INDO PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION

ABSTRACTS FOR THE HANOI CONFERENCE, SURNAMES FROM Q TO Z

These abstracts are listed by first author surname/family name, preceded by the relevant session code

B7 Qin, Dashu

Peking University, China

SRIVIJAYA——THE CENTERPORT OF THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE CIRCLE

The large scale trade through the maritime route in China was initiated from the second half of the 8^th century, developed rapidly in the 9^th century and reached its first peak in the 10^th century. The exported cargo from China in this period has different characteristics from other periods. There are a number of main central ports working on the trade to Eastern Asia (include Japan and Korea) and the West (from Southeast Asia and West) countries in this period and the goods came from many places in both south and north of China. The main products for output included textiles, porcelains, the raw materials such as tin, lead, the silver and copper coins and so on. The ports for exporting at least included Yangzhou, Mingzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and some other places. However, in all probability goods from these ports were not directly transported to the sale locations and there should be a Centerport in the Indian Ocean trade circle. The important Centerport was supposed to be Palembang which was the capital of the Srivijaya dynasty on the Sumatra Island. This article will search the relevant records in the Chinese literatures, especially in huanghua sida ji written by Jia dan, the prime minister of the Tang dynasty as well as compare with some Arabic literatures, to provide evidences for the view mentioned above. What is more, the materials from shipwrecks found in the recent years, for example, the Batu Hitam wreck, the Intan wreck and the Cirebon wreck, prove additionally that their cargoes came from different places of China and we can presume from their methods of packaging and shipping that the cargoes would be re packaged and re shipped in some place outside China which might be Palembang. Therefore, Palembang could be considered as the most important Centerport in the Indian Ocean trade circle.

C18 Quizon, Cherubim A.

Seton Hall University, New Jersey, USA

Cameron, Judith

Australian National University

THE BANTON CLOTH

This paper discusses the Banton Cloth, a 13th century cloth housed in the National Museum of the Philippines which is understood to be the earliest extant abaca cloth found to date in the Philippines. Initial observations on how this ikat patterned cloth relates to other extant Mindanao abaca ikat textiles from the 1880s to the contemporary times will be presented both from a technical/stylistic standpoint, as well as from the perspective of their cultural meanings and patterns of use. In addition, the breadth and variety of textile and fibre use in the Philippines and contiguous regions from the early historical period will be briefly assessed in relation to the Banton cloth, including how the funerary and non funerary use of ikat and/or bast fibre textiles in comparative contexts can be actively brought into consideration when analyzing this archaeological material.

D1 Quynh, Hoang Thuy

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam

Hao, Nguyen Thi

College of Humanities and Social Science, Hanoi National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

PAINTED CERAMICS OF THE SA HUYNH CULTURE

Sa Huynh is a famous archaeological culture, located largely in Central Vietnam which is approximately dated between 500 600 B.C. to A.D. 100 200. With its main tradition being one of ritual use of ceramic coffins (jar burials) and ceramic grave goods, Sa Huynh ceramic production is one of its most important and typical characteristics. Painted ceramics are not common or outstanding amongst pre or proto historic ceramic assemblages within Vietnam but they are one of the most important characteristics of Sa Huynh ceramics. This paper focuses on the analysis of painted ceramics, specifically typology and decorative motifs, found within Sa Huynh assemblages. On that basis the role and significance of painted ceramics in the Sa Huynh culture will be discussed. Furthermore, we attempt to illuminate its relationship with ceramics of neighbouring archaeological cultures.

C2 Rabett, Ryan

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge

EARLY HUMAN OCCUPATION OF NINH BINH PROVINCE, NORTHERN VIETNAM: EVIDENCE FROM TRANG AN PARK.

The end of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia was marked by pronounced coastal inundation. By the mid Holocene three quarters of the previously exposed Sunda Shelf was submerged beneath the South China Sea. These facts are well known; much less well understood, though, is the way that early human groups responded to these changes, how they adapted their economies and settlement, and the pace at which these adjustments occurred. Between 14,600 and 14,300 cal. BP sea levels rose by an estimated 5.3 m per 100 years and continued at an average exceeding 1 m per 100 years until c.11,000 cal. BP and the early Holocene. These are changes that would have been visible at the human generational scale, and in Southeast Asia they provide an ideal opportunity to study the way people coped with major environmental refurbishment as inland habitats became maritime. Collaborative exploratory investigation of the archaeological record from Ninh20Binh province, in northern Vietnam, has provided a rare opportunity to establish a detailed sequence of early human activity during this dramatic deglacial phase. The current paper describes the results of the second year (2008) of excavation at the cave site of Hang Boi in Tràng An park, and of insights that are emerging into short term adaptations to environmental change across the Pleistocene Holocene transition

B17 Ragragio, Andrea

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

PATRIOT GRAVES IN MANILA CEMETERIES AND THE JUXTAPOSITION OF THE MODERN AND PREHISTORIC FILIPINO WARRIOR

By comparing the modern and prehistoric Filipino warrior through their associated material culture (specifically graves and memorials for the former and grave goods and the archaeological record for the latter), I seek to explore the Filipino conception of what it means to be included in this particular group, what values they extol, and role they play in pre modern and modern Filipino society.

B12 Ramli, Zuliskandar & Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd. Rahman

Institute of Malay World and Civilization, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.

RECENT ARCHAEOLOGY DISCOVERIES IN PULAU KELUMPANG, MATANG, PERAK, MALAYSIA.

Since 1928, archaeological research has been taking place in Pulau Kelumpang and since then a large quantity of archaeological discoveries has been revealed. Pulau Kelumpang known to be occupied by the maritime people and the settlement has been established since the beginning of the first century AD. Several excavations has been conducted by several scholars such as Evans, Sieveking and Nik Hassan Shuhaimi and made a lot of interesting and important discoveries. Latest archaeological excavation has been carried out from May to August 2008, led by Nik Hassan Shuhaimi and successfully unearths five burials and other artifacts such as earthenware’s, beads, stone artifacts, food remains, organic materials and house posts. Several C14 analysis has been carried out from the charcoal and wood samples associated with the burial found during the excavation. The result showed that the lowest burial dated from 1810 ± 40BP and the other burial dated from 1760 ± 40BP, 1650 ± 40BP, 1460 ± 40BP, 1450 ± 40BP and 1380 ± 40BP. The wood sample dated from 1630 ± 50BP. Based on the result of radiocarbon dating showed that the Pulau Kelumpang has been occupied by the maritime people since 120 AD and practice animism as a main belief based on burials practice.

B8 Rao, K. P.

Department of History, University of Hyderabad, INDIA

PROCESS OF URBANIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA: MICRO STUDY BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN SOUTHERN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

One of the pertinent questions regarding the history and archaeology of South Asia is the process of urbanization. Very few studies investigating the process of urbanization in South India have been carried out. In the light of this background, the author has conducted field intensive studies to explore the major and minor habitations of the ancient period in Southern Andhra Pradesh, India, to understand the process of urbanization in the region. The study region has three kinds of landscape – coastal, valley and hilly region. The habitations in this region began during the Neolithic period. During the Neolithic period, there were three settlements, but by Early Historic times they had proliferated to fourteen. Out of these, four habitations grew as urban centers by the Early Historic period and had fortifications. Trade and commerce, including overseas trade, played an important role in the growth of these urban centers. X ray diffraction and thin section examination was carried out to determine the local and imported varieties of pottery. The investigations proved that the coastal regions were urbanized earlier than the interior regions and the riverine and valley plains were shown more preference than the hilly regions.

C21 Rao, K.P.

Department of History, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

SUN AND STARS IN THE MEGALITHIC TRADITION OF INDIA

India is one of the regions with a prolific megalithic presence. The megalithic monuments and some of the engravings affiliated to this culture show definite indications of their relationship with celestial objects like the Sun and the stars. The alignments, the burial pit, the port-hole, the laying of the skeletons, etc. show some orientational preferences, which are dictated by the direction of the Sun. At some of the megalithic sites it has been observed that the alignments are arranged in such a fashion that particular rows of menhirs come in line with the rising or setting Sun on the days of solstice. Since, the solstice is an indicator of the impending change in the season, it appears that the megalithic people used these alignments to track the ‘progression’ of the Sun to know the seasonal changes. This must have played important role in their economy, as agriculture was largely dependent on seasonal climatic changes. Further, the temporal knowledge obtained through study of the ‘progression’ of the Sun also must have dictated their fairs and festivals. Their advanced knowledge in astronomy is also suggested by one of the depiction showing ‘Ursa Major’ constellation on a stone planted among a group of stone circles. It is interesting that the two stars, stars, Merak and Dubhe, which in the star constellation always point towards the north are very faithfully depicted in the same manner. Thus it appears that the megalithic complex at Mudumal is an astronomical observatory to study and track the celestial objects. On the whole the evidence gathered from several megalithic sites indicate a strong link between megalithic monuments and celestial objects.

B1 Ravn, Mads

Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger, Norway

A NEW SKELETON AND AN OPEN AREA SETTLEMENT IN MANUS, PNG

This paper presents results from an archaeological project carried out in the island of Mbuke in the Manus Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). In 2007, 31 square metres were excavated. Ceramics, obsidian pieces and stone axes were recorded. Also animal bones and a human skeleton from a grave were exposed. The excavation in Mbuke revealed firstly, a settlement consisting of a concentration of fire places in the north eastern end of the village. These fireplaces are believed to date more than 1,600 years back. Secondly, in the central part of the village, a grave was revealed. The grave consisted of a female mature skeleton, being placed in an extended position, with molested lower tibia, probably dating more than 1,600 years back. A 14C date is being processed and will most likely be available in December 2009. Lastly, a relative pottery chronology will be presented.

B1 Reepmeyer, Christian

Australian National University

CONTRIBUTIONS OF LITHIC RESEARCH ON OBSIDIAN SOURCES IN NORTH VANUATU TO COLONISATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC

This paper summarises results from my PhD research on obsidian sources and distribution systems emanating from two North Vanuatu obsidian sources. It focuses on the evolution of social interaction systems, which is identified by the spatial distribution of lithic artefacts in Vanuatu Archipelago and adjacent areas. It will attempt to explain processes and changes in the scale of interaction between communities through time from the initial colonisation until contact with European explorers. For this purpose two bodies of data, geochemical analysis of obsidian outcrops and artefacts, and the technological analysis of flaked lithic assemblages were incorporated in the research. Interpreting the results, it is hypothesised that correlations with environmental factors and risk minimising strategies in colonising communities have to be considered to understand the evolution of social interaction. This is in contrast to earlier assumptions emphasising internal economic processes, for example through the acquisition of a valued raw material for the augmentation of social status, as essential in shaping social networks of interaction.

B5 Reinecke, Andreas

Commission for Archaeology of Non European Cultures of the German ArchaeologicaI Institute, Germany

Seng Sonetra

Vin Laychour

Memot Center, Cambodia

PROHEAR; A FIRST LOOK AT EXCAVATION, RESTORATION AND CULTURAL NETWORK OF AN IRON AGE BURIALS SITE IN SOUTHEASTERN CAMBODIACambodia

An Iron Age burial site with many bronze drums, gold and silver offerings was discovered in Prohear village, Prey Veng province, in spring 2007, but almost completely looted by the villagers until the end of that year. Only the 4 meters wide main road through the village was spared from looting. Together with the Memot Centre, the Commission for Archaeology of Non European Cultures of the German Archaeological Institute conducted two rescue excavation field seasons in spring 2008 and 2009, and discovered on an area of 120 m² in total 47 inhumations and 5 jar burials under the road. Analyses and restoration of metal objects are in progress. This preliminary report briefly reviews some special complexes and finds from the period from 200 BC to AD 100 and presents the first results of analyses and restoration in context with other sites of the same period in this area.

C1 Rice, Kim

University College Dublin

Vito Hernandez

University of the Philippines

Helen Lewis

University College Dublin

Victor Paz

University of the Philippines

SEARCHING FOR THE NEOLITHIC OF ILLE CAVE, PALAWAN, THE PHILIPPINES

Traditionally the cultural and temporal manifestation of the Neolithic in The Philippines is thought to be broadly contiguous with that of Taiwan. We propose to analyse the evidence for the transition to farming in this area and its broad characteristics over 5500 years. We will examine whether there are diagnostic cultural and economic signifiers and the evidence for social and ideological change. This will be done through an examination of the Neolithic of Palawan Island, with particular reference to the site of Ille Cave. Here a number of features and artefacts have significantly enriched the prehistory of Palawan. The island figures prominently in issues of hominin movement from Island Southeast Asia at several episodes during the Pleistocene. In contrast, there has been little discussion of its role during the early Holocene, particularly the Neolithic, which is thought to extend in the Philippines from about 8000 – 3000 BP. A well secured sequence of dates from the site allows us to examine contextual, spatial and temporal relations between the ‘Neolithic’ features of Ille and those of well published sites to the north, south, and west of Palawan Island. Because Ille exhibits cultural and economic ‘signatures’ different from sites to the north of the island, and shows similar evidence to sites to the south and west, we suggest that the Neolithic of these islands be re–evaluated in light of this evidence.

B13 Rispoli, Fiorella

Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient (IsIAO), Rome

INCISED & IMPRESSED POTTERY STYLE AS A CHRONOLOGICAL BOUNDARY IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Starting from the analysis of the complex figurative language of the s.c. ‘Late Neolithic’ Incised & Impressed pottery style (I&I), the paper will survey most of the sites thus far excavated in Thailand where I&I ceramics have been found. Extensive comparisons with similar assemblages from Vietnamese sites, as well as with I&I ceramics discovered in Cambodia and Southern China will be provided and their archaeological meaningfulness evaluated. Following this line of investigation the author will highlight the value of the I&I pottery style as a ‘chronological boundary’ defining the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition in the region.

B13 Rispoli, Fiorella

Ciarla, Roberto

Italian Instute for Africa and the Orient (IsIAO), Rome

Vincent C. Pigott

Institute of Archaeology, University College London

TOWARDS A WORKING CHRONOLOGY FOR CENTRAL THAILAND: REVISING THE SEQUENCE FOR THE KHAO WONG PRACHAN VALLEY AND THE GREATER LOPBURI REGION.

Recent conclusions reached as a result of long term research through the LoRAP and TAP collaborative efforts in central Thailand, including, in particular, those in the Greater Lopburi Region (GLR) and the Khao Wong Prachan Valley (KWPV), make it clear that a preliminary regional chronology and ceramic sequence, based on excavated evidence, are now attainable. This joint paper presents our initial overview of a working, revised site chronology for central Thai sites including the settlements of Tha Kae and Phu Noi and the sites associated with massive copper production, Non Pa Wai, Nil Kham Haeng, Non Mak La as well as those of the neighboring Khao Sai On district. Research thus far suggests that while the presence of copper in the region may date at the earliest to ca. 1400-1300 BC, the enormous accumulations of copper production remains which characterize sites in the GLR is now seen to be an Iron Age phenomenon, dating from the later 1st millennium BC and into the early 1st millennium AD. Evidence in support of these conclusions includes reconstructed ceramic assemblages with regional comparisons, as well as a detailed review of chronologically sensitive archaeological indicators (e.g., artefacts, burials, stratigraphy). 

C10 Robb, Kasey

Nunn, Patrick D.

University of the South Pacific, Fiji

CHRONOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INLAND, UPLAND SETTLEMENTS IN THE BA RIVER CATCHMENT, VITI LEVU ISLAND, FIJI: RESULTS FROM INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS

The Ba River catchment occupies most of the northeast part of Viti Levu Island (Fiji). Details of its prehistoric settlement history are almost completely unknown although a number of fortified hilltop and cave sites are reported from here and the adjoining Vatia Peninsula. A study funded by the Vetlesen Foundation began in March 2009 and focused on locating, excavating, analysing and interpreting key sites in this part of Fiji. The main research question is whether or not the majority of these sites, as with those in the Sigatoka Valley (southwest Viti Levu Island), were established and occupied only after the AD 1300 Event when a food crisis (driven by sea-level fall) forced people away from island coasts and into defendable sites in island interiors. This presentation will give details of the preliminary investigations of the Ba River valley fortifications and discuss future research plans.

C9 Rolett, Barry V.

University of Hawaii at Manoa

EMERGENCE OF MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS (EAST POLYNESIA)

Marquesan monumental architecture may have emerged and flourished in the context of social competition among relatively isolated chiefdoms. Systematic survey and excavation of monumental architecture in Vaitahu Valley provides evidence supporting this interpretation. Our Vaitahu study area contains a complex of sites including a high status residence and two nearby religious me‘ae, one of which yielded a set of four stone tiki. These sites were built and occupied from the late prehistoric to the early historic era. Long term patterns in the interisland exchange of basalt adzes help to reveal changes in the degree of friendly interaction among separate chiefdoms. WD XRF analysis of adzes from the Vaitahu sites supports previous findings that interisland exchange declined significantly after AD 1450. This change is best explained by a late prehistoric contraction of interaction spheres, suggesting that Marquesan monumental architecture developed in a setting of increasingly competitive chiefdoms with hostile relationships that limited opportunities for friendly exchange.

A4 Rolland, Nicolas

University of Victoria, B.C., Canada

THE ‘DUAL INHERITANCE’, EARLY HOMO ADAPTIVE PARAMETERS, AND THE INITIAL COLONIZATION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN ASIA

The colonization of Eurasia was feasible because of bio cultural antecedents in Subsaharan Africa. The ‘dual inheritance’ included a partly zoophagous dietary shift, while retaining the ancestral primate omnivorous propensities, with versatile plant exploitation repertoires. These combined with reliance on tool making and tool use. The consequences of this acquired carnivorous ‘vocation’ included eurytopic dispersal propensities, ‘ecological polymorphism’, and a ‘natural history intelligence’, also diagnostic of social carnivores. These adaptive parameters and ‘dual inheritance’ allowed early Homo expansion across a variety of ecosystems and ecotones in Eurasia, by exploiting with flexibility food resources at various levels of the trophic pyramid, according to habitat circumstances. Among outside issues in the Early Pleistocene hominid colonization of Asia remain the questions of whether (1) East Asia was settled initially from Western Asia, directly through Central Asia, expanding then from North to South China, or (2) whether an alternative dispersal path was involved, from South and Southeast Asia into South China, then into North China, and subsequently, from there to Central Asia. Another related issue is whether ancient hominids remained adaptively confined to open grassland habitats, or actually exploited a variety of ecosystems and ecotone situations, implying a broader range of biome colonization. Evidence form geochronology, biogeography, Palaeolithic occurrences distribution, and the ‘dual inheritance’ heuristic concept, presently give more support for hominid expansions along Tropical Asia, spreading northward subsequently, and exploiting a diversity of ecosystems and habitats.

B10 Romualdez-Valtos Eliza

University of the Philippines

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE DECORATED NON-ANTHROPOMORPHIC VESSELS FOUND IN AYUB CAVE IN MAITUM, SARANGANI PROVINCE IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

The problem of gathering and recording data for design bands found in Philippine Iron Age pottery assemblages with ambiguous stratigraphic profiles, has not gone beyond the descriptive word. This has hampered efforts in ceramic studies concerning spatial and temporal relationships of prehistoric people in the Southern Philippines.

One main reason for this is the lack of an explicit, replicable, and controlled method that can be applied on banded decorations found in the pottery from the region.

This study approached the problem by analysing the decorated non--anthropomorphic earthenware assemblage from Ayub Cave in Maitum, Sarangani Province in Southern Philippines. This paper will focus on the methods and procedures developed for the analysis of form and decoration found in the pottery assemblage of Ayub Cave. The analysis resulted in the detection of a particular style utilizing specific design processes that correlated to specific forms of pottery. As a result, the discovery of this style of pottery can now be used to infer the identity of the people who used Ayub Cave during the Metal Age in the Philippines.

B4, B16 Roy, Babul

Office of the Registrar General, India, Seba Bhaba, New Delhi

B16 STRIKE AND LIGHTS SET IN FIRE MAKING AMONG THE BAIGAS IN MANDLA: A PREHISTORIC LIVING TRADITION

In India, a primitive technique of fire making is reported to have continued among many isolated tribes (e.g. Kadar) even as late as early 20^th Century (see Sankara Menon 1931: 280). From Mandla, Verrier Elwin (1939:43) has described an account of the Baiga method of fire making by ‘strike a lights’, a set consisting of steel, quartz, and a lump of simul cotton as tinder. Interestingly, the method is still continuing. The stone type used (e.g. chert, quartz, etc.), locally called “chai pathar”, is the same that was used in the local microlithic industry (as many as 17 microlithic sites have been discovered from this district) and is quarried from any one of the many exposed prehistoric microlithic sites. Here the question is whether the current Baiga knowledge of prehistoric microlithic sites is a direct continuation from the prehistoric Stone Age. This paper will describe the Baiga method of fire making by using a strike a lights set while exploring the archaeological relevance of this practice in contextualizing the various microlithic sites found in the region.

B4 Roy, Babul

MICROLITHIC SITES FROM MANDLA, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA

Discovery of as many as 17 open air sites of microlithic assemblage in the district of Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) during 2001 2 already has been reported to be of immense archaeological significance, as for the first time evidences are found suggesting continuation of Stone Age tradition until the recent historical time (see, Roy 2008 and 2009). The present article for the first time presents the details of Mandla archaeological sites, methods of study, and archaeological findings.

