.72-94 in N.Peterson (ed.) Tribes and boundaries in Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Pearce, R.H. 1974 Spatial and temporal distribution of Australian backed blades. Mankind 9:300-309.

Smith, M.A. 1994 Archaeological investigations at a stratified open site near Humpty Doo, Northern Australia. Pp.84-104. in M. Sullivan, S. Brockwell and A. Webb (eds) Archaeology in the North. North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University.

Smith, M.A. and B.J. Cundy 1985 Distribution maps for flaked stone points and backed blades in the Northern Territory. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1985/2:32-37.

Early Holocene Backed Artefact from Mussell Shelter in New South Wales.

 

 

Topic 9 - Chapter 5 in the Murray textbook.

Brown, T. and S. Molnar 1990 Interproximal grooving and task activity in Australia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81:545-553.

Campbell, A.H. 1981 Tooth avulsion in Victorian Aboriginal skulls. Archaeology in Oceania 16:116-118.

Campbell, A.H. and M. Prokopec 1984 Antiquity of tooth avulsion in Australia. Artefact 8:3-9.

Clarke, P. and J.Hope 1985 Aboriginal burials and shell middens at Snaggy Bend and other sites on the central Murray River. Australian Archaeology 20:68-89.

Knuckey, G. 1991 Patterns of fracture upon Aboriginal crania from the recent past. Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Human Biology 5:47-58.

Pardoe, C. 1988 The cemetery as symbol. The distribution of prehistoric Aboriginal burial grounds in southeastern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 23:1-16.

Pardoe, C. 1993 Wamba yadu, a later Holocene cemetery of the central River Murray. Archaeology in Oceania 28:77-84.

Pardoe, C. 1994 Bioscapes: the evolutionary landscape of Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 29:182-190.

Pardoe, C. 1995 Riverine, biological and cultural evolution in southeastern Australia. Antiquity 69:696-713.

Pardoe, C. and S. Webb 1986 Prehistoric human skeletal remains from Cowra and the MacQuarie Marsh, New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 22:7-26.

Pate, D 1998 Stable Carbon and Nitrogen isotope evidence for prehistoric hunter-gatherer diet in the lower Murray River basin, South Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 33(2):92-99.

Pretty, G.L. 1977 The cultural chronology of the Roonka Flat. A preliminary consideration. Pp.288-331 in R.V.S. Wright (ed.) Stone tools as cultural markers: change evolution, complexity. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Pretty, G.L. and M.E.Kricum 1989 Prehistoric health status of the Roonka population. World Archaeology 21(2):198-224.

Prokopec, M. 1979 Demographic and morphological aspects of the Roonka population. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 14:11-26.

Peter Brown’s Australian Palaeoanthropology index. (http://metz.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/ausindex.html)

Webb, S. 1982 Cribra Orbitalia: a possible sign of anaemia in Pre- and Post-contact crania from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Archaeology in Oceania 17:148-156.

Webb, S. 1984 Intensification, population and social change in southeastern Australia: the skeletal evidence. Aboriginal History 8:154-172.

Webb, S. 1989 Prehistoric Stress in Australian Aborigines. British Archaeological Reports S490.

Webb, S. 1995 Palaeopathology of Aboriginal Australians. Cambridge University Press.

Attenbrow, V. 1982 The archaeology of Upper Mangrove Creek. Pp.67-78 in S. Bowdler (Ed) Coastal archaeology in eastern Australia Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

Beaton, J.M. 1985 Evidence for a coastal occupation time-lag at Princess Charlotte Bay (North Queensland) and implication for coastal colonization and population growth theories for Aboriginal Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 20:1-20.

Bird, M. 1992 The impact of tropical cyclones on the archaeological record: an Australian example. Archaeology in Oceania 27:75-85.

Cribb, R. 1986 Sites, people and archaeological information traps: a further transgressive episode from Cape York. Archaeology in Oceania 21:171-175.