B19 Roy, Jayanta Singh

Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

SPATIAL CONTEXT OF STONE AGE FOSSIL WOOD ARTIFACTS DISCOVERED FROM CHAKLAPUNJI AREA, HABIGANJ DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

Chaklapunji area is a very important location of Stone Age archaeological records in Bangladesh. All the fossil wood artifacts discovered from the area are surface finds. The present researcher recovered a large number of fossil wood artifacts for the very first time from the bed of a small seasonal stream known as Balugang. Actually, fossil wood artifacts occur in discrete clusters, as isolated occurrences and as horizontally diffused scatters on the course of nearby stream channel or rain gully. After discarding fossil wood artifacts they undergo certain modifications by both natural and cultural agencies. For variability in the structure and landforms of the study area, prehistoric archaeological records are largely a result of depositional and post depositional processes as well as contemporary processes of disturbance. Thus the archaeological record of Chaklapunji area is not only influenced by past and contemporary taphonomic processes; it also lacks chronological resolution, given the un stratified associations. But they have limited environmental information and typo technological feature of un weathered fossil wood artifacts. In order to effectively utilize the archaeological records and landscape for understanding behavioral activities of prehistoric people of Chaklapunji area, this paper attempts to provide more information by understanding the spatial context of fossil wood artifacts.

Generally spatial context reflected the distribution patterns of artifacts and its horizontal and vertical position within the landscape and also its association with other finds. In order to reconstruct past activities of Stone Age peoples on a site it is crucially important to understand the spatial distribution patterns and density of lithic artifacts and location of raw material. Geologic surface erosion, surface wash, deposition processes and the anthropogenic activities of the study area largely affect the nature of distribution patterns of prehistoric archaeological records and spatial context and also recovery of fossil wood artifacts. Contemporary surface erosion processes which operates predominantly under the influence of raindrops, sheet erosion and sheet flow, rill or micro channel erosion and rill or micro channel flow, gully erosion and gully flow, anthropogenic surface erosion, tillage activities of local agricultural system etc. are responsible for removing the sediment cover and exhuming the fossil wood artifacts to the surface and subsequently causing their downslope transport and deposition on stream beds. As a result the effects of surface erosion at Chaklapunji area have altered the nature of archaeological records. Detailed examination of the overall physical condition especially on the basis of degree of weathering on the artifacts shows that they are not weathered or abraded so much. Rather, they are fresh and the edges are also sharp. So, it can be inferred that they did not travel much distance. If systematic and intensive surface collection of fossil wood artifacts is made by mapping and plotting of surface features of location of archaeological records, by laying on a surface grid and si keeping the nature of the disturbance undergone by geologic surface erosion, anthropogenic surface erosion, land use patterns and tillage activity of local agricultural systems under consideration, one can clearly use the surface finds of the prehistoric archaeological record to provide information.

A4 Rybin, Evgeny

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE LAST MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC IN CENTRAL ASIA: THE QUESTION OF SURVIVAL

The earliest Upper Paleolithic assemblages sharing similar features with the blade rich industries from the western part of Eurasia appeared on the territory of the Altay (Siberia, Russia) between approximately 50,000 40,000 BP, suggesting the spread of a single tradition and/or hominid population. Based on the timing and technology, the implication is that the population is one of anatomically modern humans. According to radiocarbon dating, typical Middle Paleolithic industries still flourished in the Altay as late as 35,000 30,000 BP. Similarly, late Middle Paleolithic assemblages were also established in Central Siberia. This article is aimed at the discussion of the possibility of coexistence of Middle Paleolithic industries and the Early Upper Paleolithic in South Siberia, the reviewing of the chronology of the latest Middle Paleolithic industries of this region, and the hypothetical interaction of anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals.

D3 Saha, Sudipa

Indian Archaeological Society

CONCH SHELL: CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN THROUGH THE AGES IN WEST BENGAL WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON BISHNUPUR.

Conch shell craft of Bishnupur, West Bengal, is a traditional craft of India. Earliest evidence of wearing conch shell bangles is found at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, from the Neolithic cultural stage. From then onwards numerous archaeological evidences of craft of shell working is found from different protohistoric and historic sites of India. This age old craft is continuously practiced by a particular community called ‘Shankhari’ in Bishnupur. The present paper discusses two aspects of this heritage. Firstly, an attempt is made to find out methods for conservation of the intangible part of the traditional craftsmanship. Preservation of old artifacts, manufacturing technique of the same and rituals connected with the crafts and craftsmen are taken into consideration. The reason for such exercise is that the traditional ways are quickly disappearing with the introduction and popularization of modern tools and technologies. Secondly, the researcher would like to identify the problems that the modern craftsmen are facing; especially those belonging to the younger generation, in order to sustain their traditional caste bound occupation. At the same time an endeavour is made to find out probable solutions to the problems. Finally recommendation is made for application of the suggested solutions by formulating policies for the development of the craft as well as the craftsmen.

C10 Sanjana, Shalni

Division of Geography, School of Islands and Oceans, University of the South Pacific, Fiji

Kasey F. Robb

Pacific Studies, Oceania Centre for Arts, Culture and Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, Fiji

FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF THE VATIA PENINSULA, NORTH COAST VITI LEVU, FIJI

Archaeological investigations on the Vatia Peninsula, located on the north coast of Viti Levu Island in Fiji, have identified inland fortified hilltop and cave sites. Initial dating of these fortified sites suggest they represent societal responses to the climate-driven food crisis that affected the tropical Pacific during the AD 1300 Event. Although this study (part of a larger project funded by the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation) is still in progress, a description of all the sites investigated thus far in this area will be given, with initial results concerning their chronology and functions. The fortified sites along the Vatia Peninsula sometimes exhibit different levels which may show the social hierarchal system existing during the time of occupation.

D3 Samnata, Madhulika

Burdwan, West Bengal

INITIATION OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPACE: A CASE STUDY IN THE MIDDLE AJAY BASIN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The present study explores the possibility of employing participatory planning approaches in the archaeological space of the Middle Ajay Basin, West Bengal, India for the cause of development in the region. The area is rich in archaeological properties but remains unutilized by the stakeholders for such causes. Ten archaeological sites of the region were covered by the researcher where multiple groups of stakeholders exist. The study analyses the composition of these stakeholders, their interests and probable impact of such initiatives on the area by interactions through informal or semi structured interviews. The study records the requirement of a negotiator /facilitator, with authority over the stakeholders or access to a source of funding as a basic necessity to establish a viable network. It also points out the centralized nature of current archaeological initiatives in the country where the archaeological space is validly considered as a specialized field of knowledge. Participatory approaches are not acceptable in this particular field and archaeological space is not within the full reach of development activities at present. The study indicates that informal interactions with different stakeholders and generation of ideas about the archaeological space may act as basic steps for all such initiatives in future.

C8 Sand, Christophe

Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific

Iizuka,Yoshiyuki

Academia Sinica, Taipei

Russell Beck

New Zealand

REWRITING THE HISTORY OF THE KANAK “JADE CIRCLE”. PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON NEPHRITE SOURCING IN NEW CALEDONIA

Ethnographic studies about the origin of the stone adzes and axes produced by the Kanak population of New Caledonia during the last 1500 years before European contact, had built at the beginning of the XXth century, a simple scenario of adzes made of “serpentine” and flat ceremonial axes made of “jade”, quarried on the outer island of Ile Ouen in the southern part of the archipelago. Renewed studies on the petrography of the artefacts and the geological sources of the stones have started to show a much more complex story. Identification of the use of a number of similar, but different stone types, mainly anorthite from Ile Ouen and nephrite and semi nephrite with diopside from at least one nephrite source on the main Island of New Caledonia, shed a completely new light on the pre European stone production developed on this small remnant of Gondwanaland in Southern Melanesia.

C9 Sand, Christophe

Ouetcho, André

Bolé, Jacques

Baret, David

Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific

Dotte, Emilie

Université Paris I

CHRONOLOGY OF THRADITIONAL KANAK SETTLEMENTS: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE TIWAKA VALLEY (NEW CALEDONIA)

Over the past 20 years, a number of research programs from our local Department of Archaeology have started to study traditional Kanak settlement patterns in an archaeological perspective. Surveys have shown an unexpected density of habitation and horticultural sites, pointing to a significant intensification process before first European contact, with the building of sometimes massive settlements, characterized by large, high habitation mounds. This result has come in sharp contrast to ethnographic descriptions of traditional society, and has prompted, amongst other things, renewed questionings on the exact chronology of these settlements. The paper will present a series of case studies on settlement patterns and the results of chronological excavations from Kanak settlements in the Tiwaka valley (northeast of New Caledonia’s ‘Grande Terre’), to start to better define the detailed dynamics of traditional Kanak society in time and space.

C11 Sand, Christophe

Bolé, Jacques

Ouetcho, André

Baret, David

Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific

THE RISE OF THE “TRADITIONAL KANAK CULTURAL COMPLEX” IN NEW CALEDONIA: INTENSIFICATION PROCESSES IN A SOUTHERN MELANESIAN ARCHIPELAGO

Archaeological investigations conducted over the last two decades in New Caledonia have allowed us to profoundly reshape our understanding of the last 1000 years of the cultural chronology, by highlighting a major intensification of land use, associated with the emergence of what we have defined as the “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex”. This summary paper will focus on the different aspects of intensification that can today be better studied through a whole array of archaeological discoveries, ranging from the development of terraced taro pond fields to large settlements of raised house mounds and long distance exchanges across the archipelago.

C17 Sand, Christophe

Ouetcho, André

Bolé, Jacques

Baret, David

Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific

“FROM THE SEASHORES TO THE UPPER HILLS”: DIVERSITY AND CHRONOLOGY OF TARO IRRIGATION IN NEW CALEDONIA

Since the first descriptions by Europeans, the taro cultivation systems of New Caledonia have been known for their extent and diversity, placing especially the terraced taro pondfields of Grande Terre amongst the most complex planting systems in the Pacific (Kirch and Lepofsky 1993). Relying on the last decade of studies on this topic, the paper wishes to highlight the diversity of the planting environments identified through archaeological surveys. We will also present a set of new C14 dates that have been obtained from prehistoric taro sites, in order the refine the chronology of this intensified cultivation technique in Southern Melanesia.

B15 Sangpetch, Jeerawan

Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

THE INSTALLATION SYSTEM OF THE CORPOREAL RELICS OF THE BUDDHA IN THE DVARAVATI PERIOD,THAILAND

The Saririka Cetiya or the Dathu Ceti is a kind of stupa which enshrines the Buddha’s relics. After the cremation of the Buddha, the Drona Brahmins divided the corporeal relics of the Buddha into different parts thus allowing kings and Brahmins to enshrine the relics in the stupas in their own lands. The installation system of the corporeal relics of the Buddha is an important part of Buddhist texts of different places and periods. These texts contain passages related to local history, linking the lands mentioned in the texts to the “Jambudipa”. Archaeological evidence regarding the installation system can be found in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, as well as in other Buddhist countries including Thailand. The installation of the corporeal relics of the Buddha in the Dvaravati period is evident in two archaeological sites including Stupa no.1 at Ku Bua in Ratchaburi and the Phra That Na Dune stupa in Maha Sarakham. In each of the stupa, the relic chamber was discovered beneath the ground floor in the center core of the stupa, reflecting the original system from India and Sri Lanka. Symbols were also found relating to Buddhism and Hinduism. The art style of the reliquaries show some influences from the North Indian, the South Indian and the Sri Lankan Buddhist traditions, which probably entered the Dvaravati Kingdom through the Pyu Kingdom in present day Myanmar. The installation system of the corporeal relics of the Buddha in the Dvaravati period is the beginning of the installation system in Thailand, which has continued to evolve in later periods.

B16 Sanjal, Rajat

University of Calcutta

GRANARIES IN EARLY MEDIAEVAL EASTERN INDIA: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY

The historical settlement of Bangarh in the district of [present South] Dinajpur district in West Bengal (India) was excavated by K.G. Goswami between 1938and 1941. The fortified segment of the site has long been identified with the early mediaeval city called Devikota. Among many other structural remains from the site were discovered, from “stratum II” of the site (c. AD 10^th 12^th centuries), a couple of brick built granaries. After half a century in 1990 was discovered from the same village a copperplate inscription recording gift of land at a village to the south of the “granaries of Devikota” and quite interestingly the village still exists to the south of the excavated granary complex of Bangarh. Thus, the archaeological and chronological contexts of the find are unquestionable.

The excavated granaries of Bangarh are quite unique in the sense that they have rectangular bases and superstructures possessing special structural features for preventing the grains from external moisture and damp. Intensive field survey in the region between 2004 05 and 2006 07 resulted in the discovery of the fact this peculiar type of granary, quite unlike the widely used conical straw thatched granaries of rural eastern and central India, is still constructed in this part of Bengal. The present paper attempts at an ethnoarchaeological investigation of this unique early mediaeval granary type of eastern India with details of of technicalities of manufacture and functional specificities.

C10 Sanjana, Shalni

Robb, Kasey

University of the South Pacific, Fiji

FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF THE VATIA PENINSULA, NORTH-COAST VITI LEVU ISLAND, FIJI

Archaeological investigations on the Vatia Peninsula, located on the north coast of Viti Levu Island in Fiji, have identified inland fortified hilltop and cave sites. Initial dating of these fortified sites suggests they represent societal responses to the climate-driven food crisis that affected the tropical Pacific during the AD 1300 Event. Although this study (part of a larger project funded by the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation) is still in progress, a description of all the sites investigated thus far in this area will be given, with initial results concerning their chronology and functions. The fortified sites along the Vatia Peninsula sometimes exhibit different levels which may show the social hierarchal system existing during the time of occupation.

B10 Sarjeant, Carmen

Australian National University

THE EMERGENCE OF CERAMIC TRADITIONS IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

This paper presents ceramic findings from two projects in which the author has been involved. The first is from Bronze Age and Iron Age mortuary contexts at Ban Non Wat in Northeast Thailand and the second is from occupational layers at the Neolithic site of An So’n in southern Vietnam. These sites have exposed the importance of both local developments and external contacts to ceramic technologies. The morphological, decorative and technological aspects of ceramic wares are discussed in order to support the presence of local traditions and contemplate the features that may indicate contact with other pottery making areas. An So’n displays evidence of its involvement in a wider Neolithic ‘package’ that spread throughout mainland Southeast Asia, while some ceramic wares possess locally unique attributes in form and decoration. Some of the external influence may be represented by the method of tempering ceramic wares with rice and chaff. The continuity of this tradition is evident at Ban Non Wat, where there is a sudden appearance of a new method for the manufacture of mortuary ceramics and its use intensifies with time. The impact of this technique is evident throughout the mainland and some pottery making groups continue to practice this tradition.

D3 Sarma, Dhritiman

Research Scholar, (ICHR Fellow) Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, Republic of India

STUDY OF THE POTTERY OF DHOWACHALA, MAJULI, JORHAT DISTRICT, ASSAM

The study of pottery is very important in archeology, as the earliest evidence of pottery emerged in the Neolithic period, and it is still a living practice in all parts of the world. This paper shows the practical approach of the study of pottery in archeology and anthropology in terms of a past present continuum. The field work was conducted in the river island Majuli, from 29^th January to 14^th February, with an excavation in a Historic site of pottery named Dhowachala, and also an anthropological and ethnoarcheological study was conducted in a nearby village named Shalmara, among the Kumar potters. The paper shows the past present continuum in the pottery studies, and shows how such studies can help us in knowing the past, by studying the present.

D4 Sarma, Mousumi

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University, Assam

THE UTTAR KAMALABARI SATTRA OF MAJULI, ASSAM

Acknowledged as one of the largest inhabited fresh water River Island of the World, Majuli is situated between 26º45' N to 27º12' N and 93º39' E to 94º35' E. It is situated in the upper reaches of River Brahmaputra, the only male river in the world. Prior to 1950 the total area of ‘Majuli’ was 1256 sq km. Continuous erosion has resulted in depletion of its size. It is now surviving with only 577sq km.

Majuli can rightly claim to be the nucleus of Vaishnavite culture in Assam. In fact it is considered to be the Vatican of Neo Vaishnavism. Towards the closing decade of the 15th Century AD Saint Shrimanta Sankardeva along with his chief disciple Madhavdeva laid the foundation of the Sattra culture in Majuli. The influence of the Sattras –the Vaishnavite monasteries in the social, cultural and religious life of the people have made Majuli , the principal seat of pilgrimage for all people in general and the Vaisnavites in particular . Sixty Four Sattras were established in Majuli in the 16th and 17th Century but today only twenty two exists. The rest have either been eroded away or shifted to other places.

An Assamese Neo Vaishnava Sattra consists of a square enclosure wall with an opening or gateway called Kerapat or Batchora, four rows of hamlets (Hati), the central Temple or prayer house (Namghar) and the Sanctum–sanctorum (Monikut). The Sattras occupy an intrigue place in the hearts of the people of Assam as they are custodians of rich heritage of Neo Vaishnavite culture. They have ensured that the cultural contributions of Saint Shrimanta Sankardeva –Borgeet (Songs), Sattriya Nritya (Dances) and Ankiya Bhaona (One act play) survive the test of time.

In this context I would like to draw the attention to one of the most culturally developed Sattras of Assam, the Uttar Kamalabari Sattra. It is situated 1Km to the northeast of Kamalabari Township in Majuli Revenue circle. It imparts training in Sattriya dance and music and is also a treasure house of many rare manuscripts, old Assamese utensils, jewellery and handicrafts. In this paper an attempt has been made to show how Uttar Kamalabari Sattra is functioning as a living organization for propagating and diffusing Vaishnavite ideals.

D4 Sarma, Mousumi

Choudhury, Sudeshna

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University, Assam

SATTRA CULTURE OF MAJULI, ASSAM

The mystical isle Majuli is known to be the largest freshwater river island in the world. Set admist the mighty river Brahmaputra and the only male River in the world, Majuli occupies an area of 577 sq m, having lost significant area due to erosion. Majuli emerged as the crowning glory of Neo Vaishnavite religion and culture in Assam with the establishment of Sattras with a Namghar or a Kirttanghar propounded by the great Saint Srimanta Sankardeva towards the closing decade of 15^th century AD. His Holiness established Sattras in Majuli to nurture and propagate his philosophy and practice of a new religious life. The Sattras are the nerve centres of a variety of cultural, religious and social activities of the people. In this paper, an attempt has been made to show how the Sattra institution is functioning as a living organization for propagation, diffusion and continuance of Neo Vaishnavite ideals in the Island and in former Assam as well.

B16 Sarmah, Anjana

Dibrugarh City College

Dutta, Asok

University of Calcutta

ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURE IN GARO HILLS, MEGHALALYA

The State of Meghalaya is located in the easternmost part of India between latitude 25.9’ and 26.0’ North and longitude 89.9’ and 91.2’ East. The total area of the State is 8080 km² with a population density of 30 to 50 persons per km². The State is has two major geographical divisions viz. Khasi and Jaintia Hills, and Garo Hills. Prehistoric archaeological research in Meghalaya and more particularly in Garo Hills was initiated by British Administrators during the early part of the 20^th century. However, their discoveries were mainly confined to the Neolithic tools. From 1970’s onwards many more stone age sites have been discovered in the Garo Hills, which yielded cultural materials of different stone age periods viz. Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. The Neolithic culture, which succeeds the Paleolithic and Mesolithic cultures, has a widespread distribution in the Garo Hills as well as throughout the Northeast India.

The Garos are the chief inhabitant of the Garo Hills. They are considered to be the marginal hunter gatherer and food producing tribe. Their primary occupation is agriculture and Jhumming or shifting cultivation (or slash & burn) is their basic method of cultivation. In fact, they also procure wild vegetables, roots and tubers abundantly grown in the forest, collect honey, hunt animals in the forest and catch fish in the rivers and streams. The traditional shifting cultivation (or slash & burn) being practiced in the Garo Hills has a prehistoric base. The hoe and axe continue as the principal tools, operated exclusively by human energy. We cannot say whether the people of the culture under study are the descendants of the Neolithic population, but analogy between the material cultures of the past and present should not be ignored. Chronologically the culture under study is modern, but economically Neolithic.

Further, there are differences in the raw material of the tools. Formerly the tools were made of stone, at present they are iron. Such a difference does not result in a major variation in the quantity of production between past and present. The hoe and axe have inherent limitations in working capability. Such a technology, under the given ecological conditions, can support only 4 to 5 persons per km². Under the traditional agricultural system, intensification contributes little to improvement, as was the case during Neolithic time as well.

C19 Sasaki, Randall

Texas A&M

RESULTS OF THE INITIAL SEASON OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE BACH DANG BATTLE SITE

The Battles of Bach Dang, where the Vietnamese fought against the invaders at multiple occasions, have a significant implication to the history and to the people of Vietnam. Particularly in 1288 C.E., General Trang Hung Dao planted wooden stakes along the river to prevent the Yuan (Mongolian) fleet and destroyed their ships. These wooden stakes have been found in the now silted rice fields. This archaeological project was initiated to solve where the battle was fought by identifying the stakes and aims at finding the remains of the battle, including the ships that were involved. 

C5 Sato, Hiroyuki

University of Tokyo

Soda, Tsutomu

Institute of Tephrochronology for Nature and History

Izuho, Masami

Sapporo Center for Buried Cultural Property

TEPHROCHRONOLGY AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES OF LATE PLEISTOCENE IN KYUSHU ISLAND, JAPAN

There are many Quaternary volcanoes in Kyushu Island. In particular, Aso, Aira, Ata, and Kikai caldera volcanoes frequently erupted on a large scale in the past. The pyroclastic flow and tephra fall of the eruption of Aira volcano (28 29ka), which was the one of largest in history, impacted catastrophically on the southern Kyushu region and those who lived in there. After this volcanic event, the preceding Pan Japanese strategy of cultural adaptation came apart and differentiated into several original new strategies, through the diffusion of new technological information and cultures from the adjacent areas such as the Korean peninsula and the Setouchi region.

B6 Sayavongkhamdy,Thongsa

Division of Archaeological Research, Department of Heritage, Vientiane

Chang, Nigel

James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

Souksavatdy Viengkeo

Cawte, Hayden

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SEPON, LAO PDR: ARCHAEOMETALLURGY, UNEXPLODED BOMBS AND COLLABORATIONS.

Archaeological research in Laos is very much on the increase and, in common with much of the world, is increasingly being carried out within a cultural heritage management context. In this paper we present some initial observations from an ongoing project in Sepon District, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR that is being carried out as a collaboration between the Lao Department of National Heritage, James Cook University (Australia) and Lang Xang Minerals Ltd, Lao PDR. We will highlight some of the major finds to date, in particular the discovery of a new Heger 1 Dongson Drum (by LXML unexploded ordinance staff) and important copper ore mining and processing sites that may date to the Bronze Age. The range of evidence and the ‘archaeological landscape’ from the Neolithic to the Vietnam/American war period (including unexploded bombs) is discussed along with plans for future work in the area.

B6 Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa

Department of Heritage, Vientiane Laos

E. Patole-Edoumba

Fabrice Demeter

P. Duringer

Anne-Marie Bacon

Laura Shakelford

Phonephan Sichanthongtip

Phimmasaeng Khamdalavong

Sengphet Nokhamaomphu

Bouasisengpaseuth Bounheuang

Sullipan Bouaraphang

Souliya Bounxaythip

TAM HANG ROCKSHELTER, A HOABINHIAN SITE IN NORTHERN LAOS

In February 1934, Jacques Fromaget discovered the Tam Hang rockshelter in Hua Pan Province, Northern Laos. The geologist’s excavation produced faunal remains from the Middle Pleistocene as well as human biological and cultural remains from the pre-Holocene period. After being relocated, an international team has been carrying out several excavations since 2003. Fragments of pottery and a lithic industry have been recovered. The lithic industry is characteristic of the Hoabinian culture with the presence of the typical sumatraliths. The C14 datings obtained from animal bone and charcoal precise the chronological framework for the lithic industry ranging so far from 7000 to 13200 years. Thanks to a technological approach realized on more than 5000 specimens, we can describe the knapping process that prevailed on that site.

C12 Schepartz, Lynne A.

Florida State University, USA

Miller Antonio, Sari

California State University at Stanislaus, USA

Fang Hui

Shandong University, PRChina

RITUAL, SHANG IDENTITY AND SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AT DAXINZHUANG, A MIDDLE LATE SHANG (1300 1100 BC) SITE IN SHANDONG PROVINCE

Three cemeteries dating from the middle to late Shang culture yielded 61 human skeletons and a rich collection of grave goods including bronze and pottery vessels, weapons, and jade and shell ornaments. Analysis of the mortuary patterns reveals significant variation in body positioning and tomb architecture that appears to be the key way that social distinctions were expressed. Different burial circumstances include pits (rectangular or rounded), graves with a platform at the head, graves with a full platform (ercengtai), and graves with multiple platforms surrounding inner and outer wooden coffins. The standard burial position was supine with the legs extended, the hands on the pelvis or at the sides, and an underlying waist pit containing a dog skeleton. Other positions included prone, on the side, or irregular limb placement. Individuals buried on their side or in irregular positions are most often ‘accompanying’ individuals interred with another individual in the standard position. They were also recovered from tomb platforms which they shared with numerous dog skeletons. Some irregularly positioned individuals have cutmarks across their skull base and cervical vertebrae, and as a group, their dental health was poorer. Although lacking the clear status differentiations exemplified by the huge sacrificial pits of the Shang cemeteries at Anyang, the Daxinzhuang site provides evidence for important social distinctions that affected the life and health of the population.

B19 Sen, Swadhin

Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

NEWLY RECOGNIZED BUDDHIST VIHARA COMPLEX WITH ASSOCIATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS AND KARATOYA RIVER SYSTEM, NORTHWEST BANGLADESH: UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION OF A TERRAIN IN FLUX THROUGH THE FRAMEWORKS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATIGRAPHY AND ALLUVIAL GEOARCHAEOLOGY

Geoarchaeological studies on structural archaeological records of historic period are not very common in South Asian archaeology. If we look for such studies with a world perspective, we would found very few examples, which have concentrated on understanding structural archaeological records on continuously changing landscape of floodplain and deltaic environment. In this paper, I attempt to understand and interpret a newly recognized and partially excavated Buddha vihara of C. 9^th–12^th century CE in the dynamic alluvial landscape within the catchments of Karatoya river system in the northwestern part of Bangladesh within an alluvial geoarchaeological paradigm. The primary aim of this paper will be to report the recognition and partial excavation of the vihara complexes and findings of the associated archaeological records (i.e structural mounds, plough zone surface scatters, rubbish disposal area, etc.) for the first time. The final objective of this paper will be to understand and interpret relationship of various phases of the biography of the vihara (and associated archaeological records) with the geomorphological, sedimentological, hydrological and pedological history on both meso and micro scale of the landscape context. Apart from mapping by various techniques of remote sensing and surveying, three exploratory excavations on the undisturbed part of the structural mounds and a few off site sedimentological and soil sections will be taken as the main frame of reference of the methodology. The most important and unique finding indicates that the human occupation in this area was not only limited to the uplifted and flood free terraces, as it has been conventionally assumed in previous works in this area. Besides, various deposits recognized and recorded in the contexts of the excavation and their sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics imply that these are litho pedo facies deposited by local floods and water logging, possibly during occupational, depositional and post depositional phases.

C1 Sergusheva, Lena

Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

FIRST CULTIVATORS OF RUSSIAN FAR EAST: RESULTS OF ARCHEOBOTANICAL STUDY

Archaeobotanical investigations were conducted for a series of Neolithic sites of the south of Russian Far East (Primorye Territory) dated in the range 5200 3300 BP. According them broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and perilla (Perilla frutescens) were the first cultural plants for this region. They were brought by migrants from the neighbor zone of the modern North Eastern China. It seems that this migration process began after cooling of climate (about 5200 BP). Migratory groups went on Primorye Territory by the different ways and brought the different species of millet. The agriculture products were not the staple foodstuffs of them. The significance of plant production for human subsistence systems grew up gradually during the Late Neolith period and might become one of the basic component of subsistence systems by the Palaeometal Age (about 3000 BP).

B10 Sarjeant, Carmen

Australian National University

THE EMERGENCE OF CERAMIC TRADITIONS IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

This paper presents ceramic findings from two projects in which the author has been involved. The first is from Bronze Age and Iron Age mortuary contexts at Ban Non Wat in Northeast Thailand and the second is from occupational layers at the Neolithic site of An So’n in southern Vietnam. These sites have exposed the importance of both local developments and external contacts to ceramic technologies. The morphological, decorative and technological aspects of ceramic wares are discussed in order to support the presence of local traditions and contemplate the features that may indicate contact with other pottery-making areas. An So’n displays evidence of its involvement in a wider Neolithic ‘package’ that spread throughout mainland Southeast Asia, while some ceramic wares possess locally unique attributes in form and decoration. Some of the external influence may be represented by the method of tempering ceramic wares with rice and chaff. The continuity of this tradition is evident at Ban Non Wat, where there is a sudden appearance of a new method for the manufacture of mortuary ceramics and its use intensifies with time. The impact of this technique is evident throughout the mainland and some pottery-making groups continue to practice this tradition.

A4 Sharma, Sukanya

Dept. of Humanities and Social Sciences, Guwahati, India

HOMINID ADAPTATIONS IN PREHISTORIC NORTHEAST INDIA, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE GARO HILLS

Northeast India is situated between two different environmental systems, the monsoonal tropics and the tropical rainforest zone. The regional ecology of Northeast India has had a major role in the growth and development of human culture in the area. Affinities between the Neolithic tools of Southeast Asia and Northeast India are very clear. But certain bifacial artifacts are also similar to certain Middle Paleolithic assemblages from other parts of India. Thus, there appears to be a synthesis of two types of cultural traits. These are conditions of adaptation indigenous to the region, and explain the relationship between prehistoric human behaviour and the observable archaeological record of the region. The archaeological record of the prehistoric inhabitants of Northeast India consists of stone tools and pottery. A careful observation of the tool making techniques and types of tools produced reveals the modes of adaptation developed by prehistoric man. Site setting is another important aspect to be considered to understand the adaptive strategies adopted by people. An archaeological site is a place of past human activity generally indicated by a concentration of artifacts and discarded materials. A site is also defined as a particular locale within a habitat, together with its immediate setting. We have to study the surroundings to understand the type of resources available. The types of resources govern the different modes of adaptation developed by the inhabitants of an area. The Garo Hills, the area chosen for study, have the highest concentration of prehistoric sites in Northeast India. The types of tools found in the area consist of ground and polished Neolithic celts, pebble tools, bifaces and flake tools. There are in situ sites, sub surface sites, and surface sites. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the adaptive strategies developed by the prehistoric inhabitants of the area on the basis of site setting and the typo technological analysis of the stone tools.

C3 Shaw, Ben

Buckley, Hallie

Summerhayes, Glenn

University of Otago

Anson, Dimitri

Otago Museum

Valentin, Frederique

University of Paris

Mandui, Herman

Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery

Stirling, Claudine

Reid. Malcolm

Otago Centre for Trace Element Analysis, Dunedin

MIGRATION AND MOBILITY AT THE LATE LAPITA SITE OF REBER-RAKIVAL (SAC), WATOM ISLAND USING ISOTOPE AND TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: A NEW INSIGHT INTO LAPITA INTERACTION IN THE BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO

This paper presents strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr), oxygen isotope (δ18O) and Ba/Sr trace element data in archaeological tooth enamel samples to investigate migration and mobility in human and pig populations from the Late Lapita site on Watom Island in the Bismarck Archipelago. A selection of human teeth was also included from the Late-Post Lapita site of Lifafaesing, Tanga Islands as a geographic/ geological comparison. Previous archaeological models have identified Lapita mobility at a community level using obsidian distribution patterns and changes in ceramic design, whereas isotope and trace element data can potentially reconstruct prehistoric mobility on an individual level. It has been argued using material culture analysis that Lapita mobility decreases over time in the Bismarck Archipelago. These models of Lapita interaction will be re-considered in light of isotope and trace element data from Watom Island.

The results indicate that there is a large amount of isotopic variation in the Bismarck Archipelago which is useful for identifying non-local individuals and possibly determining their origins. The data suggest that one human individual and several pigs may have come from elsewhere in the region. Three potentially separate locations were identified for the non-local pigs. Using the data from SAC it is argued that the Late Lapita communities in the Bismarck Archipelago were more mobile than previously assumed. The potential for identifying individual migrants in a Lapita context are discussed in terms of assessing the more subtle aspects of Lapita society by relating migration to differences in the sex of individuals and difference in burial position. The future use of isotope based migration research in Pacific Island archaeology is then considered.

C5 Sheppard, Peter J.

University of Auckland

A VOLCANO IN THE BACKYARD: IMPACT OF THE RANGITOTO ERUPTION ON MAORI OCCUPATION OF AUCKLAND

The Auckland Harbour is dominated by Rangitoto, a basaltic volcano which forms Rangitoto Island just adjacent to the island of Motutapu. When Maori first occupied the harbour, some 800 years ago, Rangitoto apparently did not exist and the island of Motutapu contains some of the earliest sites in the region. When Rangitoto erupted Motutapu was covered in a thick deposit of ash which would have had a significant impact on the inhabitants and natural environment of the island, yet people returned quickly from the nearby undamaged islands and mainland, if only to survey the destruction, as evidenced by foot prints in the ash. This paper surveys the archaeological and geological research which has been conducted on Motutapu over the last 40 years and considers its potential for assessing volcanic impacts on settlement at the micro or local scale.

C8 Shibutani, Ayako

Department of Comparative Studies, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan

CHANGES IN PLANT UTILIZATION FROM LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MIDDLE HOLOCENE IN JAPAN

Japan has experienced major alternations in forest distribution from late Pleistocene to middle Holocene. These environmental changes affected human choices and access to food sources. Especially, after temperate forests became more extensive, more settled patterns of living spread northwards and hunting gathering fishing people began cultivating vegetables and cereal crops. This paper shows changes in plant utilization from the late terminal Pleistocene to middle Holocene, using residue analyses of starchy tissues on early grinding stone tools in Japan. The aim is to demonstrate a correlation between environmental impact and human activities.

B3 Shih, Leon Deng-Teng

University of Sydney

BEYOND MERE DECORATION: THE DRUM-SHAPED COWRY CONTAINER OF THE DIAN BRONZE CULTURE

In Dian society, bronze drums served as symbols of status and authority. However, in the late Dian cultural period (from the last centuries BC to the first centuries AD), the bronze drum is replaced by the drum-shaped cowry container in some graves. The decrease in the drum’s significance may have given rise to a reciprocal replacement of drum with cowry container. Originally the bronze drum and the cowry container had distinct shapes and functions. But the emergence of the reversed bronze drum filled with shells and a drum-shaped shell vessel led to a rethinking of the classification of drum and cowry container into separate categories. This functional transformation from drum to cowry container suggests changes in the significance of both drum and cowry container in Dian burials.

This paper will argue that the drum-shaped cowry container is the finished product of a metamorphosis which organically integrated both the drum and the cowry container. Its function and role extended to merge with those of the drum, as it replaced the bronze drum in the tomb. Each of the drum-shaped shell vessels is distinctive in that its detailed iconographic representation characterises the life and social status of the particular elite member, i.e., facilitates its designated connection with the deceased owner. Expertise in bronze metallurgy was fostered by the close relationship that prevailed between specialist craftsmen and their aristocratic patrons.

B9 Shimada, Kazutaka

Meiji University Museum, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan

A SHORT RESEARCH HISTORY OF ‘OBSIDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY’ AND CURRENT ISSUES ON THE BEGINNING OF OBSIDIAN USE IN THE JAPANESE PALEOLITHIC

In the central part of the Japanese Islands, there are several volcanic mountains along the tectonic line that extends between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Obsidian sources are interspersed among these mountain ranges and along the Pacific coastline. The obsidian sources are concentrated in several regions such as the Central Highlands, Izu-Hakone, Kozu Island, and Takaharayama. The Central Highland sources are located in Nagano Prefecture and are often sub-divided into two areas, Kirigamine Mountain and Yatugatake Range. In the Kirigamine area, at least 30 to 40 obsidian sources at an elevation of 1200–2000 m above sea level have been identified with geochemical methods (X-ray fluorescence analysis). Several archaeological sites with evidence of obsidian use from these sources have been excavated. Meiji University and the Board of Education of Nagawa town have conducted research at the Takayama obsidian source for more than 20 years. A cluster of large-scale Palaeolithic sites and an obsidian underground mining site of the Jomon period were discovered around the Takayama source. In this paper, I would like to introduce the Takayama site as a case study of ‘obsidian archeology’. Then I examine some issues on the beginning of obsidian use in the Palaeolithic of Japan. The exploitation of obsidian sources in the high mountains and on the sea and the distribution of obsidian artefacts for a distance of over 100 km are already known for the initial phase of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic and date to ca. 30,000–35,000 BP

B8 Shinde, Vasant

Deccan College, Pune, India

Toshiki Osada

Akinori Uesugi

Manmohan Kumar

HARAPPAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE GHAGGAR BASIN, INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF FARMANA

In the recent past the Ghaggar basin has seen a flurry of activities of excavations of Harappan sites. This has not only generated tremendous amount of new sources, but has changed the direction of thinking as some of the earlier hypotheses have to be discarded. Excavations at sites like Rakhigarhi, Bhirana, Baror, Tarkanwala Dhera, Girawad and Farmana have shed light on the regional cultures of this region and their contribution to the development of the Harappan phase in this regions. The ongoing research at the site of Farmana in Rohtak District of Haryana by the present team are aimed at understanding regional variations of the Harappan culture in the Ghaggar basin and the man land relation during that period. Efforts are also being made to understand the composition of Harappan population, their health and diet, which is possible due to excavation of a large number of skeletal data from the cemetery at Farmana.

The Early Harappan (Period I) in this region is represented by pit dwellings and ceramic wares such as Mud Appliqué, Incised, Chocolate slipped, etc. The Mature Harappan phase has been sub divided into Period IIA, IIB and IIC based on ceramic assemblages and structural remains. Large, horizontal area excavated at Farmana has unearthed part of the well planned Mature Harappan settlement. A number of different complexes of the Period IIA and IIB have been excavated and they present separate socio economic units. All the Structure Complexes are oriented parallel to the main street, which runs northwest southeast direction. All of them have multiple rooms and on the basis of contents these rooms could be inferred to have been used for a variety of different purposes such as dwelling, storage, cooking and craft manufacture.

The Harappan cemetery was discovered 900 m to the northwest of the main habitation site. In all 70 burials have been excavated so far in a roughly 50 m by 30 m area. Three different levels could be observed Level 1 belonging to the Period IIA, Level 2 belonging to the Period IIB and Level 3 belonging to the Period IIC. The burials of the Level 3 have been partially damaged by the plough share. The lower two level burials are in good state. The usual orientation of the burials is in northwest southeast direction, but there are a few examples in north south and northeast southwest directions. There are three types of burial customs noticed at Farmana primary, secondary and symbolic. They all have perfectly rectangular pits and coffins made of clay lining. Almost all the burials contain grave goods consisting of a number of pots such as beakers, goblets, dishes, dish on stand, s shaped jars, lids and small globular pots, the number of which varies from burials to burials, depending upon socio economic condition of families. It is proposed to undertake DNA and Element Analysis of the human skeletal remains from Farmana, which may shed light on various problems raised. This paper presents this exciting findings from the recent excavations at Farmana.

B10 Shiung, Chung-Ching

University of Washington

THE EVOLUTION OF CERAMICS ON THE BANDA ISLANDS, CENTRAL MALUKU, INDONESIA

Previous excavations indicate that the Banda islands have the earliest and continuous ceramic data in Central Maluku, Indonesia from about 3,400 to 400 BP. The ceramic evidence suggests that Banda might be a regional potting center for a long time. On the other hand, Banda had been an important center of nutmeg and mace trade at least since the 11th century AD. This paper aims to reveal the evolution of ceramics and provide possible explanations for the changes in ceramic attributes.

D2 Shoocongdej, Rasmi

Department of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand

ARCHAEOLOGY, ARTS, ETHNIC COMMUNITIES AND SACRED SPACE

This paper is a result of an experimental project entitled “From Different Horizons of Rockshelters Project” which aims to preserve the archaeological heritages of highland Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son, northwest Thailand through the use of visual art and music as the conceptual tools to link the past with the present and future. It also aims to break through the boundaries of different cultures, ethnics, and academic fields. This experimental project has involved many different groups of people including tribal people, archaeologists, anthropologists, scientists, artists, art historians, art critics, and the general public.

The two archaeological sites which originally constituted the focus of our project consists of a prehistoric rockshelter at Tham Lod which is roughly 30,000 years old and another site at Ban Rai, being a vast open air cemetery about 2,000 years old. The first site testifies to the existence of one of the oldest group of modern Homo sapiens sapiens in northern Thailand, and second site is unique in the sense that log coffins standing erected are a rarity little known anywhere in Southeast Asia. The attractiveness of these archaeological finds in terms of their age perhaps is not sufficient to warrant the attention being given to them today, but their existence amidst contemporary communities substantiates a link between past and present. These archaeological sites have provided inspiration to artists and musicians. To ensure that these archaeological sites are protected in the long run, there is an urgent need to forge strong connections between local people and the archaeological heritages of the region. Visual art and music can be the effective conceptual tools to link the past with the present and future.

In this paper, special focus has been placed on burials encountered at the site, which is a sensitive issue. My approach is to work with and learn from the local communities to help everyone understand their history, beliefs, and the meanings of coffins, which are still on site. Exploring this sensitive topic through art helps various groups understand that archeological sites can be viewed as sacred places that need to be protected. If sensitively done, art can get people to reflect upon humanity and spirituality. Also, children played a big role in the project’s plans; we designed a few activities which aimed to stimulate their creativities and responsibilities to protect their archaeological heritages and environments. Finally, this experimental project helps to prove that archaeology is not a science of the past, but a discipline which cut across all spatial and temporal boundaries.

D2 Silva, Abilio da Conceicao

National Directorate of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste

Nuno Vasco Oliveira

State Secretariat of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste; ANU Visiting Fellow

FROM ARCHAEOLOGY TO LIVING TRADITIONS: RECREATING CULTURE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN TIMOR-LESTE

Archaeology is but one of various ways we have to investigate the history of humans, through the recording of material culture and other evidence from the Past. Together with written records, oral history and living culture, it helps completing the “puzzle” that links the Past to the Present and helps facing the Future. Timor-Leste is a nation born out of more than four centuries of Portuguese colonialism, 24 years of Indonesian occupation and two and a half years of a United Nations Transitional Administration (UNTAET). Timor-Leste is also a country where evidence of human presence dates back to over 40.000 years. However, other than that conveyed through tradition, little attention has been devoted to the research and preservation of history during much of these periods. This paper deals with the importance of archaeology and living culture for recovering the histories of East Timorese communities and their interaction with the surrounding environment. The ways in which this information will be used to create a new museum and reinforce the sense of national identity, will also be explored.