David, B. 1991 Fern Cave, rock art and social formations: rock art regionalisation and demographic models in southeastern Cape York Peninsula. Archaeology in Oceania 26:41-57.

Dortch, C.E., and M.V. Smith 2001 Grand hypotheses:palaeodemographic modelling in Western Australia's South-west. Archaeology in Oceania 36:34-45.

Gray, A. 1985 Limits for demographic parameters of Aboriginal populations in the past. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1:22-27.

Hiscock, P. 1981 Comments on the use of chipped stone artefacts as a measure of "intensity of site usage". Australian Archaeology 13:20-34.

Hiscock, P. 1986 Technological change in the Hunter River Valley and its implications for the interpretation of late Holocene change in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 21:40-50.

Hughes, P.J. and R.J. Lampert 1982 Prehistoric population change in southern coastal New South Wales. Pp.16-28 in S. Bowdler (Ed) Coastal archaeology in eastern Australia Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

Meehan, B. and N. G. White (eds) 1991 Hunter-gatherer demography: past and present. Oceania Monograph 39.

O’Connor, S. 1989 Contemporary island use in the west Kimberley, Western Australia, and its implications for archaeological site survival. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1989/2:25-31.

O’Connor, S., P. Veth, and N.N.Hubbard 1993 Changing interpretations of postglacial human subsistence and demography in Sahul. In Smith, M.A., M.Spriggs and B.Fankhauser (eds) Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Pp. 95-105. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra.

Rowland, M.J. 1989 Population increase, intensification or a result of preservation? Explaining site distribution patterns on the coast of Queensland. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1989/2:32-42.

Ross, A. 1985 Archaeological evidence for population change in the middle to late Holocene in southeastern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 20:81-89.

Smith, M.A. 1986 The antiquity of seedgrinding in Central Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 21:29-39.

Excavation at Kenniff Cave.

Topic 11 - Chapter 5 in the Murray textbook.

Barker, B. C. 1991 Nara Inlet 1: coastal resource use and the Holocene marine transgression in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland. Archaeology in Oceania 26(3):102-109.

Barker, B. 1996 Maritime hunter-gatherers on the tropical coast: a social model for change. Pp.31-43 in S. Ulm, I. Lilley and A. Ross (eds) Australian archaeology 95. Tempus 6, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland.

Beaton, J.M. 1983 Does intensification account for changes in the Australian Holocene archaeological record? Archaeology in Oceania 18:94-97.

Beaton, J.M. 1985 Evidence for a coastal occupation time-lag at Princess Charlotte Bay (North Queensland) and implication for coastal colonization and population growth theories for Aboriginal Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 20:1-20.

Bird, C.F.M. and D. Frankel 1991 Chronology and explanation in western Victoria and south-east South Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 26(1):1-16.

Bird, C.F.M. and D. Frankel 1991 Problems in constructing a prehistoric regional sequence: Holocene south-east Australia World Archaeology 23(3):179-192.

Bird, C.F.M. and D. Frankel 1998 New radiocarbon determinations from the Grampians-Gariwerd region, western Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 33(1):31-36.

Bird, C.F.M., D. Frankel and N. van Waarden 1999 Prokrustes in Gariwerd. Archaeology in Oceania 34: 86.

Bowdler, S. 1981 Hunters in the Highlands: Aboriginal adaptations in the eastern Australian uplands. Archaeology in Oceania 16:99-111.

Bowdler, S. 1995 Offshore islands and maritime explorations in Australian prehistory. Antiquity 69:945-958.

Clarke, A. 1994 Romancing the Stones. The cultural construction of an archaeological landscape in the Western District of Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 29:1-15.

Cosgrove, R. 1995 Late Pleistocene behavioural variation and time trends: the case from Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania 30:83-104.

David, B., I. McNiven, V. Attenbrow, J. Flood and J. Collins 1994 Of Lightening Brothers and White Cockatoos: dating the antiquity of signifying systems in the Northern Territory, Australia. Antiquity 68(259):241-251.