C1 Simanjuntak, Truman

Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies, Indonesia

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON AUSTRONESIAN STUDIES IN INDONESIA

This paper discusses new discoveries about early Austronesian speaking people in Indonesia. Intensive researches at the Neolithic sites in various islands give a better understanding on the dispersal of the early Austronesian speakers, including the characteristics of their material culture. The dates obtained from a number of sites reveal that Sulawesi was the oldest occupation island (dates back to 3500 4000 BP) before they moved to various other islands in the archipelago. Here, the early Austronesian speakers preferred to settle along the river side or places near water sources, by exploiting the available natural sources.

There seem to be two modes of Austronesian occupation at the time: occupying caves or rock shelters in karstic areas, which led to process of interaction with the indiginous population; or staying on open uninhabited spaces. The most common material culture remains are pottery (red slipped and cordmarked wares), polished stone adzes (and axes in eastern Indonesia) and bracelets. The presence of early Austronesians in the archipelago is part of their global diaspora, particularly within the Southeast Asia Pacific regions.

A4 Sinha, Prakash

University of Allahabad, India

CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY, SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERN DURING THE LATE UPPER PLEISTOCENE IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: A MICROWEAR ANALYSIS

The archaeological literature reveals that the exploitation of plants and grains had become an important activity of man around 12,000 10,000 years ago. To achieve his goals, in different environments, he adopted different strategies – changes in lithic technology, tool kit composition, and hafting of tools. Artifacts reported from a number of Indian and Southeast Asian sites have been analyzed using low and/or high power microscopy. Various stages of behavioral change have been observed in late Upper Pleistocene to Holocene contexts that ultimately led to the refinement in and advancement of economic strategies. Adaptation is a process of behavioral change in time and space. To retrieve information about changes related to adaptation, the use of microwear analysis is perhaps one of the best known methods.

A4 Sinha, Prakash and Chauhan, D.K

University of Allahabad, India

PHYTOLITH STUDY: RECONSTRUCTION OF PALAEOENVIRONMENT AND CRAFT ACTIVITIES

The study of human behavior would be incomplete without the reconstruction of man’s environment. Interactions between man and his environment may leave behind evidence in one form or another. Retrieving such tangible records and the rationale behind their creation is one of the primary goals of archaeology. The study of archaeological soil samples recovered from the excavations at Dhanuhi Rock shelter, a late Upper Palaeolithic site in the Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh, India, has revealed interesting data on the potential and significance of phytolith study in reconstructing the material used in different craft activities carried out by the inhabitants at the site. It has been suggested that the activity areas changed through time and space. Botanical data on the phytoliths corroborate the archaeological evidence. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of phytoliths of different plants, their frequency distribution, and the seasonality of plants suggests that usually after reoccupation of the site, craft activities were rarely conducted in the same spot.

B5 Slaczka, Anna A.

Kern Institute of Indology, Leiden University, The Netherlands

The Brick Structures of Gò Tháp – Tombs or Temples?

The 1980s and 1990s excavations of the archaeological site of Gò Tháp in the Mekong Delta resulted in unearthing a number of brick structures. In association with the structures precious objects were found, including over three hundred gold leaves. More than half of the gold leaves were decorated with images of men, gods, animals, weapons and auspicious objects, and some of them were inscribed. In addition to the precious objects, the structures were also reported to contain human ashes. In the present paper, I would like to have a closer look at the gold leaves discovered at Gò Tháp and compare them with similar objects originating from other archaeological sites of Southeast Asia and with objects described in traditional Indian manuals dealing with temple architecture and temple building rituals. On the basis of this comparison, I would like to propose the hypothesis that the ‘brick structures’ unearthed in Gò Tháp are not tombs but remains of Hindu temples.

Son, Luong Thanh

Dak Lak Museum (Vietnam)

PRESERVING AND DEVELOPING THE VALUES OF PREHISTORIC CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS, VIETNAM

Although the proofs for the orginal activities of the inhabitants of the later Paleolithic Age in Dak Lak have been negligible, we still hope for the presence of a pebble culture in the Western Highlands. In the later Stone and early Metallic Ages the objects are rather diversified. Among them, the Chu K’tur archaeological site was a workshop where opal axes were produced on a large scale. Bronze drums were typical objects of the Metallic Age in Dak Lak and the Western Highlands as well. Objects and human bones were found in some of these bronze drums. In conclusion, the problem for the authorities is to preserve and develop the values of prehistoric cultures that have an important significance for Dak Lak, the Western Highlands and Vietnam.

B6 SONETHONGKHAM, Souksamone

National Museum, Vientiane, Laos

VARIATION IN CORE SIZES AND MATERIALS FROM THREE STONE AGE SITES IN THE MIDDLE MEKONG REGION

The Middle Mekong Archaeological Project (MMAP) has conducted test excavations at three rockshelter sites along threeMekong tributaries in Luang Prabang Province. All three sites have flaked lithics broadly attributable to the Hoabinhian industry. These three excavations undertaken with the same team and excavation methodologies provide an opportunity to examine intersite variability in Holocene flaked lithic technology. This paper compares flaked cores from the three sites using several variables, including rock/stone type, size, and flaking strategy to assess variation within the Hoabinhian in this part of northern Laos.

C21 Song, Hwa Seob

Jeonju University, Republic of Korea

GEOMETRICAL PATTERN AND MEGALITHIC CULTURE OF BRONZE AGE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

The remains of Bronze Age in the Korean Peninsula have various geometrical patterns. The remains are divided into two types; Bipahyung bronze sword and Saehyung bronze sword. It is known that the culture of Bipahyung bronze sword was developed around Liaoning first and it was developed as the culture of Saehyung bronze sword later mainly in the Korean Peninsula. The culture of Saehyung bronze sword developed around 4th to 3rd centuries BC and is called Korean style culture of bronze sword. The representative bronze wares of Korea are bronze sword, bronze mirror, bronze bell, bronze spear, bronze arrow, bronze ax and odd implements. The odd implements are Gumpa type bronze wares, shield type bronze wares, shoulder type bronze wares and bronze bells. The bronze bells are Paljuryung, Ganduryung and Ssangduryung. They had very delicate patterns.

The representative patterns are sun pattern, cross pattern, saw pattern, circle pattern, symmetrical swirl pattern and bracken pattern. Dong Sun culture, a Vietnamese culture of bronze ware has the same patterns and the culture appears in Malaysia, Indonesia and South China. A representative remains of DongSun culture is Dongsun Drum. Dongmo, Donggua, Dong sword, Dongbu in DongSun culture are silmilar to out bronze wares. It has bronze wares such as Bipahyung bronze sword. Sun pattern, cross pattern, saw pattern, circle pattern, symmetrical swirl pattern and bracken pattern in Vietnamese bronze wares are basically the same as the patterns in Korean bronze wares. The Giha patterns appear on dolmen, menhir, columns of traditional architectures, and clothes of minority races. According to the remains of Bronze Age and Giha rock carvings, it is assumed that DongSun culture and Dolmen culture of South East Asia came to the Korean Peninsula in Bronze Age.

B4 SONG Sophy

Royal University of Archaeology, Cambodia

GLASS BEADS IN THE IRON AGE SITE OF PHUM SNAY, CAMBODIA.

Phum Snay Iron age site and settlement were discovered in 2000 by road construction. Since then, the site is in danger because it was looted and sold out its artifacts. There are 349 received from the archaeological data in both years excavation in 2001 and 2003. All the beads were analyzed by macroscopic. Among them, only 100 beads were brought from Cambodia to Paris for the LA ICP MS analysis but only 75 beads were done with the compositional analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP MS). Carnelian beads (stone beads) do not work with LA ICP MS. All of beads were analyzed by macroscopic. Only 100 beads were brought from Cambodia to Paris for the analysis but only 75 beads were done with the compositional analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP MS). Carnelian beads (stone beads) do not work with LA ICP MS.

The target of this study is getting to know how many kinds of beads can be find, the manufacturing method of bead production, and the exchange network where the beads came from. The analysis reveals three groups of glass beads were recognized: 55 high Alumina glass beads (m Na Al) which is typical production of Indian Ocean, 16 Potash beads (K) found in Southeast Asia and India from 4^th c. BC to 4^th c. AD and 4 Soda lime glass beads (m Na Ca) normally appeared in South and Southeast Asia. The v Na Ca type is characteristic of the glass production of the Near East and Middle East.

C11 Specht, Jim

Australian Museum

CONNECTED OR CUT OFF? PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ISLAND PROVINCES DURING THE LAST MILLENIUM

Archaeological research in the island provinces of Papua New Guinea has been dominated for the last 25 years by concerns with Pleistocene colonisation, Holocene flaked stone industries and issues relating to Lapita pottery origins and dispersal. In contrast, little attention has been devoted to the last millennium of human history in this region. This is surprising, as this period witnessed the emergence of socio economic structures that became the focus of much anthropological research during the 20^th century. Furthermore, it was a period during which the Indo Malaysian archipelago was drawn into the wider world economic and political systems through intense interaction with various Asian and European agencies. The paper examines what this interaction might have meant for the societies of the island provinces of Papua New Guinea, outside interest in which appears to have started only within the last 200 years.

B18 Spriggs, Matthew

Australian National University

‘FROM TAIWAN TO THE TUAMOTUS’ UPDATED AFTER OVER 20 YEARS: WHERE ARE WE NOW WITH DATING THE AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION?

Since 1989 I have tried to track the dating of the spread of the Island SE Asian Neolithic and its extension eastwards across the Pacific, as a proxy for dating the spread of the Austronesian languages across that same vast area. This linking of archaeology and language, of course, was an association first popularized by Peter Bellwood from the mid 1970s and it remains an important part of his syntheses of regional prehistory. In 1998 I published one of the more explicit statements on the issue in a paper in R. Blench and M. Spriggs (ed.) Archaeology and Language, Volume II (Routledge), under the title ‘From Taiwan to the Tuamotus: absolute dating of Austronesian language spread and major sub groups’. Now, just over 20 years on, I return to the theme of that paper to examine where we are now in relation both to the hypothesis of the link between archaeology and language in the region, and what current dating evidence might be for the hypothesized link.

C17 Spriggs, Matthew

Australian National University

FROM MENDANA TO RIESENFELD: EARLY ACCOUNTS AND SPECULATION ON TARO IRRIGATION IN THE ASIA PACIFIC AREA

The earliest written account I have come across about taro irrigation in the Asia Pacific area comes from Mendana's voyage to the Solomon Islands in 1567, where irrigation systems on Guadalcanal are described. In the next 400 years, prior to serious archaeological investigation of such systems, there was much further description and speculation as to the history and origins of such systems. Members of Captain Cook's expeditions in the 1770s were impressed by taro irrigation systems they saw in the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti and New Caledonia. Early accounts by visitors to other island groups also mention the presence of taro irrigation: John Williams described the practice as it was on Rarotonga in 1823, Wilkes reports it from the Fijian archipelago during the US Exploring Expedition of 1838 42, while the missionary John Geddie mentions taro irrigation in an account written soon after he settled on Aneityum Island in Vanuatu in 1848. These accounts and what they tell us are the subject of this presentation.

C19 Staniforth Mark

Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University

TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY: NEW APPROACHES TO COLLABORATION IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION

It is clear that the bringing into force of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in January 2009 will provide considerable challenges to the way in which research and teaching in maritime archaeology will be conducted in the future. The Maritime Archaeology Program (MAP) at Flinders University has developed innovative, collaborative approaches to teaching and research in maritime archaeology in recent years. In early 2009 MAP introduced the Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (UCHM) as a model for the implementation of Articles 19 and 21 of the UNESCO Convention 2001. It is hoped that this collaborative model will be adopted by other countries and organizations in the Asia Pacific region. This should lead to increased numbers of ratifications of the Convention as well as providing the basis for effective collaboration and co operation in both the training of maritime archaeologists and in conducting maritime archaeological research in the Asia Pacific region.

B5 Stark, Miriam T.

University of Hawai’i Manoa

TEMPORAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF THE MEKONG DELTA’S BRICK ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION

Scholars have recognized the Mekong delta’s importance as one of Southeast Asia’s earliest states for several decades. During this time, field based archaeological studies have uncovered and documented numerous brick architectural remains of various sizes. It is now clear that the delta’s earliest brick architecture does not simply provide a chronological marker, though understanding its chronological sequence is critical. As a particular technological tradition, the construction and use of brick structures was also linked to specific ideological practices and implemented through political economic structures which materialized in brick monuments across much of mainland Southeast Asia. Interdisciplinary cross border research is necessary to understand the timing, sources of influence, and functional variability in these brick monuments and how the Mekong delta fits into a pan regional tradition. This paper summarizes published chronometric data from all dated brick monuments in the Mekong delta and pays particular attention to potentially different trajectories in the northern delta (i.e., Cambodia) vs. the southern delta (i.e., Vietnam) regions. The Mekong delta’s chronological sequence for brick architecture is also examined vis à vis contemporary developments in two Southeast Asian regions east of the delta, in central Thailand and the Dry Zone of modern day Myanmar. Populations in these three areas participated in some of the same interactional networks that moved people, goods and ideas between Southeast and South Asia. Relationships between the delta’s earliest brick architecture, statuary, and writing are also discussed within a broader regional framework.

C7 Stark, Miriam T.

Morrison, Alexander

University of Hawai’i Manoa

Changing Agrarian Landscapes: Economic and Political Development in Cambodia's Mekong Delta

Southeast Asian landscapes like the Mekong Delta were dynamic arenas of change in the first millennium CE. Research through the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project concentrates on Cambodia ’s Mekong Delta to explore interrelated roles of settlement and landscape change from c. 500 BCE – 1000 CE. This research blends historical ecological and landscape approaches to study interactions between human populations and their environment in a longitudinal perspective. This paper investigates how geographical factors influenced settlement and land use, and how those populations changed their landscape as they reorganized into complex polities. Findings from the 2003 2005 field seasons are combined with contemporary land use data to form the empirical foundation of this paper, which particularly emphasizes the role of changing agrarian strategies. Use of a multiscalar analytical strategy offers insights on changing social, economic, and political boundaries within mainland Southeast Asia during the first millennium C.E.

C9 Stephen, Jesse

University of Hawaii at Manoa

McCoy, Mark

University of Otago

Ladefoged, Thegn

University of Auckland

Graves, Michael W.

University of New Mexico

TRACKING CHANGES IN MONUMENTAL RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE: MAUI AND HAWAI‘I ISLAND

Recent archaeology in Hawaii has refocused attention on traditional religious architecture (heiau)—its variability, identification as such, patterns of spatial or directional organization on the landscape, possible changes in architectural forms, and estimates of labor investment to name but a few. This paper addresses the thorny issues of identification when ethnohistoric or contemporary records are lacking, and the sometimes differing views of archaeologists (consulting and academic) and Native Hawaiians on what constitutes a heiau. Research in Kohala, Hawai‘i island will illustrate how we have attempted to resolve this issue. We also report on our efforts to examine co evolutionary changes in heiau architecture as indicative of inter group interaction and the degree to which monumental forms serve to express competitive ability on the island of Maui.

C16 Suda, Kazuhiro

Hokkaigakuen University, Japan

MARINE RESOURCE USE IN TRANSITION: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN FISHING IN TONGA, WESTERN POLYNESIA

In Ha’ano Island of Kingdom of Tonga, subsistence fishing was still main activity for getting animal protein, although outboard motorboats and modern fishing gear such as nylon nets and lines were introduced. Based on my quantitative analysis, catches from their main fishing activity, or line fishing, were mainly allocated to self-consumption and reciprocal exchange. However, catches from the costly stationary net, which was newly introduced by returnees from migrant work, were sold within the village. It means that those who have more capital invest more cash in the fishing gear and therefore get more. In prehistoric times, marine resources might very important as a protein source for the initial immigrants to the islands of Oceania, where terrestrial animals had been extremely scarce.. Anthropological and archaeological studies of fishing in Oceania have mainly focused on the classification and distribution of traditional fishing equipments, and the reconstruction of traditional fishing methods and resource uses. These studies elucidated that the islanders had a wealth of knowledge about the ecology of marine biotopes to efficiently exploit them. After the intrusion of Europeans to this area, however, subsistence activities had dramatically changed. Imported foods such as tin fish and corned beef have become more important as the protein source. In accordance with such change of socio-economic circumstances of this area, the role of marine resources had varied, and I would discuss the present problem of the utilization of marine resources based on the case of Ha’ano Island in Tonga.

B1 Summerhayes, G.R.

Leavesley, M.

Ford, A.

Otago University

Hope, G.

Australian National University

Mandui, H.

National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea

Fairbairn, A.

University of Queensland

Field, Judith

University of Sydney

CURRENT RESEARCH FROM KOSIPE: A LATE PLEISTOCENE SITE FROM PNG

Since 2005 a multidisciplinary team of scientists has conducted archaeological and palaeo environmental research in the Kosipe and Ivane Valleys, Central Province, Papua New Guinea. One site in the valley, Kosipe, was originally excavated by Peter White in the 60s. We returned to understand the nature of late Pleistocene settlement throughout the whole valley and surrounding environs. This paper will present a preliminary outline of results to date.

C5 Summerhayes, G.R.

Leavesley, M.

Otago University

Hope, G.

Australian National University

Mandui, H.

National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea

Fairbairn, A.

University of Queensland

KOSIPE'S VOLCANIC LANDSCAPE

The Kosipe region is important for the early prehistory of Papua New Guinea. First excavated by Peter White in the 1960s, it has recently been the focus of major archaeological and palaeo environmental research. The research has pushed the human antiquity of Papua New Guinea further into the Pleistocene and is providing a unique perspective on people land interactions. It is apparent, however, that to understand the archaeological significance of this site, it is necessary to understand the region’s volcanic history. This paper will outline the critical relationship between the volcanic events of this region, and Kosipe’s unique archaeological record.

B1 Summerhayes, Glenn (Otago), Lisa Matisso Smith (Otago), Herman Mandui (National Museum and Art Gallery), Jim Allen (La Trobe), Jim Specht (Australian Museum), Kelly Amanga (Emira), Kenneth Vito (Emira) and Nick Hogg (Otago).

AN EARLY LAPITA SITE FROM EMIRA

Excavations undertaken on the Early Lapita site of Tamuarawai on the island of Emira, New Ireland over a three year period between 2007 and 2009, yielded a wealth of archaeological material. This paper will outline the background to excavations, and results to date.

C2 Storey, Alice

University of New England

PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONS AND THE POST CONTACT HISTORY OF CHICKENS IN THE PACIFIC

Chicken mtDNA amplified from archaeological remains can be used to reconstruct some aspects of prehistoric migration and interaction in the Pacific. However, due to the effects of taphonomy and human/animal interactions in the past, samples are not always available for ancient DNA analyses. It is then very tempting to use modern chicken samples in an attempt to supplement ancient DNA information. In this talk I will discuss the known and potential movements of chicken in the Pacific from the first sailing of Magellan, through the Manila galleon trade routes, chickens and diseases introduced by Cook and the introduction of European stocks into the Pacific by aid agencies such as the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization and the detrimental effects this will have on using modern chicken mtDNA as a way to trace relationships both within and beyond the Pacific in prehistory.

C16 Szabó, Katherine

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong

THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR SHELL ARTEFACT PRODUCTION

Shell is one of the most commonly encountered classes of cultural remain in Asia Pacific archaeological sites. Whilst much of this material pertains directly to past subsistence practices, shell artefacts and associated production debris are widespread. Given the prevalence of shell in regional archaeological sites, and the sheer number of species available in the Tropical Indo Pacific marine province, how closely do selection patterns for shell destined to be modified converge with shellfish selected for consumption? How important is geographic propinquity in the selection and use of particular species as raw materials? Using a variety of case studies from Island Southeast Asia and the southwestern Pacific, this paper will investigate these questions and seek to contextualise these answers within the broader framework of the nature and status of shell as a raw material.

B10 Tabarev, Andrei V.

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia

FIRST POTTERY AND PRESTIGE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EARLY NEOLITHIC IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

Origin of pottery is one of the most important cultural innovations in the prehistory. According to the archaeological information known for some territories of the Far East (Russian Far East, Japanese islands) the initial clay containers (13 12,000 BP) were not connected with the cultures with food production. On the opposite, they first appeared among hunter gatherers and intensive fishers (salmon fish). Close analysis of pottery style (decoration and form), archaeological contexts (association with other types of artifacts, typography of sites etc.) and ethnographical cases give chances to interpret early pottery as the result of prestige technologies and an item used in some rituals or ceremonies. They might be included into the seasonal cycle of fests and used for some special kinds of food or drinks. This may also mean that pottery had very specific social significance. From the other side the appearance of pottery marks the new stage in the periodisation of the Stone Age in the region – Early (Initial) Neolithic for the Russian Far East and Jomon (Incipient) for the islands.

B3 Taçon, Paul S.C.

Griffith University, Queensland

Li, Gang

Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Cultural Relics Administration Office

Yang, Decong

Ji, Xueping

Yunnan Inst. Cultural Relics & Archaeology

May, Sally K.

Aubert, Maxime

Australian National University

Hong, Liu

Yunnan Institute of Geography

Curnoe, Darren

Herries, Andy

University of New South Wales

THE AGE AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF JINSHA RIVER NATURALISTIC ROCK ART, NORTHWEST YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA

China has many forms of rock art but naturalistic outline rock paintings of the Jinsha River region of northwest Yunnan are very different from other rock art found in China or any other part of East Asia. In 2008 a Chinese Australian team began the first international study of this unique rock art, recording and analysing imagery at several important sites. In this paper the contemporary and past cultural significance is outlined, possible links to rock art of other places are explored and the first results of Uranium Series dating are reported. It is concluded that this is a hunter form of rock art that was made at the same time as farming developed in other parts of Yunnan.

B7 Tai Yew Seng

School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University

MING GAP AND THE RESTARTING OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BLUE AND WHITE IN CHINA

This paper listed the blue and white porcelains excavated from dated tombs in China and shows that there is a ‘Ming Gap’ of blue and white porcelain in China too. Previously, researchers thought that Ming Gap was a phenomenon in Southeast Asia. The author argued that, when the imperial kiln was founded, no blue and white porcelain was allowed to produce in commercial kilns. But, when the needed raw material, cobalt, which relied on importation was produced locally, the commercial production of blue and white porcelain restarted.

C2 Takahashi, Ryohei

Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan

Naotaka Ishiguro

Gifu University

Tomoko Anezaki

Gunma Prefectural Museum of Natural History

Akira Matsui

Nara National Institute for Cultural Properties

Hitomi Hongo

Graduate University for Advanced Studies

DID DOMESTIC PIGS REACH PREHISTORIC RYUKYU ISLANDS?

We analyzed bones of the genus Sus excavated from Noguni shell midden (Okinawa main island, Japan, 7000 6600 bp) by using morphological and phylogenetic methods. The Sus samples from Noguni were compared to Sus remains from later sites in Okinawa (ranging from 5500 to 1700 bp) as well as to the modern Ryukyu wild boar. Based on the length of lower 3^rd molar, Sus from Noguni are clearly smaller than those from other sites in Okinawa. Also, lower 3^rd molars from Noguni showed different size range from those of modern Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus). The analysis of mitochondrial DNA D Loop region indicated that Sus from Noguni belong to a different phylogenetic lineage from modern Ryukyu wild boar, although our data are fragmentary. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we examine two possible hypotheses: First, Noguni's Sus might have descended from a type of Ryukyu wild boar that had been extinct. Second, the Sus from Noguni were introduced to Okinawa islands from elsewhere.

C1 Takamiya, Hiroto

Sapporo University

AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS ON THE ISLANDS OF OKINAWA, JAPAN

Beginning of agriculture is one of the most puzzling themes in the disciplines of anthropology and archaeology. According to Price and Gebauer, more than thirty hypotheses have been proposed in order to explain agriculture origins. At the same time, the spread of agriculture has become as puzzling theme as the agriculture origins. If foraging way of life is easier than farming, why hunter-gatherers accepted farming? The islands of Okinawa were inhabited, most likely, by foragers from ca.6500 BP or ca.4000 BP for several thousand years. Then, by the 12th century AD, intensive farming system was established on the islands. This paper will discuss when the food production began on the islands. The paper also will investigate how and why new economic system emerged there. The likely answer appears to be demic diffusion.

B4 Tan, Noel Hidalgo

Chia, Stephen

Centre for Archaeological Research, Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang

CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE ROCK ART AT GUA TAMBUN, PERAK, MALAYSIA

The rock art site of Gua Tambun in Perak, Malaysia was first reported by J. M. Matthews in 1959, following the discovery of the rock paintings by a British military officer. An estimate of more than 50 forms of animals, humans, geometric designs and many other indistinct and vague forms of paintings were found on the walls of the rock shelter. Since then, no further in depth research of the rock art has been reported, while time and weather have eroded and faded the paintings even more. In early January 2009, the site was revisited by the authors to document and study the rock art in detail. The rock art was documented using a combination of close range, high resolution digital photography, and digital image analysis was used to reconstruct and recompose the faded images. Samples of the material used for painting the rock art were also collected for chemical analysis and dating. This paper presents the preliminary findings of the research, which include more than 500 forms of rock art found at the site, the dating of the rock art as well as the methods and techniques used in producing the paintings.

B14 Tanaka, Kazuhiko

Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BURIALS FROM THE LATE NEOLITHIC TO THE IRON AGE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The excavation of the Iron Age jar burial site of the Hoa Diem Site in central Vietnam revealed a lot of pottery which shows a striking resemblance to the pottery excavated in the Kalanay Cave in central Philippines. This paper discusses the extent of the distribution of the sites and pottery which are thought to be related to the Hoa Diem Site by clarifying the regional characteristics of the burials and associated artifacts.

C14 Tanizawa, Ari

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Japan

THE EXCHANGE SYSTEM OF LATE YAYOI PERIOD NORTHERN KYUSHU OF JAPAN AS SEEN FROM GLASS BEADS

This paper examines the exchange system of Late Yayoi period northern Kyushu as seen from glass beads, which abruptly became major grave goods in the Late Yayoi period. In recent studies, thanks to the progression of the analysis of the chemical composition, Late Yayoi glass beads have been convincingly classified and their distributions have begun to be revealed. However, how they were exchanged/distributed, and what meanings/implications the exchange/distribution generated have not been investigated. By examining the distribution patterns of the Late Yayoi glass beads of the northern Kyushu region, this paper has revealed the following: 1) the outcome does not show the simple, from-centre-to-periphery-type distribution patterns; 2) the patterns rather show that glass beads were exchanged through multi-layered and multi-centered networks; 3) in the areas around the Sefuri mountain range, standardized beads in terms of their color and size appear to have been strategically distributed in large quantity, and it might have contributed to the stratification and maintenance of the inter-communal relations across the areas; 4) In the north-western coastal region, small amounts of various types of beads appear to have been exchanged through a reciprocal exchange-based network.

A4 Tashak, Vasiliy

Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Ulan-Ude, Russia

TWO VARIANTS OF THE EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC BLADE INDUSTRIES IN WESTERN ZABAYKAL'YE

Nowadays there are two main points of view on the nature of the Zabaykal'ye Late Paleolithic (Republic of Buryatia, Russia). The first, which is shared by many researchers, was proposed in the 1930s. According to this, the Zabaykal'ye Paleolithic was interpreted as a monocultural process. It was assumed that the basis of the Zabaykal'ye Paleolithic technology was a stone industry in which stone tools were manufactured from whole stone pieces, including tools made on flakes. In the last quarter of the 20th century another main view was proposed. It suggested that the Zabaykal'ye Paleolithic includes two main ways of development, based on different techniques of knapping stone and using various types of flaked stone artifacts in the process of making stone tools: In the Tolbaga culture, blades and tools made on them were manufactured, while flakes and flake tools are characteristic of the Cunaley culture. Both industries of stone tool production were dated to the earlier stage of the Upper Paleolithic. The investigation of the Barun-Alan 1 site allowed researchers to put forward an idea about the various ways of the Zabaykal'ye Paleolithic development. The Barun-Alan 1 stone industry from the lower lithological stratum was based on the combination of prismatic and Levalloisian knapping techniques and macro-tools and micro-tools in the stone assemblage. Blade production in the 7th stratum of Barun-Alan 1 was based on the prismatic knapping technique and didn’t connect genetically with Levalloisian technology. Blade production of the Tolbaga culture developed from Levalloisian technology. Chronologically, the blade industry of the 7th stratum of Barun-Alan 1 precedes the Tolbaga culture. The majority of sites with the Tolbaga type industry are placed in the age range from c. 30,000 ka to c. 40,000 ka. The 7th stratum of the Barun-Alan 1 industry developed until c. 40,000 ka, and after that it was replaced by the Haengaeractae culture, known only at Barun-Alan 1 and two other sites nearby. Bifaces appeared in this industry, but prismatic knapping disappeared. Thus, the blade industries of the Barun-Alan 1 site and the Tolbaga type sites are not chronological stages of one cultural development, but are two independent ways of development in the Zabaykal'ye Paleolithic.

B3 TAWARA Kanji

Cyber University, Tokyo

HAN TOMBS IN YUNNAN [SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN/AROUND SOUTHERN CHINA AND NORTHERN VIETNAM]

The Heger I type bronze drum is remarked as symbolic bronze artifact in each regional culture around the South China and Southeast Asia. But in Yunnan, such situation is different from other regions following the expansion of Han Empire. This paper discusses the chronology, structures and its functions of Han tombs in Yunnan, from the later Western Han period to the end of Eastern Han period/ the beginning of Three Kingdom period of China [1st century BCE - 3rd century CE], comparing with their features to Han tombs in southern China and northern Vietnam. The analysis indicates that the socio-cultural context in Yunnan after bronze drum disappeared.

B11 Tayles, Nancy

Halcrow, Siân

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago

WAS THERE A NEOLITHIC DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AT BAN NON WAT?

Recent excavations at Ban Non Wat in Northeast Thailand provided a large sample of human skeletal remains and long occupation covering two millennia from c1700BC. This offers a unique opportunity to assess the relationship between agricultural development and demography in Mainland Southeast Asia. Paleodemography has as one of its research foci the effects of the origin and intensification of agriculture. The general model of demographic change is one of dramatic population increase, identified as the ‘Neolithic demographic transition’. This is based on the premise that constraints on fertility were removed by the availability of a reliable food supply. We present paleodemographic data from Ban Non Wat to test the hypothesis that the early agriculturalists in this environment did not experience a ‘demographic transition’. Our data support this hypothesis, and instead we argue, on the basis of an increase in infant mortality during the latest phase of Ban Non Wat and at the nearby contemporary site of Noen U-Loke, for a population increase occurring later in prehistory, during the ‘Iron Age’. This is consistent with archaeological evidence of major socio-political changes and geoarchaeological evidence of agriculture intensification in the region at that time.

B10 Tep Sokha

Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

CERAMICS CONSERVATION OF KOH TA MEAS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

In 2004 and 2005, Ecole France d’Extreme Orient and APSARA Authority team excavated the Koh Ta Meas site at the Western Baray. Koh Ta Meas proved to be a burial site with several graves containing a great number of artifacts dated to early 1000 B.C. The ceramics found at this site are therefore the oldest ceramics unearthed so far in the Angkor area, and they include many types of pots, such as basins, pedestal bowls, water jars, cooking pots, and storage jars. This paper discusses conservation efforts and details techniques utilized with the Kah Ta Meas pottery

B8 Tewari, Rakesh

State Department of Archaeology, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow

EARLY FARMING CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE GANGA BASIN

Archaeological investigations, carried out during the recent decades, have brought to light considerable evidence regarding the early farming cultures of the Middle Ganga Basin in north India. Numerous new early farming sites have been recorded. The cultural material revealed from some of them, subjected to archaeological excavations, and studies on lake cores have provided very significant information, datable from early Holocene period onwards. Their chrono cultural sequence has been worked out considering the new set of radiocarbon dates and other factors. The outcome of these efforts shows a gradual development from hunting gathering stage to the beginning of farming around seventh millennium BC, and, subsequent appearance of barley, wheat, copper artifacts, capra, wafer shaped steatite beads, bowl/dish on stand, terracotta tiles, etc. during the third millennium BC, indicating towards the probable contacts with Harappa civilization. This paper aims to present some of the important aspects of these developments.

B10 Thammapreechakorn, Pariwat

Bangkok University, Thailand

DEVELOPMENT OF KHMER CERAMICS IN THE ANGKORIAN PERIOD

The purpose of this research was to study the difference of the development of Khmer ceramics in the Angkorian period between the Phnom Kulen kilns in Cambodia and the Phnom Dongrek kilns in northeastern Thailand. Results of the study pinpoint the obvious differences between both types of wares in the technology of making ceramics, firing methods and shapes, mainly because of inspiration from dissimilar sources. Their production phase, however, overlapped between the early and the mid 11th century. The shapes of the Phnom Kulen wares resemble those of the late 10th to the mid 11thcentury; and, based on carbon samples, those of the late Five Dynasties to Northern Song period are quite consistent with the late 10th to the mid 11th century wares. In contrast, the Phnom Dongrek wares, based carbon samples, resemble and are quite consistent to the early 11th to the late 12th century Northern to Southern Song periods. Several covered jars in zoomorphic forms have traces of calcified lime inside, which confirms the presence of a betel chewing culture on the fertile plain at the base of the Dongrek Mountain Range. Wild animals such as pangolins, boars, bears, elephants and rabbits lived on this plain and the nearby Tonle Sap (‘Great Lake’) provided an abundance of fresh water for the animals. Based on ceramic examples, the cat is the only animal that was kept as a pet which is indicated by a bell hanging from a band around its neck. Although the animals did not derive from religious beliefs, a few of the animals have equivalents in Buddhist and Hindu iconography. In addition, the postures of some animals, such as the crane, the tortoise or the snake coiling around the tortoise, have likenesses with Song zoomorphic figurines.

B10 Thi Thu Phuong

Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi

THE PHUNG NGUYEN POTTERY FROM THE SITE OF XOM REN

Pottery is an important artifact to study on the material and non material life of the prehistoric peoples of Vietnam and beyond. Vietnamese pottery originated during the Hoa Binh Bac Son culture. From this beginning, Vietnamese pottery reached a high pinnacle of pottery making decoration was the Phung Nguyen culture. It is outstanding because of its rich decorative pattern based on high artistic knowledge. Knowledge of this culture started in 1959 with the excavation of the Phung Nguyen site by Vietnamese archaeologists. At present, almost 60 archaeological sites of the Phung Nguyen culture have been discovered and excavated. They are distributed in midland and high plains along large and small rivers of the Red River Delta in the North Vietnam. In this paper, I will introduce research on Xom Ren pottery. The Xom Ren site (20º26’58’’ North and 105º19’59’’ East) is in Gia Thanh Commune, Phu Ninh District, Phu Tho Province, discovered in 1968 and excavated six times between 1969 and 2005. From the Xom Ren site over 26,000 pottery sherds have been found. Basically, the Xom Ren pottery has been studied on material, in terms of forming technique, firing technique, type, decorative motif and technique for making patterns.

A5 Thongcharoenchaikit, Cholawit

Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle, Paris

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKER JAWS IN PREHISTORIC POPULATIONS IN THAILAND

This study aims an attempt to investigate the morphological variation of the rocker jaws and/or if there is any biological relatedness among population groups by employing different methodological approaches currently used for the study of mandibles and teeth. We concentrate here on the comparisons of human remains recovered from Thailand only, to examine if differences can be seen between Upper Pleistocene – Lower Holocene fossils and larger series of specimens from later archaeological contexts; the results from the Principal Component Analyses suggest that there is a change in term of corpus thickness of the mandibular body. However, this is also limited by the measurements we were able to record due to the preservation of the samples and different methods and techniques employed for this study. Only partial datasets are available and can be used for comparison. We suggest here that further research should include larger samples, which will allow to evaluate the presence of potential correlations between rocker jaw and measurements (size and shape of the mandibles), as well as the non metric morphological variation in order to understand the significance of such morphological features in reconstructing ancient populations history.

B4 Thuy, Chanthourn

Royal Academy of Cambodia

CIRCULAR EARTHWORKS IN CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM

Circular earthwork sites were first seen in a publication in 1930 by Ecole Francaise d'Extrème Orient (EFEO). Then in 1959, French scholar Luis Malleret documented 17 sites east of the Mekong River in Cambodia and Vietnam. These structures are formed with earthen rounded walls with a ditch inside and an inner platform at the center; where the remains of human activities are found. These archaeological sites are identified by ancient remains, such as sherds and lithic tools. The sites are usually more than 200 meters in diameter. These prehistoric settlements throughout the region east of the Mekong River can provide valuable data on pertinent archaeological and anthropological issues. The excavations at the sites unearthed many artifacts that can provide a lot of information about the sites and their culture. These settlements are now named the Memotian Culture which has turned out to be one of the most important cultures in Southeast Asia. Today 60 circular earthwork sites have been identified between the Cambodian and Vietnam borders.

C13 Tian, J. H.

Department of History of Science and Technology and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China, and Nanjing Museum, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Jin, Z. Y.

Li, R. L.

Department of History of Science and Technology and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China

A CHEMICAL AND LEAD ISOTOPICAL STUDY ON BRONZE HELMETS FROM ROYAL TOMB NO.1004 AT YIN RUINS SITE

Lead isotope and element composition analyses were performed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) on 7 bronze helmets from the royal tomb No.1004 at Yin Ruins, the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (17th 11th century BC). The data show that the copper based alloy helmets can be divided into two main categories: tin bronze and leaded tin bronze, and the lead isotope ratios for them are both in the range of highly radiogenic lead (HRL). The results of this study offer some important clues to answer questions concerning the provenance of raw metal materials, as well as the scientific dating of the famous royal tomb.

C3 Tilley, Lorna

Oxenham, Marc

Australian National University

I FEEL YOUR PAIN: USING A BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF CARE APPROACH TO EXPLORE PERSONHOOD IN THE VIETNAMESE NEOLITHIC.

Over the last ten to fifteen years there has been an increasing archaeological focus on concepts of agency and identity. However, although this provides an important base for theorising on prehistoric social relations, when applied to specific examples the end product is often disappointing – only abstract, generic or even stereotyped communities and individuals emerge. This presentation suggests that, under certain circumstances, contextualised analysis of evidence from human remains of the experience of living with disease or injury can provide a window onto broader contemporary behaviour and practice, and that this in turn allows a more nuanced insight into questions of personhood and even into aspects of individual personality. This is illustrated in the case study of Man Bac Burial 9 (M9), a young man from Neolithic Vietnam who was paralysed from the waist down and possessed only very limited upper body mobility, yet who survived in a subsistence economy for over a decade. His survival indicates time-consuming and dedicated care from his group, and it is consideration of M9’s care requirements, the likely nature of support received and the way in which M9 appears to have coped with his condition that form the basis of this paper.

B10 Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz/Dominik Bonatz

Institute of Near Eastern Archaeology, Free University of Berlin

MORE THAN 3400 YEARS OF POTTERY TRADITIONS IN HIGHLAND JAMBI ON SUMATRA

Highland Jambi forms part of the Barisan Mountains and includes the fertile valleys of Kerinci, Serampas, Pratin Tuo, and Sungai Tenang. From 2002-2008 the early material culture of Highland Jambi was examined through the initiative of the Free University of Berlin, sponsored by the Swiss-Liechtenstein Foundation for Archaeological Research Abroad (SLSA). In order to outline the settlement history of this region this research project has undertaken surveys and five excavations of which two where pursued at megalithic sites.

In Highland Jambi, earthenware started to be manufactured and used locally in multiple production centres at least from 1400 BC. This early evidence for the use of pottery in highland Sumatra is suggested by OSL measurements. The vessels were built by hand using the paddle and anvil technique. The repertoire of earthenware forms mainly consists of bowls, carinated pots, cooking stands and lids. Incising, impressing, paddle-marks, applications was used as decoration. Local earthenware pottery represents a significant material element which is widely shared and reflects social relations that spanned the region. The pottery study is still in its initial stages with the establishment of a typology and a chronological framework within the Sumatran highland taking precedence over studies of function and context.

B5 TOKUSAWA, Keiichi

Okayama University of Science, Japan

HIRANO, Yuko

Sophia University, Japan

NGUYEN Thi Hoai Huong

Center for Archaeological Studies, Southern Institute of Sustainable Development, Vietnam

THE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT GLASS ORNAMENTS FROM THE MEKONG DELTA FOUND IN LONG AN PROVINCE

In this paper we discuss glass manufacturing techniques through the use of microscope examination of glass ornaments from Iron Age to Early Historical Period sites in Long An province, southern Vietnam. Sites from Long An province have yielded abundant glass ornaments (such as bracelets, earrings and beads) that were important in cultural exchanges within and beyond the Mekong delta. Our paper focuses on evidence for glass manufacturing techniques from the archaeological sites of Go O Chua, Go Hang and Go Dung sites. We compare this archaeological evidence with traditional techniques from Northwest India (Purdalpur). Generally, these ornaments were thought to be made using drawn or casting techniques, but we could confirm various traces of drawn, coiling, rotating or using molds for each process of forming – adjusting glass. On the basis of this comparison, we would like to consider glass production in this province actively and variously, and cultural relations with other archaeological sites in Mekong delta region.

C5 Torrence, Robin

Australian Museum

THE ROLE OF VOLCANISM IN THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF LAPITA POTTERY, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Tephra derived from the W K2 eruption of Witori volcano in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea comprises a significant stratigraphic marker that separates the remains of early cultural groups that produced and used large obsidian stemmed tools from those of subsequent societies which made Lapita style pottery. Is this a case of mere correlation between cultural change and natural disaster or did the Witori event play a significant role in the loss of one kind of material culture and the adoption of another or in the migration of a new population? A recent study using Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates places this natural disaster remarkably close to the timing for the earliest appearance of Lapita pottery in the Bismarck Archipelago. Proposals for the role of the W K2 eruption on the origin and subsequent spread of Lapita pottery into Remote Oceania are debated.

D3 Tran Ky Phuong

Council of International Educational Exchange/CIEE Ho Chi Minh City

Nguyen Chieu

Hanoi National University

Nguyen Thuong Hy

Center for Preservation of Monuments and Heritages of Quang Nam Province

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION IN 2007 AT THE 10^TH CENTURY KHUONG MY TEMPLE GROUP AND ITS CONTRIBUTION INTO THE ISSUES OF THE PRESERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL SITES OF THE ANCIENT CHAMPA KINGDOM(S) IN QUANG NAM PROVINCE, CENTRAL VIETNAM

The Khuong My three brick temple group built in the early 10^th century considered by art historians as one of the most notable temple groups of Cham arts because its perfect technical structure, its sculptural beauty and its Hindu specific iconographical features. The archaeological excavation conducting in 2007 at this site uncovered a large number of artifacts providing good evidences to learn about the restoration works on the Hindu temples during the Champa periods from 10^th to 13^th centuries. Together with the Khuong My temple group, there are some other temple groups remaining in Quang Nam Province, formerly Amaravati State of Champa Kingdom(s); these temple groups built during 10^th and 13^th centuries in which My Son Sanctuary was listed on UNESCO World Cultural Heritage. This paper deal with the art/structural relationships among the Cham brick temples in the specific Hindu cultural landscape of this region from 10^th to 13^th centuries; and comparing the traditional building of Cham temples with the present restoration works in terms of Cultural Resource Management (CRM).