Flood, J., B. David, J. Magee and B. English 1987 Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south-eastern highlands. Archaeology in Oceania 22:9-26.

Godfrey, M.C.S. 1989 Shell midden chronology in southwestern Victoria: reflections of change in prehistoric population and subsistance. Archaeology in Oceania 24:65-69.

Godwin, L. 1997 Little Big Men: alliance and schism in northeastern New South Wales during the late Holocene. Pp.297-309 in McConvell, P. and N.Evans (eds) Archaeology and linguistics. Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Hiscock, P. 1986 Technological change in the Hunter River Valley and its implications for the interpretation of late Holocene change in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 21:40-50.

Hiscock, P. 1988 A cache of tulas from the Boulia district, western Queensland. Archaeology in Oceania 23:60-70.

Lourandos, H. 1980 Change or stability? Hydraulics, hunter-gatherers and population in temperate Australia. World Archaeology 11:245-266.

Lourandos, H. 1983 Intensification: a late Pleistocene-Holocene archaeological sequence from southwestern Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 18:81-94.

Lourandos, H. 1985 Problems with the interpretation of late Holocene changes in Australian Prehistory. Archaeology in Oceania 20:37-39.

Lourandos, H. 1985 Intensification and Australian prehistory. Pp.385-423 in T.D.Price and J.Brown (Ed) Prehistoric Hunter-gatherers: the emergence of cultural complexity. Academic Press, Orlando.

Lourandos, H. 1987 Swamp managers of southwestern Victoria. In D.J.Mulvaney and J.P. White (eds) Australians to 1788. Sydney: Fairfax, Syme and Weldon, pp. 292-307.

Lourandos, H. 1993 Hunter-gatherer cultural dynamics: long- and short-term trends in Australian prehistory. Journal of archaeological research 18:81-94.

Lourandos, H. 1996 Change in Australian prehistory: scale, trends and frameworks of interpretation. Pp. 15-21 in S. Ulm, I. Lilley and A. Ross (eds) Australian archaeology 95. Tempus 6, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland.

Lourandos, H. and A. Ross 1994 The great ‘intensification debate’: its history and place in Australian archaeology. Australian Archaeology 39:54-63.

McNiven, I.J., B.David and H. Lourandos 1999 Long-term Aboriginal use of western Victoria: reconsidering the significance of recent Pleistocene dates for the Grampians-Gariwerd region. Archaeology in Oceania 34: 83-85.

Morwood, M.J. 1987 The archaeology of social complexity in south-east Queensland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53:337-350.

O’Connor, S. 1987 The stone house structures of High Cliffy Island, north west Kimberley, W.A. Australian Archaeology 25:30-39.

O’Connor, S. 1992 The timing and nature of prehistoric island use in northern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 27:49-60.

Rowland, M.J. 1989 Population increase, intensification or a result of preservation? Explaining site distribution patterns on the coast of Queensland. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1989/2:32-42.

Ulm, S. and J. Hall 1996 Radiocarbon and cultural chronologies in Southeast Queensland prehistory. Pp. 45-62 in S. Ulm, I. Lilley and A. Ross (eds) Australian archaeology 95. Tempus 6, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland.

Walters, I. 1989 Intensified fishery production at Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland, in the late Holocene. Antiquity 63(239):215-224.

Walters, I. 1992 Farmers and their fires, fishers and their fish: production and productivity in pre-European south-east Queensland. Dialectical Anthropology 17:167-182.

Williams, E. 1987 The rise of complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia. Antiquity 61:310-321.

Williams, E. 1988 Complex Hunter-Gatherers. A late Holocene example from temperate Australia. British Archaeological Reports S423.

Excavation at Toolondo.
Photograph by Harry Lourandos.

Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Resources 3. Course organisation 4. Lecture calendar 5. Essay topics

Excavation at Rocky Cape. Photograph by Harry Lourandos.

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Author: Peter Hiscock, School of Archaeology and Anthropology
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