C1 Trejaut, Jean

Lee, Chien Liang

Yen, Ju Chen

Loo, Jun Hun

Lin, Marie 

Molecular Anthropology and Transfusion Medicine Research Laboratory Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei

MITOCHONDRIAL, Y CHROMOSOME AND AN ANCIENT DNA MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS IN TAIWAN AND ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Abstract: Mitochondrial DNA (mrDNA) and non recombining Y chromosome (NRY) are uni parentally inherited from mother to daughter or from father to son respectively. Their polymorphism has initially been studied to demonstrate the out of Africa hypothesis. Here, to better reflect the complex dynamics of populations in insular Southeast Asia, mtDNA information (lineages) obtained from HVS I & II genotyping among 1400 individuals from island Southeast Asia, Taiwan and Fujian was supplemented with the analysis of relevant coding region polymorphism. Secondly, lineages that best represented a Clade (a branch of the genetic tree) in the generic phylogeny of the whole data set were sequenced using complete genomic mtDNA sequencing. Finally, these complete mtDNA sequences were used to construct a most parsimonious tree and constitute the most up to date data set available on Island Southeast Asia and Taiwan to date. This maternal heritage has brought up new insights into the evolutionary history of Taiwan and has strong implications in assessing the cultural and demographic relations of Taiwan with neighboring regions. To obtain a more objective and balanced genetic point of view, NRY chromosome was used. This analysis was achieved using slowly evolving biallelic Y single nucleotide polymorphism (Y SNP). This was actually the first time that such a high resolution technique was used for ISEA and Taiwan regions. As above, the technique was applied to determine affinities (macro analysis) between Taiwanese populations (mountain tribes, plain tribes, Minnan and Hakka), the Philippines and Indonesia. Moreover, sixteen Y short tandem repeats (Y STR) were also used as they allow deeper insight (micro analysis) into the relationship between individual of a same region. A better definition of the relational, demographic and emigrational components that constitute the make up of the present day Taiwanese peoples was obtained with outstanding findings on the routes of migration that occurred during the settlement of insular Asia. Also included in the project was the construction of a state of the art "ancient human DNA" laboratory. The study has brought up new insights on the past genetic structure of the plain tribe people of Taiwan. We showed that Han/Fujian affinity was present among people who lived at the Nan Ke (Nankuanli) site. One possibility is that an important part of this genetic sharing could have been brought up by mainland southeast Asians (MSEA) who would have settled in Taiwan between 2000 and 4000 yrs ago (or more). Further study, is now undertaken to demonstrate this still questionable "ancient cohabitation" hypothesis between MSEA and plain tribes peoples. These results will be discussed using a conceptual approach. 

B4 Trinh Nang Chung

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam

STUDY OF ANCIENT INSCRIBED FIGURES ON THE STONES AT XÍN MầN, HÀ GIANG PROVINCE, NORTH VIET NAM.

The stone site with the ancient inscribed figures was located at Nấm Dẩn commune, Xín Mần district. Hà Giang province, North Viet Nam. It was found in 2004. The figures are in the following groups: The first group includes geometric figures sich as rectangles, squares, cirles and other shapes. They are dominant motifs. The second group includes palindrome figures in square and circle shapes - The third group include paralell carved/ chiseled lines. The fourth group includes symbols of female genitals. The fifth group includes human- footed shapes. The sixth group includes human figures. The seventh group includes all unidentified figures. These figures were very simply carved or chiseled, with the use of iron chisel and and hammer applied directly on the stone surface. Based on the carving technique, the themes, motifs, along with the comparison with similar sites in the region and in southern China, the author intially supposes that those figure at Xin Man, Ha Giang are ancient ones, which were made. through many periods; the initial date might be some time during the early first millenium AD, when the iron items were popularly used. Significantly, some Xín Mần figures might have been related to the ritual for worshipping the God Sun, indicated by the dominant circles among them. It is now still difficult to identify the owners of the Xín Mần figures, but the matriarchal system seems to have played an important role in the group of those who created these figures.

B3 Trinh Sinh

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam

BRONZE CASTING IN NORTH VIETNAM AND YUNNAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

North Vietnam and Southwest China are 2 adjacent regions with close connections in ancient time. The Red River is acknowledged as a ‘corridor’ for exchanges of cultures, techniques, artifacts. From comparative studies of archaeological documents and artifact dates, I think that the earliest bronze artifacts found in Southeast China and North Vietnam date to the Shang period. In some regions of North Vietnam, bronze artifacts were earlier than those of Yunnan and Guizhou.

Vietnamese and Chinese archaeologists have analyzed thousands of bronze to study alloys. The first artifacts in Vietnam and Yunnan (and South China) are not copper, but bronze. The Shizhaishan site, of the Late Bronze Age in Yunnan, dates to the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE–8 CE). Bronze artifacts were chemically analyzed: in 4 examples one half was tin-copper alloys, while the remainder was tin-lead-copper alloys. 555 samples taken from North Vietnamese Dongson artifacts (from 7^th century BCE) were also chemically analyzed. The results indicated copper and 11 alloys. The Vietnamese and Chinese have clear evidence that in North Vietnam and Yunnan, there are many copper, tin and lead mines, a rich source of raw materials for bronze casting in ancient times.

Chinese and Vietnamese archaeologists have discovered not only sandstone and pottery moulds, but also different evidence of bronze casting: bronze slag, vestiges of foundries, pottery crucibles etc. Through the study of vestiges of bronze casting and of a big quantity of bronze artifacts in North Vietnam and Yunnan, I think that bronze casting techniques were similar in both regions.

Some remarks: 1.The first bronze artifacts of North Vietnam and Yunnan seem to belong to Phung Nguyen-culture sites in North Vietnam. 2. There were two stages of developments for alloys in this region: a) tin-copper alloys, b) alloys containing lead. Lead played an important role in enlarging the source of materials for bronze casting. Lead also played a role in casting bronze drums and for the establishment of drum culture. 3. Bronze casting was the basis of the social and economic developments of the Dongson culture in North Vietnam and the Shizhaishan culture in Yunnan. These cultures were the forerunners of the early states: Van Lang in North Vietnam and Tien in Yunnan.

B4 Trinh Sinh

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam

EXCHANGES OF DONGSON CULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND SOUTH CHINA

Dongson culture of the Metal Age in Vietnam main distributed in the Northern Vietnam. Dongson culture was dated about from 7 th BC to 1 2 nd AD. Dongson culture had strongly cultural exchanges with some different ancient cultures in south China, mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. Archaeological artifacts demonstrated Dongson culture presented in the northern region in Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guangtung, Yunnan etc. in China. In the Western, It presented in coastal regions of Malaysia, Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia in Laos, Cambodge. In the Southern region, Dongson culture contacted with indigenous cultures of Indonesia's islands. In the cultural exchanges, Dongson culture influenced different cultures in the same time. It integrated some elements of cultures in different regions. The cultural exchanges of Dongson culture demonstrated that Viet people in the ancient evaluated exactly the situation of Pacific Ocean in production, trade, exchanges etc.

B18 Tsang Cheng-hwa, Wen-san Chen, Kuang-ti Li

Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei

RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AT THE BAXIANDONG SITE ON THE EASTERN COAST OF TAIWAN

We have been conducting archaeological surveys at the BaXianDong site on the eastern coast of Taiwan. This is a two-year project from 2008 to 2010, funded by grant from Council for Cultural Affairs and Taitung County Government and executed by the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. The goals of this project focus on further understanding of the contents and the chronology of the BaXianDong site. During the past months, we have executed several major works as follows:

· Conduct intensive surveys on the agglomerate uplifting cliffs at BaXianDong and try to recover all of the ocean-eroded caves;

· Make core-drilling at a few selected localities on the BaXianDong cliffs to obtain the depositional information;

· Conduct archaeological test-diggings within a few selected caves and localities;

· Collect data and information of the geological and archaeological formation process of the BaXianDong site;

· Process and analyze the research materials collected;

· Create a new topographic map of the previously and newly found caves on the BaXianDong cliffs by using a hand-held GPS receiver.

At this time, the major accomplishments of the above mentioned work include:

· Recover 7 new caves and 3 rock shelters, and the total number of the caves at BaXianDong reaches to 24;

· Make 57 core-drillings at 12 caves and 1 rock shelter;

· Conduct test-diggings at 6 caves and 1 open-air ground;

· Create an accurate positioning map for the BaXianDong caves.

· Obtain 10 radiocarbon-14 age determinations, indicating the earliest date of the BaXianDong site is around 20,000 years B.P.

A large number of archaeological information and materials were collected and are now still under laboratory processing and analyzing. They will surely help us learning much more than before about the prehistory of BaXianDong. Archaeological survey, excavation and laboratory analyses certainly need to be continued during the second year.

C14 Tsujita, Jun'ichiro

Kyushu University

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE MORTUARY RITUAL IN THE 'PERIPHERAL' AREA IN THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO FROM 4TH TO 5TH CENTURIES.

In Japanese archipelago, the keyhole-shaped tumuli (Zenpokouenhun) appeared in the middle of the 3rd century, and the broad Chiefdom confederacy was formed. Although there were many kinds of mortuary facilities, the long wooden coffin (and covering facility) was most highly ranked. Since the ways of mortuary ritual and the kinds of grave goods were quite common, they became the indicator of the actual conditions of the Chiefdom confederacy. The prototype of the ways of mortuary ritual was invented at neaby Kinki region, the central place of the confederacy, but the mortuary ritual was transformed and the new mortuary facility was introduced through the latest 4th century to the earliest 5th century, not in the central place but in the northern Kyushu rigion, the 'peripheral' area of the confederacy. This study will research the historical meaning of this transformation from the long-term perspective.

C1 Tsydenova, Natalia V.

Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Ulan-Ude, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF TRANSITION TO THE NEOLITH IN ZABAIKAL’YE

Transition to the Neolithic and the emergence of the earliest centers of pottery is one of the most discussed problems in the modern stone age archaeology. The formation of "primary" Neolithic is dated within the limits of 11-15 thousand years ago. Lately the monuments of upper paleolithic (or mesolithic) traditions of making stone tools, existing alongside with the earliest ceramics were found and actively investigated on the territory of north-east of Central Asia - in Buryatia, Far East, China, Japan. In this context the material of the site Krasnaya Gorka dates as the earliest stage of Neolithic on the analogy of the sites of Ust-karengskaya culture on the river Vitim is of particular interest. The earliest neolithic levels of Ust-Karenga were dated within the limits of 11-12 thousand years by the use of the methods of absolute-dating. However, the collection of Krasnaya Gorka looks somewhat different in comparison with the materials of the Upper Vitim - one of the centers of the pottery emergence in Asia. Among artifacts there are also wedge-cores and bifaces. The similarity is also observed in the technology of knapping, which represent a cycle similar to that reconstructed by V.M. Vetrov for Ust-karengsky culture. Blanks for the cores with bifacial underworking and those prepared out of small nodule of suitable raw material, which received a wedge shape by the use of lateral spalls are presented in the collection. Transverse burins with lateral retouch widle presented in Ust-karengsky sites were found there only for the last years. However, the lack ornamentation makes the pottery different from the Ust-karengsky vessels. Another difference from the Ust-karengsky monuments is the presence of tools on bifaces. The stone implements of the site are similar to the material of such paleolithic sites on the Lower Vitim as Invalidnoe III, Kovrizhka I and II, Bryzgunia I dated up to 11190 ± 390 years ago. The ceramics was not found there. First and foremost there are prismatic and wedge-shape cores and bifases. Analogies for the part of stone implements more remote geographically than those of Vitimsky are traced in the early Neolithic levels of Ust-Menja - 1 (7,8), and Studenoye - 1 (8,9). But the pottery has some differences. All this material is of undoubted interest both in the light of recent data on Neolithic sites dated more than 10000 ago in Asia on the whole and the geographically near ones.

C11 Ulm, Sean

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, University of Queensland

Evans, Nicholas

Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

Rosendahl, Daniel

Memmott, Paul

Aboriginal Environments Research Centre, University of Queensland

MODELLING THE EMERGENCE OF KAIADILT CULTURE IN THE SOUTH WELLESLEY ISLANDS, GULF OF CARPENTARIA, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

Norman Tindale famously characterised the Kaiadilt people of the South Wellesley Islands as an ancient relict population which had ‘stood apart from the general flow of people who, over the last 50,000 years or more, have entered into Australia’. Indeed, the isolation of Bentinck Island has been long been cited as a major factor in the development of the distinctive biology, language and material culture of Kaiadilt people. But when did this distinctive cultural form emerge and how did it develop? We present a model for occupation and cultural developments on the South Wellesley Islands based on new excavations which reveal occupation confined to the last 2000 years. These results are not only at odds with Tindale’s theorising, but prompt a re thinking of linguistic models which suggest initial occupation in the last 1000 years. Results are consonant with a period of major change documented in Indigenous lifeways across northern Australia in the last 1700 years, post dating a major gap in the occupation of islands associated with increasing frequency of ENSO events

C8 Uozu, Tomokatsu

History Research Center, Otemae University, Japan

THE INSULAR TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO STATE FORMATION IN JAPAN: AN ANALYSIS ON METALLURGY

In Japan, recent excavations show that iron tools developed rapidly in the latter Yayoi Period. Especially, in Kyushu district and the Sea of Japan coastal region, the ironware from Korean Peninsula was introduced into the regional elite's burial goods. From the end of Yayoi Period to the beginning of Kohun Period (AD 200 300), evidence which indicates the existence of a large scale smithery village is found at Hakata wan coast in north Kyushu. It's possible to assume that Hakata wan was made a relay place of distribution of the iron material and ironware from Korean Peninsula to Japan. This is also proved from the burial ironware by technology from Korean Peninsula in early Kohun Period.
When this evidence is taken into consideration, it is suggested that ‘the Ancient Harbor City (AHC)’ which becomes a distribution center of goods (especially ironware and prestige goods) was indispensable for state formation in Japan. Simultaneously, the Ancient Kingdom Capital (AKC) is formed in the location of hinterland. Such a combination of AHC and AKC must be an early stage of state. In Asia, such processes seems quite common at coastal areas around China (and India).

B16 Valientes, Edwin A

Archaeological Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

POTTERY PRODUCTION IN TALALANG, KALINGA, PHILIPPINES

This paper presents the results of a recent ethnoarchaeological research conducted in the village of Talalang, Kalinga, northern Philippines. Talalang is one of the few remaining villages that still actively make and use pottery in almost a daily basis – the other villages, Dangtalan and Dalupa, have been the topic of much ethnoarchaeological research conducted by Dr. William Longacre and his students since the 1970s. This study, supervised by Dr. Longacre, describes the manufacture, consumption, and discard pattern of pottery in Talalang, and how they differ from Dalupa and Dangtalan. It also tackles the importance of pottery in the household economy and patterns of distribution within and outside the village.

C3 Valentin, Frédérique

CNRS, UMR 7041, France

Estelle Herrscher

Lauréline Mesquin

CNRS, UMR 6578, France

Christophe Sand

Institut d’Archéologie de Nouvelle Calédonie et du Pacifique

NEW MORTUARY, BIOLOGICAL AND DIETARY DATA ON FIRST MILLENNIUM AD POPULATIONS FROM THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE POE SAND DUNE BURIALS (WEST COAST, NEW CALEDONIA)

Populations living in the Southwest Pacific islands during the first millennium AD are little known. The bioarchaeological record includes so far data on individuals uncovered in some sites from the Fijian archipelago, amongst which the cemeteries of the Sigatoka Sand Dunes. To remedy to this situation, we present here new mortuary, biological and dietary data recorded on burials recently excavated (2007) in the sand dune of Poe (site WBR047), on the West Coast of New Caledonia. Mortuary features display similarities with the Sigatoka Sand Dunes burials, including the frequent use of tightly flexed positions. Palaeopathological and isotopic data indicate dietary practices heavily dependant on coastal marine foods and/or C4 plants. This reliance on coastal resources appears stronger than the one demonstrated by earlier, even colonising, human groups while the first signs of intensification of horticulture are shown by the archaeological record in the first millennium AD on the island. Helping understanding this opposition, isotopic analyses of modern faunal remains from New Caledonia, suggest an influence of local environmental conditions on the reconstruction of isotopic dietary patterns.

C1 van Driem, George

Himalayan Languages Project, Leiden University

A HOMELAND FOR AUSTROASIATIC: ANSWERS FROM LINGUISTIC PALAEONTOLOGY, POPULATION GENETICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Several disciplines furnish arguments relevant to determining the possible whereabouts of the Austroasiatic homeland. In the past, scholars have sought to situate the Austroasiatic Urheimat as far west as the Indus valley and as far east as the Yangtze delta. The arguments of linguistic palaeontology will be combined with the emergent population genetic data and the findings of archaeobotany to determine a most probable geographical location of the ancestral Proto Austroasiatic homeland. In assessing the empirical evidence, what archaeology does not tell us is shown to be just as epistemologically pertinent to our understanding of the issue as what archaeology does tell us.

C10 Veitata, Sainimere

University of the South Pacific, Fiji

Field, Julie S.

Ohio State University

TRANSIT CAMPS OR EARLY INLAND OCCUPATIONS? THE EARLY FORTIFIED SITES AT KOROIKEWA, NADRUGU (BA VALLEY) AND TATUBA (SIGATOKA VALLEY), VITI LEVU ISLAND, FIJI

The Ba and the Sigatoka River valleys make up most of north and west Viti Levu Island, the largest in the Fiji group. While there has been extensive research conducted in the Sigatoka River valley, no prehistoric sites in the Ba valley have been described before this study (funded by the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation). Excavations at Koroikewa, a 900-m high ridge-top site above Nadrugu Village in the Ba valley, and Tatuba, a fortified cave in the higher reaches of the Sigatoka valley, show that they were first occupied by people 1500–2000 BP, much earlier than the majority of inland sites on Viti Levu. Questions about the functions of these early inland sites revolve around the question of whether they were transit sites, perhaps for people crossing the island along these long broad valleys, or genuine inland occupations by persons fleeing conflict and/or undertaking subsistence activities in the immediate vicinity.

D1 Venunan, Pira

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LATE PREHISTORIC BRONZE AND IRON IMPLEMENTS FROM THAILAND AND VIETNAM: SIMILARITY, DIFFERENCE AND DISTRIBUTION

Archaeological evidence throughout Southeast Asia and especially in Thailand and Vietnam, such as Iron Age bronze kettles and bicephalous ear ornaments, reveals relations between people in this area. Apart from these objects, we also see connections among people in the late prehistoric period (Metal Age) of mainland Southeast Asia from similarities in metallurgy and common styled bronze axes found in the northeast of Thailand, north and south of Vietnam and some area of Cambodia. This paper revisits previous studies on such metal age connections by using a comparative study of external characteristics of bronze and iron implements (axe, spear, chisel, etc.) from Thailand and Vietnam such as shape and decoration. In addition, the paper adds information on the central and western part of Thailand to cover the most important data on archaeometallugy in Thailand.

The results show that similarities and differences in samples were due to an items function, or to the creativity of each culture or area. Moreover, the distribution of implements based on their characteristics shows the connection between areas, for example, the existence of the bird shaped axe that is found only in the central and western part of Thailand and the central part of Vietnam in the Iron Age. These connections could demonstrate communications between people in Southeast Asia through the metal age, one of the results of which was the exchange of artifacts among many communities at that time.

C10 Villanueva, Zandro V.

University of the Philippines

INVESTIGATION OF A MOATED FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT SITE IN LUBANG ISLAND, PHILIPPINES

This paper explores the nature of culture contact experience of the early historical polities in the Philippines. Most of the early historical fortifications in the Philippines are natural formations or Spanish church structures that served both as a place of worship and/or a defensive construction against other hostile polities. The presence of moated fortified settlement sites in the Philppines are hardly found in the islands. This study is an investigation of a moated site that served as a fortification and settlement site by the local people and later on re used by Spanish colonial populations in Lubang Island, Northern Minodoro, ca. AD 1200 AD1800. The historical analysis and the result of the archaeological excavation at Lubang Island allows us to reexamine the entanglements of local populations against the colonial culture and how these entanglements have been perceived, mediated, and even transformed by the actions of native peoples in the past.

C16 Vitales, Taj

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines / National Museum of the Philippines

BEYOND SUBSISTENCE: CULTURAL USAGES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BAILER SHELLS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY

Bailer shells (/Melo /spp.) have a long history of exploitation in the Indo Pacific world as demonstrated from the archaeological record. These shell remains were usually found associated with shell middens along coastal or near coastal archaeological sites, particularly in Australia and Island Southeast Asia. Bailer/ /shell remains in the archaeological record also form a ubiquitous presence in Central and Southern Philippines, in which they are mostly found in cave sites. This paper will explore and discuss the significance of their presence in these sites. Recent analysis revealed that bailer/ /shells found in Philippine sites seem to be collected primarily not for subsistence but rather for artifactual purposes. Other sites in the Indo Pacific with presence of bailer shells will also be explored for their significance in the sites. Its implications will be discussed as we try to understand the role of bailer shells in the bigger picture of marine shell exploitation in Indo Pacific prehistory.

B1 Vincent, Brian

Otago University

AN INITIAL PETROGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF POTTERY, SAND TEMPER AND POTTING CLAY FROM NORTHERN COASTAL PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Excavated and surface collected sherds from Koil Island, off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea, have been examined in thin section. Preliminary results indicate multiple sources are involved. Comparisons with modern pottery, sands used for temper, and potting clay from the mainland village of Kaiep have been undertaken. This pottery, and sherds collected from near the clay quarry are petrographically consistent with some of the Koil Island sherds. A brief outline of petrographic results, and the firing qualities of the modern clay will be presented.

B10 Vincent, Brian

University of Otago

POTTERS AND SOCIAL STATUS IN PREHISTORIC THAILAND

Direct archaeological evidence with respect to potters social status in prehistoric Thailand is lacking. But recent research suggests that some potters enjoyed relatively high status. This paper draws inferences from the use of pottery in burial ritual, the disposition of potters' equipment and the prominence of their graves in selected cemeteries. The archaeological evidence is compared and contrasted with historic and ethnographic information from Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe, the Middle East and Papua New Guinea.

B16 Vitales, Taj

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines / National Museum of the Philippines

CHARMED LIVES (AND BEYOND): THE SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF AMULETS AND TALISMANS IN PHILIPP[INE CULTURE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Belief in objects that have ‘magical’ or ‘supernatural’ value such as charms is a universal cultural phenomenon both in the present and the past. This has been widely studied in several anthropological (and historical) studies, especially in the Philippine region. However, since these objects are most likely placed within the realms of ritual or symbolic artifacts, their role or significance in the past are not usually discussed in archaeology. This paper will discuss the significant roles of amulets and talismans in the Philippines from ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and historical sources, and the implications for archaeology. Charms are considered essential in the everyday life of most traditional or indigenous Philippine societies; they are used as protective devices against natural and supernatural forces or as objects that can help ensure success in some activities such as hunting. Being a culture that revolves around relationships between the living and the dead, the protective roles of these objects are also needed even at death. Understanding the importance of charms will hopefully widen our perspectives on the study such objects found in the archaeological record, and perhaps reconsider some assumptions on the functions of other artifacts found in sites such as burial sites.

B10 Voelker, Judy

Northern Kentucky University

PREHISTORIC TECHNICAL CERAMICS AND CRAFT SPECIALIZATAION: EXAMINING CASTING MOLDS FROM THE KHAO WONG PRACHAN VALLEY, CENTRAL THAILAND

The Thailand Archaeometallurgy Project (TAP) has focused on the Khao Wong Prachan Valley, central Thailand in efforts to better understand the origins of mining and metallurgy in Southeast Asia. TAP has excavated three culturally and technologically related copper production and habitation sites in this valley: Non Pa Wai, Nil Kham Haeng, and Non Mak La. Ceramic tools of metal production are common at these sites and include crucibles, furnace chimneys, ingot molds, and bivalve casting molds. This paper examines over five hundred ceramic bivalve casting molds that were recovered from deposits at the three sites. Bivalve casting molds were widely used throughout Southeast Asia in prehistory to cast copper-base artifacts such as socketed axes, blades, spear points, and jewelry.

B13 Voelker, Judy

Northern Kentucky University

THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL FINDS FROM PREHISTORIC NON MAK LA, CENTRAL THAILAND: SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

The Thailand Archaeometallurgy Project (TAP) has focused on the Khao Wong Prachan Valley, central Thailand in efforts to better understand the origins of mining and metallurgy in Southeast Asia. In 1994, excavations at the site of Non Mak La recovered over 50 burials, as well as numerous artifacts which suggest on-site production of various craft activities. This paper examines the chronology and spatial organization of small finds at the site of Non Mak La and presents observations on site use during its occupational sequence.

B6 VORASING, Phousavanh

World Heritage Centre, Xieng Khouang Province, Laos

AN ETHNO ECOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF SHELLS FROM EXCAVATIONS IN THE LUANG PRABANG AREA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STONE AGE OCCUPATION OF THE MIDDLE MEKONG REGION

Mollusks have frequently been recovered in association with Hoabinhian cave and rockshelter sites. Except for Nguyen Viet’s work in Vietnam, little effort has been made by archaeologists to analyze the variability in shell remains from these sites in mainland Southeast Asia. Yet variation in mollusks has potential to shed light on Hoabinhian environment and resource usage over space and time. Using shell data excavated by the Middle Mekong Archaeological Project from three rockshelter sites in northern Laos, this paper begins inter site comparisons of mollusk assemblages using ethno archaeological methodologies. This approach provides first level evidence that inhabitants of each rockshelter exploited different mollusk resources.

C1 Vostretsov, Yuri E.

Gelman, Eugenia.I.

Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURE IN COASTAL AREA OF THE SEA OF JAPAN DURING MIDDLE HOLOCENE.

Having considered four time intervals which correspond to turning points in cultural evolution of the population of Primorye and neighboring regions of the Sea of Japan basin.1. 5400–5200 BP; 2. 4700-4300 BP; 3. 3600 – 3200 BP; 4. 2500-2200 BP. All the intervals were connected with climate cooling and fall of the sea level, and coincide with emergence of new cultural traditions and adaptations. The first and forth are connected with two stages in penetration of agriculture into coastal Primorye.

We suggest explanatory model of spreading agriculture in coastal area of the Sea of Japan during the Middle Holocene in environmental context.

agriculture spread to new territories after and as a result of some ecological stresses, which destroyed resource bases and subsistence systems and led to depopulation of the territory;

agriculture spread to free territories quickly and had a wavy and pulsatory character;

emergence of agriculture was connected with appearance of new population with a different, more stable cultural tradition of agriculture.

B5 Vuong Thu Hong

Long An Museum, Tan An

THE GO O CHUA SITE - THE DEVELOPING ROUTE TO THE VAM CO TYPE OF THE OC EO CULTURE

This paper reports on field investigations from 1997-2008 at the Go O Chua site (Long An Province). The site’s developmental history can be divided into two consecutive phases that span the period from the beginning of the pre-Oc Eo period through the Oc Eo period. The later phase includes both a settlement and a mortuary component. Two types of burials have been found from Go O Chua site: the earthen-pit burials were used for the adults and the jar-burials were for the children, and associated mortuary items parallel those found at neighboring Mekong delta sites (e.g., Go Cao Su, Go Hang, Trap Gao Mieu, Long Buu and Giong Ca Vo). Recent archaeological research in the Mekong delta suggests the development of three separate developmental trajectories in the region, each which is geographically distinct from the others. These are: (1) the southeastern coastal route; (2) the Vam Co river route; and (3) the Mekong river route. Analysis of mortuary materials (e.g., ceramics, bronze, glass and gemstone ornaments) from the Go O Chua site confirms this site’s place in the Oc Eo cultural tradition, with particular affinities to the Vam Co subtradition.

C2 Vuthy Voen

Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia

ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF PHUM SNAY A PREHISTORIC CEMETERY IN NORTHWESTERN CAMBODIA

The faunal assemblage recovered from Phum Snay comprises two different components; grave goods associated with human burials and other fragments originating from settlement activities. Studies of taxonomic representation, age profiling, body part representation and treatment of the animal bones are integrated to demonstrate the differences between the deliberate positioning of grave offerings and the animal remains associated with phases of settlement occupation. Taphonomic analyses of the fish remains incorporated into graves demonstrate that these offerings had been cooked, possibly as part of a ritual prior to their incorporation into the burials. The diversity of different mammal, reptile and fish taxa from settlement contexts suggests a broad spectrum foraging strategy that incorporated a range of different environments with somewhat of a focus on forest adapted species.

C14 WAKABAYASHI, Kunihiko

Doshisha University Historical Museum, Japan

The nature of complexity in Yayoi settlements and tombs, Japanese early agricultural society

Middle Late Yayoi society, BC1 AD2C, had been regarded as chiefdom society in Japanese archaeology. But in fact, those aspects varied. It is true that in plain area where we can see many huge and core settlement sites or clusters of mounded tombs, which varies in each area, does show a certain leveled stratified society. But in most areas, there was no buried individual with special status goods like an established chief. In the area where we can see only one huge and core settlement site in it, simple and established hierarchy can be seen through relationship between settlements and each groups, but those situations didn’t continue so long. Furthermore, there are many small areas where we can’t see any evidence for stratified society. So, as a whole, Yayoi society was not a simple stratified society called chiefdom, but this deficient general structure of stratifying was an important social factor in Middle Late Yayoi society in Japanese archipelago. In the next stage, after AD3C, people needed new wider system to conceal such imbalanced situation between each area. This is the reason why societies with huge and patterned tombs called Kofun were established.

C9 Wallin, Paul

Gotland University

Solsvik, Reidar

Kon Tiki Museum

TRACING RITUAL BEHAVIOR AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS: CASE STUDIES FROM RECENT WORK ON HUAHINE, FRENCH POLYNESIA

In this paper we are going to present a case study recently carried out at marae Manunu, Huahine, French Polynesia, tracing ritual behavior on the courtyard of this national temple. In combining phosphate analysis, not previously applied to Polynesian ritual structures, with osteological analysis of midden materials excavated at the site, and a detailed reading of ethno historical sources, we can gain a more comprehensive picture of ritual activities carried out at the site. Discrete patterns on their own may in this way become visible and meaningful. Another case study concerns how it is possible to approach the dating of both architecturally complex and architecturally simple ritual sites. We believe that an approach that considers the life cycle of ritual structures is essential in framing the temporal longevity of marae sites. Thus, the later phases of use and rebuilding is just as important as isolating the first construction sequence, when trying to understand these structures/sites, their history, and their location in the settlement and island landscape. We consider these methods useful for future work on ritual structures in East Polynesia, but they may have an equal high potential in studying simple ritual sites further west in the Pacific.

C13 Wang Changming

Jin, Zhengyao

Department of History of Science and Technology and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

Hwang, Jiann Yang

Michigan Technological University

ESTABLISHING PB AND CU ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF SOME NATIVE COPPER SOURCES IN NORTH AMERICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVENANCE STUDIES

¹⁴C dating indicates that native copper had been utilized by American Indigenous people since 6800 BP. The use continued until European smelted copper entered North America in the 17th century. Archaeological studies show that native copper is the only material made into copper artifacts in North America. Understanding where native copper originated in artifacts provides critical information regarding trading routes and indicates the interaction of cultures as well as the exploitation and use of copper mines. This paper presents the results of a pilot study of Pb and Cu isotope using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multiple collector plasma source mass spectrometry (MC ICP MS) and assesses the potential of these two new geochemical techniques for native copper provenance research in North America.

A3 Wang Chunxue

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

A STUDY OF OSTRICH EGGSHELL BEADS COLLECTED FROM SHUIDONGGOU SITE

Ostrich eggshell beads and fragments collected from SDG site reflect primordial art and a kind of symbolic behavior of modern humans. Two different prehistoric manufacturing pathways are usually used in the manufacture of them. Based on stratigraphic data and manufacturing technique, these ostrich eggshell beads are probably Early Holocene in age.

B3 WANG Xibo

Yunnan University

YUNNAN BLUE AND WHITE CERAMICS AND ITS CONNECTIONS WITH VIETNAMESE CERAMIC PRODUCTION

Regional underglaze blue ceramics of Yunnan province were somehow neglected in the history of Chinese ceramics due to their relatively low quality in terms of decoration and firing technique comparing to ceramics produced in Jiangxi province. Fortunately, subsequent excavations on both burials and kiln sites across the Yunnan province revealed a large quantity of ceramics. These underglaze decorated wares had brought the attention of the productions of regional blue and white ceramics to national and international scholars and ceramic enthusiasts in the early twentieth century. Nevertheless, questions relating to the provenance and the dating continue to be a common interest of researchers. Although these issues have been previously dealt with by mainly Chinese scholars and specialists, the identity of the Yunnan ceramics still remain ambiguous and uncertain due to the lack of historical records and scientific excavations on the kiln sites of Yunnan and its adjacent regions. This paper hopes to provide a clearer image of Yunnan blue and white ceramics on the basis of recent studies on the Yunnan wares and some newly found archaeological materials assembled from burial and kiln sites in both Yunnan and its contiguous areas. Recent archaeological reports of ceramics excavated from Vietnam also produced important data that enables scholars to compare and to take these issues into a further consideration.

A3 Wang Youping

Department of Archaeology, Peking University

UPPER PALAEOLITHIC INTERACTIONS IN NORTH CHINA

There are more and more microlithic remains have been found in North China during the last several decades. These discoveries demonstrated that the boat shaped core and the conical core microlithic technology first emerged the southern part of Shanxi Province nearly 25000B.P. . The traces of the boat shaped core and the conical core microlithic technology around later times were also found all over areas ranging from The central part of Henan, southern part of Shandong, northern part of Jiangsu to northern part of Hebei. Even the Nihewan Basin, in the northwest of Hebei, there are not just the wedge shaped core, the boat shaped core and the conical core technology have been found too. The boat shaped and conical cores first appeared in the east part of the basin by about 18000 20000 BP, and the wedge shaped core technology dominated the middle and west regions from about 15000 to 10000BP. Unlike that the wedge shaped technology suddenly disappeared at the beginning of the Holocene, the conical core continued to be found in some early Neolithic sites. The special development and distribution of the microlithic technology in the Nihewan basin as well as North China should closely relate with the Upper Palaeolithic interactions in this huge region.

A3 Wang Yunfu

The Laboratory of Scientific Archaeology, Chongqing Normal University, China

ANALYSIS OF BONE SURFACE MODIFICATIONS FROM HUANGLONG CAVE SITE, HUBEI PROVINCE, CHINA

Since 2004 seven teeth of Homo sapiens sapiens dated about 100 thousand years ago and many mammal fossils, associated with stone and bone artifacts were uncovered at Huanglong Cave site at Yunxi Country in Hubei province, China. The materials researched here were selected from the bone fractures found here. First, samples were examined carefully with integrated observing technologies including the use of optic microscope, digital microscope with super depth of field, and three dimension scanner. Original agents of surface modifications on samples were identified. Secondly, based on the identified results, sample were classified and quantified. The research results supported the conclusion advanced previously that bone deposits at Huanglong Cave site were situ ones, and showed that hunting and butchering activities were mainly responsible for the formation of the deposit. Careful butchering work were performed in the cave after games were obtained in the surrounding areas and concentrated in the cave. Large proportion of cut marks were for the defleshing activities, some cut marks on the epiphysis sections and most chopping marks were the results of carcass disassembling activities, and the percussion marks were involved in marrow eating and bone artifacts manufacturing activities. In addition, animal oriented modifications associated with the Human oriented modifications reflected that carnivores and rodents also made use of some of the bone assemblage.

C3 Wangthongchaicharoen, Naruphol

Department of Research, The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre – SAC, Bangkok, Thailand

THE METRIC ATTRIBUTES OF INFRACRANIAL SKELETONS OF PREHISTORIC HUMANS FROM WAT PHO SRINAI, BAN CHIANG, NORTHEAST THAILAND

The main aims of this study are to investigate and interpret the physical characteristics of the prehistoric human remains from Wat Pho Srinai, Ban Chiang Cultural Tradition site in Udon Thani province, Northeast Thailand which was excavated in 2003. In this season, approximately 109 human skeletons were uncovered and placed into two age groups: (1) 45 skeletons of infants, children and subadults whose bones had not fused, and (2) 64 male and female adult skeletons. Using osteometry of infracranial traits, standard metric measurements and indices were utilized to determine the biological identities of the remains such as their sex, age and height, as well as their social characteristics such as occupation, etc. Furthermore, the study attempts to calculate the different degrees of sexual dimorphism and compare to the others prehistoric populations like Ban Chiang, Non Nok Tha and Ban Kao, and to the modern ethnic groups living in Thailand (e.g., Thai Chinese, Northern Thai and Northeastern Thai, etc.).

C1 Watanabe, Shinya

Waseda University

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LITHIC WORKSHOP SITES BETWEEN THE NORTHERN COASTS AND THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS IN VIET NAM

The Neolithic cultures that appeared in broad areas of the Indochina peninsula after 2000 BCE show certain common features, including polished stone axes or adzes, decorated ceramics and ornaments made from shells or semi precious stones. Among these objects, a great variety of polished stone axes or adzes have attracted much attention. Yet few archaeologists have carried out technological studies on these types of stone tools. Some lithic workshop sites recently discovered in the Tay Nguyen area in the Central Highlands in Viet Nam show that a highly developed flaking technique to produce stone adzes was employed. This technique is quite different from the sawing or string cutting found in the coastal area of northern Viet Nam. Therefore, several styles of stone tool production can be recognised in the Indochina region. This new discovery of a divergent practice of stone tool production in the Central Highlands calls for a re assesment of the privileging by scholars of coastal Viet Nam systems. Neolithic cultures in the Indo China peninsula should best be approached by contrasting their two very different environments, namely, the coasts and plains, and the highlands and mountain areas.

D3 Watanasawad, Kriengkrai

Program of Cultural Management, College of Innovation, Thammasat University

TRANSMITTING CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE THROUGH OLD PHOTO ARCHIVE DATABASE: A CASE STUDY OF LAMPHUN URBAN COMMUNITY MUSEUM

One mission of Lamphun Urban Community Museum is to promote local cultural knowledge and activities of Lumphun Province. According to my fieldwork, it is clear that various cultural activities and events organized by the museum curator and youth groups derive from old Lamphun photos. Consequently, the aims of this paper are to report the major role of local museum and communities in successfully safeguarding and revitalizing disappearing local cultural knowledge through an old photo archive database, and to propose a new way of managing old photos as a museum collection based upon the concept of database management systems (DBMS). The data were collected from participant-observations of museum cultural activities and interviews of museum curator and youth groups. The proposed project of museum old photo archive database was developed at the museum curator’s suggestions and with the use of Microsoft Access Version 2007.

C9 West, Eric W.

NAVFAC Pacific

Rolett, Barry V.

University of Hawaii at Manoa

THE USE OF ZOOARCHAEOLOGY WITH OTHER LINES OF EVIDENCE TO INTERPRET MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE: A CASE STUDY FROM TAHUATA, MARQUESAS ISLANDS (EAST POLYNESIA)

On Tahuata in the Marquesas Islands of East Polynesia controlled excavations directly within monumental architecture have contributed important information about the past. Radiocarbon dating and relative dating indicate the monumental architecture of Vaitahu Valley was constructed and occupied between the late prehistoric and early historic periods (ca. 1700 1900 AD), and confirms the Hanamiai Dune site on the coast was continuously occupied from ca. 1025 AD to 1850 AD. Age data from pig teeth excavated at both research areas reveals a pattern of selectively harvesting pigs before they became adults to maximize production efficiency. The data presented from Vaitahu Valley was collected from a sample of 194 pig teeth excavated from four monumental architecture sites including high status residential and ceremonial sites. Stable isotope data from the pig teeth show pig diet changed over time from a combination of terrestrial and marine protein sources, to a diet of strictly terrestrial protein. We interpret these findings in the context of the emergence of Marquesan monumental architecture.

A2 Westaway, Kira E.

Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

The potential of cave breccia deposits in island Southeast Asia: preserved archives of faunal and hominid history

Widespread palaeoenvironmental changes in the last 500,000 years caused by variable climatic conditions in one of the most populous regions on Earth – Southeast Asia, enticed fauna (and humans) into this region causing faunal turnovers, extinctions and created new faunal assemblages. During this time, open environments prevailed in the drier glacial periods, but fauna entered this region when changing climatic conditions brought about the expansion of the rainforests. The exact timing of these dispersals is uncertain because the age of many of the key fossil sites is not known due to lack of dating applications. To reliably reconstruct these changes and provide fresh insights into the role of Asia in the evolution of fauna requires the dating of habitat diagnostic fossil remains preserved in cave rock deposits, such as bone breccias. This deposit is commonly found cemented to cave walls in this region and can provide a rich source of faunal and palaeoenvironmental evidence, especially from habitats such as rainforests that are not well represented by other sources of fossil evidence. Breccias are invariably well preserved, can span millions of years, are easy to access, and, in contrast to uncemented cave sediments, do not suffer from bioturbation, reworking or subsidence. Thus the analysis of well preserved cave breccia is the key to rectifying this chronological impasse, but this valuable source of fossil evidence has yet to be fully exploited due to the apparent lack of a suitable dating strategy. We present a novel method for determining the age of key fossil breccia sites and the timing of faunal migration in Southeast Asia using a combination of red TL and TIMS U series dating techniques, which has already been successfully applied to sites in Java and Sumatra. In this paper we present preliminary results of these analyses to demonstrate the potential of this approach.

C3 Willis, Anna

Marc Oxenham

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Australian National University

NEOLITHIC BURIAL PRACTICES AT AN SƠN IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM

This paper discusses the preliminary analysis of the mortuary treatment of individuals from the Neolithic site of An Sơn (~4000 – 3000 BP), located in Long An Province, Southern Vietnam. 31 individuals from the 2004, 2007 and 2009 excavations are included in this study. Differences in burial treatment, including grave inclusions, are examined in order to explore any differentiation in burial practices based on age, sex, social status or any other social construction of identity. For instance, how did these individuals socially identify themselves and others and how was this portrayed in death? These results will be compared to other contemporaneously relevant sites, for example Man Bac, to contextualise the funerary practices and explore potential regional and temporal continuity or variability. Preliminary results suggest that children as young as a few weeks old were given funerary treatment and grave goods. The discussion of these findings will contribute to our knowledge of Neolithic mortuary practices in Southern Vietnam.

B1 Winter, Olaf

Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

BACK TO UNAI BAPOT: A FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF AN EARLY HUMAN OCCUPATION OF THE MARIANA ISLANDS

The Unai Bapot Latte site, situated towards the northern end of Lau Lau Bay, on the east coast of Saipan has been identified as one of the most ancient sites in the Mariana Islands and has been subject for several archaeological investigations, since the 1920s. The Unai Bapot site is a rather undisturbed site, which is very uncommon in the Mariana Islands, due to natural and cultural impact. This and its antiquity give it an important role to the understanding of Western Micronesian prehistory. This paper will focus on the result from an excavation carried out in April 2008 and the analysis of the findings.

B6 WHITE, Joyce

University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, USA

THE MIDDLE MEKONG ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT: INTERIM SUMMARY OF A REGIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM

The Middle Mekong Archaeological Project (MMAP) is a crossing borders regional research and training program designed to investigate the prehistory of the Mekong basin in northern Laos and northern northeast Thailand. So far surveys along several Mekong tributaries in the Luang Prabang region have found nearly 70 archaeological sites. Test excavations at three rockshelters demonstrate human occupation of this area throughout the Holocene. A range of specialists have participated in the research program and conducted trainings in geology, archaeobotany, GIS, and other disciplines. The research program to date promises to illuminate regional interaction in the middle Mekong basin particularly during the Hoabinhian and iron age periods.

D1 Wong Wai Yee, Sharon

National University of Singapore

STUDY ON KWANTUNG JAR SHERD WITH STAMPED POTTERS MARKS FOUND IN FOURTEENTH CENTURY FORT CANNING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, SINGAPORE

Fort Canning site in Singapore, as the archaeologists mentioned, have been occupied for the shortest period of time. It may have been established as a royal center of the 14th century. Several periods of excavations have been organized by different archaeological groups from 1984 1988 and archaeological reports have been published. Rich ceramics finds, good archaeological contextual information and specific period (14^th century) of the site provide some clues for us to understand people and their living in Southeast Asia during 14th century. In Fort Canning, a category of vessel called Kwantung ware is a stoneware type which forms a large proportion of the ceramics. Jar sherd with stamped potters marks is a distinctive type in Kwantung ware category and it is also easily identified by the archaeologists. This paper is aimed at studying the characteristics of Kwantung jar sherd with stamped potters marks through using the jar sherd with stamped potters marks found in fourteenth century Fort Canning archaeological site as the major example. I will discuss the origin of the classification of Kwantung ware and the reasons on categorizing jar with stamped potters marks as a type of Kwantung ware. The possible functions of Kwantung jars with stamped potters mark in Fort Canning will also be discussed.

B2 Wu, Chunming

Xiamen University, China

ETHNICITY AND MATERIAL CULTURE: A PERSPECTIVE FROM PREHISTORIC SOUTH CHINA

Before being annexed into the Qin and Han empires in the second century BC, the aboriginals in south China were referred as ‘Bai Yue’ (hundred yue) and ‘Bai Pu’ (hundred pu) in ancient Chinese texts. Their histories and cultures not only have survived in archaeological records, they are also embedded in the living cultures of the indigenous groups in the region and beyond. Using a comparative ethnoarchaeological approach, this paper presents three case studies of the correlations between material culture and ethnicity in south China. Archaeological materials and ethnographic observations from south China, southeast Asia and the Pacific are used to examine the dress customs, bark cloth making techniques, and the possible existence of outrigger canoe in prehistoric south China.

A3 Wu Xianzhu

The Laboratory of Scientific Archaeology, Chongqing Normal University, China

THREE DIMENSIONAL SURVEYING OF A PREHISTORIC CAVE SITE & DIGITAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF BONE SURFACE MODIFICATIONS

In the present archaeology study of prehistory cave sites, there is a direction towards more elaboration not only in field diggings, but also in later indoor analysis. All interpretations about archaeology records should be based on accurate surveying results. At the Bailong Cave site in Hubei province, China, researchers collected three dimension data by means of new surveying instruments including high resolution laser surveying system and electronic total station, and created digital models of the site, providing not only dynamical viewpoints, but also special graphics according to the different research demands. By analysis of three dimension models, a series of new opinions were developed: In cave the concentration area of activities was on grounds with relatively large space. Simulated illumination analysis by digital model supported the opinion that the hominids might use fire for illumination in the cave. The analysis of digital model inclination implied that depositions perhaps came from the deeper cave. Apparently three dimensional surveying provided an important reference to reveal the causes and process of prehistory cave sites formations. Furthermore, this method will also play a significant role in academic exchanges and public sharing of archaeology productions.

Analysis of modifications on the surfaces of bone fossils is an interesting point in the taphonamic researching at all the times. In further researching works about Bailong Cave site in Hubei prvince, China, human marks on the surface of animal fossils were analyzed through three dimensions reconstruction and isoline analysis, which enable researchers observe and measure in three dimensions, providing a lot of information as follows: the formation of modifications, the tools that produced modifications, the cutting edge, movement and micro abrasion of the tools.

B14 Yamagata Mariko

Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW ON THE SUCCESSION FROM SA HUYNH TO EARLY STATE FORMATION

This paper intends to overview the succession from the prehistoric Iron Age Sa Huynh culture to the appearance of the early state of Linyi in central Vietnam. Linyi, mentioned in several Chinese historical documents, has been generally identified with Champa. As archaeological excavations of Sa Huynh sites in central and southern Vietnam have increased substantially in recent years, it has become necessary to re organize the excavated sites into a chronological framework. This new chronology is not only based on C14 determinations but also based on comparative studies of exotic artefacts such as Han style ceramics, mirrors and roof tiles. This new framework shows that the Sa Huynh culture declined by ca.100CE and was followed by the appearance of settlements at Tra Kieu and Go Cam during the 2^nd century CE. These sites probably related to the formation of Linyi. Chronological relations to southerly sites such as Hoa Diem, Giong Ca Vo, Oc Eo are also discussed.

B9 Yamaoka, Takuya

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

THE USE OF OBSIDIAN IN THE EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN THE MUSASHINO UPLAND (SOUTHERN KANTO PLAIN, JAPAN

The Musashino Upland is part of the South Kanto Plain near the Metropolitan Tokyo region in east-central Japan. In the 1970s, large-scale rescue excavations began here earlier than in other regions of Japan, and over 200 Upper Palaeolithic sites have been excavated since then. Among them, more than 60 sites have yielded cultural horizons belonging to the early Upper Paleolithic (EUP). This paper attempts to explain changes in the use of obsidian during the EUP in the Musashino Upland by quantitative comparisons of a selection of lithic raw materials, core reduction (blade technology), and formal tool production. It will also discuss several other topics including: a) the relationships between the selection of obsidian, core reduction, and formal tool production; b) changes of residential mobility and foraging on a territorial scale; c) changes in the technological organization of EUP hunter-gatherers in the Musashino Upland.

B2 Yang, Cong

Fujian Museum, China

THE RISE AND FALL OF MINYUE: NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM FUJIAN, CHINA

As a power which controlled a territory including today’s Fujian and southern Zhejiang provinces, southeast China, the Minyue state (ca. 202 BC – 110 BC) had a great impact in the early history of the region. The rise and fall of this power was an important episode in the dynamic political theater during the Qin and Western Han dynasties. Archaeological investigations in Fujian have revealed a significant amount of materials indicating that the Minyue state underwent a complex process to cope with the powerful Qin and Han empires. The imitation of Qin and Han style structures in the capitals and the introduction of iron tools demonstrate that the elite incorporated some rituals and technology from the Central Plain, but in the meantime the persistence of local styles in pottery and bronze artifacts also suggests that they kept their identity throughout the history of the state.

B11 Yankowski, Andrea

San Francisco State University

SALT PRODUCTION IN THE MUN RIVER VALLEY PAST AND PRESENT

Salt has been an important natural resource in Northeast Thailand from as early as the Iron Age up until the present. The unique geology and climate of the region ensures that salt resources are widely available during the dry season. Recent research and interviews with local salt makers have provided important information about this traditional technology and the economics of this seasonal activity. This data will be used to help us identify and interpret archaeological features and artifacts associated with salt making, and the salt working mound sites, which are widespread throughout the region.

C12 Yao Ling

The University of Science and Technology of China, China

STARCH GRANULES ON STONE ARTIFACTS FROM XIAOHUANGSHAN REVEAL EARLY PLANT USE IN ZHEJIANG, CHINA

As an analytical technique in archeology, the extraction and analysis of starch grain from the unearthed artifacts has been widely used in the gathering and reconstruction of the original information of the archaeological sites. Although such work is just beginning in China, starch grain as an important plant residue, has already been extracted and studied from a variety of archeological materials. By using this technique, we performed extensive research on the unearthed stone artifacts from Xiaohuangshan archaeological site in Zhejiang province, which could date back to the time between 6000 B.C. and 7000 B.C; they have been widely accepted as milling stone tools or their pieces which were used in grain processing. After careful extraction, large numbers of starch granules were found on the surface of the stone tools. By comparing with the samples from modern plants under microscope, many species of the starch were identified including grasses (Oryza and Coix L.), beans (Vigna), nuts and tubers. However, there were still a variety of the starch granules that remained to be identified. Furthermore, the results showed that starch grains of some species were dominant in quantity, but they did not include rice. Based on the results, we proposed that, although rice appeared in the diet, it was not yet a major source of food for ancient people settled in Xiaohuangshan. This period should be just at the beginning of the transition from a wide range plant gathering to an agricultural society which relies on a few plants, such as rice cultivation.

A3 Yi Seonbok, Yoo Yongwook, Kim Dongwan, Lee Jeongeun

Seoul National University

RECENT FINDINGS AT CHONGOKRI, KOREA

The age and context of the Acheulian like handaxes in the Imjin River Basin in central Korea have been debated over the last three decades. First reported nearby the town of Chongok in 1978, it has been only a few years since there began to be obtained more or less concrete evidence directly indicative of their first and last appearance. So far, the earliest evidence is represented by the site of Jangsan ri, where artifacts were laid within point bar deposits of the ancient Imjin River long before the formation of the basalt plain on top of which lie many important sites such as Chongokri. While the lava flows appear to have occurred sometime after 400 ka, more evidence is needed to conclude exactly when they began and ended, providing a source of confusion and speculations about the age of post lava flow archaeological sites and artifacts. Handaxes in the basin are found with different chronostratigraphic and depositional contexts as sedimentation on top of the basalt had occurred for a prolonged period and ended shortly before the eruption of the so called AT tephra from Kyushu at around 30~25ka. The 2000 2001 campaign at Chongokri resulted in the appearance of a claim of 300 ka for the age of all handaxes on top of the basalt. However, there is little hard evidence to support that the lowermost ‘cultural’ layer at Chongokri is 300 ka, not to mention whether handaxes do indeed exist at that level. In the mean time, the campaign of 2004 produced confusing results that the bulk of the artifact bearing deposit could be of OIS 6 or only as old as OIS 4 to 3. In either case, there is a possibility that handaxes manufacture could have continued as late as ca. 40~30 ka. Currently, a large scale salvage excavation began since October, 2008, which would be completed by the end of 2009. With about 2,000 pieces of lithics recovered by July 2009, there has been obtained so far the largest single palaeolithic collection in Korea. Artifacts include many large and small pieces, including some handaxe and cleaver like pieces and polyhedrals made of quartz and quartzite. With vigorous analysis of both artifacts and artifact bearing deposits, we may be able to say in near future more details about the site formation process at Chongokri as well as the nature of the lithic assemblage.

B7 Yingzhong Ding

Hongying Duan

Baoqiang Kang

Jianmin Miao

The Department of Science and Technology Research Laboratory on ancient ceramics, The Palace Museum, China

A SCIENTIFIC STUDY ON THE PROVENANCE OF RAW MATERIALS OF THE BODY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL GLAZED TILES OF THE NANJING BAO’ENSI PAGODA

The Nanjing Bao’ensi Pagoda is an important imperial glazed building in early Ming dynasty and was involved with Zhenghe’s maritime expeditions. Dangtu in Anhui province was the provenance of raw materials for producing imperial glazed tiles, the white clay at Dangtu was used not only for producing glazed tiles in the local kiln, but also far away for producing glazed tiles of the royal palaces in the Nanjing Jubao Hill kiln in early Ming Dynasty. In the excavation at Nanjing Jubao hill kiln of the Ming Period, some glazed tiles of the Nanjing Bao’ensi Pagoda have been discovered, leading to the conclusion that the white clay was also the raw materials of the body of the glazed tiles of the Nanjing Bao’ensi Pagoda, however this conclusion is lack of support by relatively testing data. In this work, the major, minor elements and trace elements of the body of glazed tiles of the Nanjing Bao’ensi Pagoda and Dangtu glazed kiln in Anhui province were determined using WDXRF and ICP-MS methods respectively. And the experimental data obtained were studied by Multivariable statistical analysis and REE distribution pattern. According to this scientific analysis, the ancient record that the raw materials of the body of the glazed tiles of the Nanjing Bao’ensi Pagoda was originated from Dangtu in Anhui province have been discussed and verified.

C16 Zayas, Cynthia Neri

Center for International Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman

BATO, ATOB AND TAUN – THE METAMORPHOSES OF STONE TIDAL WEIRS IN OCEANIA

Atob ‘stone tidal weir’ and bato ‘stone’ are related words that have undergone metathesis. A colleague has suspected taboo to be the reason for such inversion. An atob is a gentle fish trap copied from the principle of a natural pool where piled up stones are used to form a natural basin. Designed to trap fish during low tide, it is built on gradually sloping reef sides within the inter tidal zones. The height of the wall is especially fashioned so as to enable the fish to enter at high tide. As the tide ebbs, the fish are slowly trapped within the walls. At the deeper end of the stone wall or barricade is the ‘mouth’ of the weir called taun in Sebuano spoken in Gigantes, Central Philippines. It is built be non return valve sort of trap. A non return valve fish basket called bubu (*AKL PMP) is the term for a stone trap in Kiribati island. Stone tidal weirs are widespread in Oceania specifically in the islands within and on the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. Based on my field research in Southern Japan, the Pescadores and the Central Philippine Islands, I would like to enumerate the various ways the stone fish trap relates these islands to each other, e.g. linguistic analysis, and ethnographic comparison of trapping and the system of ownership of the said gear. Based on these comparisons it may be said that the stone tidal weirs are of Austronesian origin.

C12 ZHANG, Chi

Peking University

HUNG, Hsiao chun

Australian National University

THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Yangtze Valley is widely assumed to have been the origin region for the earliest rice agriculture in Southeast Asia. However, due to the rarity of reported rice remains and reliable C14 dates, the progress of agricultural development in southern China proper, south of the Yangtze Basin, remains poorly understood. This article reviews recent discoveries of rice remains from archaeological sites in Lingnan Fujian Taiwan and Southwest China. It is suggested that the expansion of rice agriculture from the Yangtze Valley occurred via separate coastal and inland routes at different times, into Fujian Guangdong and Guangxi respectively, as well as by different processes of introduction.

C12 Zhang Juzhong

Yin Lai

The University of Science and Technology of China, China

DYNAMIC RESEARCH OF PREHISTORIC ECONOMY IN THE JIAHU ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

In the book of WUYANG JIAHU, based on the study of production tools from Jiahu site in Henan province in China, it has been proposed that rice cultivation is the main form of Jiahu primitive agriculture, accounting for about a quarter in local economical productive activities while the other three quarters are hunting and fishing. In the seventh excavation of Jiahu archaeological site in 2001, a large number of plants and other specimens have been found in flotation samples. The results indicate that rice was grown as early as 8000 years ago, while the economy was mainly based on hunting and fishing. In other words, the rice cultivation is only a secondary supporting production activities compared with fishing and hunting. The Jiahu site represents an early models in the process of the formation of rice farming in China, which shows a ‘farm like non agricultural' stage. In the seventh excavation, an interesting phenomenon is also noticed that the majority of funerary objects, excavated from Phase III tombs in the southwest region, are farm implements while the other graves mainly contain fishing and hunting tools. Could it mean that at the same settlement different human groups are likely to pursue a variety of production modes, or that they have different economic divisions of labor? By studying these production tools by different area, period and group, it is known that in each period economic and productive activities are engaged in a slow change in various human groups which are distributed in Jiahu settlement during 1000 years; it also could be seen that primitive agriculture shows a development trend and that the economic structure reflected by the burial lagging is behind the phenomenon of buildings.

A3 Zhang, Xiaoling

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

A functional study of lithic artifacts from an upper Paleolithic Site in northern China

This study focuses on the functions of an Upper Paleolithic stone tool assemblage to provide interpretations of the adaptative strategy of early human from the Nihewan Basin in northern China. The Low power Use wear analysis was employed to microscopically examine selected lithic specimens from three localities of the Hutouliang site. From use wear data combined with the evidence from typology, ethnoarchaeology, and replicate experiments, the study suggests that the use of stone tools at the site tends to become specialization and standardization. The data from integrated analysis for Localities 73101, 65309 and 72117, suggest that there are three types of site functions. It is suggested that the Hutouliang occupants were inclined to select sessional base camps, making full use of all available resources as collectors.

B7 Zhao Jiabin

National Museum of China

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY OF CHINA

Underwater Archaeology of China started in 1980's. After over 20 years of development, Chinese underwater archaeologists have investigated a series of shipwrecks and underwater relics locations in the waters east of China. Since 2004, the discovery of Song dynasty shipwreck Nanhai 1 in Taishan of Guangdong, Huaguangjiao 1 of Paracel Islands, Yuan dynasty shipwreck of Daliandao in Pingtan of Fujian province, Qing dynasty shipwreck Wanjiao 1 of Pingtan, not only unearthed a large number of export ceramics (mainly from Longquan kilns of Zhejiang, Jingdezhen kilns of Jiangxi, Dehua kilns, Zhangzhou kilns and Cizao kilns of Fujian, which include celadon, qingbai wares, white wares and blue and white wares) of different types produced since Song dynasty, but also unveil the relics like ships of this era. It provided important evidences for the study of trading history which focus on ports along the coast of China.

B3 Zhao, Mei

Yunnan University

A BRIEF STUDY OF JADE FROM VIETNAM

Vietnam is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula and has unique political, economic and cultural systems. While political reforms and rapid economic growth is benefitting the country in various aspects, cultural and historical research in this part of Southeast Asia is of interest to both domestic and foreign scholars and archaeologists. A large number of archaeological remains were yielded in recent years with the cooperation of leading institutions from inside and outside Vietnam. Although the amount of jade among these finds is small, it still represents a distinctive form of culture in terms of its materials, production and functions, and provides valuable information for historical development of political, economic and cultural system. Jade has always been important for both Vietnamese and Chinese culture. It is hoped a clearer relationship can be observed through a comparative study of jade objects from Vietnam and its adjacent regions.

B2 Zheng, Yunfei

Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology, China

A NEW STUDY OF HEMUDU CULTURE RICE FARMING: RICE PADDIES AT TIANLUOSHAN

Recent discovery of the oldest rice paddy at the Tianluoshan site has provided data for studying rice cultivation of the Hemudu culture in east China. The Tianluoshan rice paddy can be divided into an early and a later period. The early rice paddies were dated between 5000 and 4500 BC, about 210 to 300 cm below the surface and the later paddies are dated to between 4000 BC and 2500 BC, about 100 to 200 cm below the surface. The area of rice paddies could have covered 6 hectares for the early period and over 7 hectares for the later period. A path that made it convenient for people to go into the field and manage the rice stands is revealed for the later period. In addition, a few pottery sherds, two wooden dibbles, one wooden handle of spades, and one wooden knife were found from both paddies, indicating the practice of soil tilling. Many weeds coexisted with the rice in those tilled fields, suggesting little or even no weeding nor irrigation was adopted, and the cultivation system was likely a low level. According to the ratio of rice phytoliths to spikelets and the life span of rice fields, the yields are estimated to have been about 8.3 kg per acre for the early period and 9.5 kg per acre for the later period. The vast early rice fields combined with the mixed wild and cultigen phenotypes indicate that rice cultivation and domestication had originated earlier. Recent discoveries of rice remains between 7000 and 9000 BC implied that rice cultivation may have originated in some small basins located in mountainous areas as early as 10000 years ago. The earliest evidence for cultivation of rice in the Yangtze Delta also can be contrasted with the evidence from 2,000 to 4,000 years later in Southeast Asia, indicating that the Yangtze regions are original centers for rice domestication.

C13 Zhu, Bingquan

Key Laboratory of Isotope geochronology and Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciebce, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province,China

Jin, Zhengyao

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui Province, China

GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCES FOR NORTHWARD TRANSPORTATION OF RESOURCES IN BRONZE AGE CHINA

Based on Pb isotopic mapping diagram of East Asia and Pb isotopic data of bronzes, the unearthed bronzes in North China mostly show the features of Yangtze, Cathysia or high radiogenic lead resources, and the bronzes showing lead isotopic features of local lead resources only occur in the four sites. However, the unearthed bronzes in the Yangtze and Cathysian areas all show lead isotopic features of local resources. Thus lead resources for making bronzes or themselves in North China were mostly transported from the Yangtze or Cathysian areas. The major Cu resources in North China are located in the Zhongtiaoshan area; however there are short of tin and lead resources. There are abundant Cu and lead resources in the middle and lower course of Yangtze, but still short of tin resources. The major tin resources only occur in the Cathysian area.

There are 5 large MVT lead deposits with isotopic compositions of high radiogenic lead in the northeastern Yunnan, and numerous native copper and Cu-sulfide deposits distribute in all this area. There are abundant tin resources in the southern Yunnan. Therefore, the resource group occurred in Yunnan, Southwestern China, probably is a predominant candidate for making the Shang bronzes with high radiogenic lead. These resources or products were also northwardly transported to the Chengdu basin,