INDOPACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION

ABSTRACTS FOR THE HANOI CONFERENCE, SURNAMES FROM L TO P

These abstracts are listed by first author surname/family name, preceded by the relevant session code

C20 Lai Van Toi

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

CO LOA TILES COLLECTION EARLIER IN CO LOA

The Co Loa site has long been at the center of much debate among researchers who have speculated about when the capital site was first founded and constructed, and by whom. This paper presents new evidence that addresses these ongoing debates. Ground surveys and recent excavations at Co Loa have uncovered significant amounts of stylized ceramic roof tiles and bricks. These artifacts have been found stratified within Co Loa’s rampart walls and in the earliest cultural layers of its central area. Recently available radiocarbon analysis thus helps to establish and refine the chronology for production, thereby providing clues as to when the citadel was first founded and by whom.

B14 Lam Thi My Dzung

Museum of Anthropology, Vietnam National University Ha Noi, Vietnam

THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN CENTRAL VIETNAM DURING EARLY HISTORY

Archaeological records on burial and residence in Central Vietnam during the period from the 5^th century BC to AD 5^th century reflect various aspects of social development in both material and spiritual terms. The social development includes changes in social structure and relations in each resident community, their diverse and irregular development, the relationships within, between and outside these communities on both temporal and spatial axes. Most studies of this period have rarely discussed the nature and causes of social evolution (i.e. the growing process of social complexity). Therefore, many issues on the process of early state formation and socioeconomic changes during early historical periods have only been hypothesized through examining ancient records.

In this research we try to provide interpretations on the nature and causes of the growth of social complexity, which closely associates with the formation of early state forms within a particular context (Central Vietnam). Our sources of literature are diverse and benefit from the organic and close association between archaeology, ethnological archaeology and ancient records (physical and written materials).

Level of comparative study: Locating Central Vietnam within a wider context to examine the generality and particularity of the growing process of social composition, which results in the formation of stateform polity. Particular historical characteristics of Southeast Asia, such as uneven population density, modest demography, distinct blood relationships, the parallel of social relations in vertical terms (stratification) and horizontal terms (network), as well as great cultural diversity, etc. will all be appropriately examined in this research.

C21 Lam Thi My Dzung

Vietnam National University

STUDIES ON MEGALITHS IN VIETNAM

Having been found all over the world, megalithic sites have great significance that express the human desire – for authority, power, properties or strength. In Việt Nam, megalith sites were found at Hàng Gòn (Đồng Nai), Đông Phổ (Quảng Ngãi), Chư Pa (Gia Lai), Hưng Yên (Nghệ An), Vũ Xá (Bắc Giang), Lam Kha mountain (Bắc Ninh), Bản Thảnh (Cao Bằng), Nấm Dần (Xín Mần, Hà Giang), and recently Mẫu Sơn mountain and Chóp Chài (Lạng Sơn), Tả Van Giáy (Lào Cai), Sóc Sơn (Hà Nội). which have not been excavated except Hàng Gòn, Mẫu Sơn and Tả Van Giáy. Of those mentioned sites, Hàng Gòn is the only one site that has sufficient data to date; the dates for others are yet to be determined. Similar to some Asian countries, the megalithic sites in Việt Nam do not exist separately but in assemblages with various functions and diversified forms such as dolmens, menhirs, flat stones with carved marks. However, the most popular type is the dolmen.

B4 Lan, Ngo Thi

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

DECORATIVE MOTIF “LA DE” ON THE TILES IN ARCHITECTURAL SITES IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM

A type of decorative motif called “La de” on tiles was known from the 11^th 14^th centuries at the architectural sites in the North of Vietnam. However, so far no work or no article has systematically mentioned this type of decoration. Thus, based on new discoveries and old documentation, the objective of this study is to carry out a systematic study and research on the decorative motif “La de” on tiles. These typical artifacts are approached through decorative patterns and technology which are used to define specific characteristics and to date this decorative type. The result of studying the decorative motif “La de” will make an initial contribution to the research of the decoration on the tiles in the East Asian region.

A1 Langley, Michelle C.

School of Social Science, The University of Queensland

BEHAVIOURAL MODERNITY IN SAHUL'S PLEISTOCENE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: TAPHONOMY, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLING AND PREVIOUS HYPOTHESES.

Sahul, the combined landmass of Australia and New Guinea, provides a record of behavioural modernity extending over at least the last 50,000 years. Colonised solely by anatomically and behaviourally modern humans, this continent provides an alternative record in the investigation of behavioural modernity to the extensively studied Middle Stone Age African and Upper Palaeolithic Eurasian archaeological records.

In the past, the archaeological record of behavioural modernity in Sahul has been described as simple, sparse and essentially different to those records of Africa and Eurasia. These differences have been attributed to either low population densities during the Pleistocene or the loss of behavioural ‘traits’ on the journey from Africa to Sahul. While a number of studies have been undertaken, no single researcher has attempted to investigate the role of taphonomy and sampling on the representation of behavioural modernity in the archaeological record, despite Sahul being characterised by extreme environments, highly variable climates, and archaeologically, usually only small excavations.

This study compiles the most complete record of chronology, evidence for behavioural modernity and excavation details for 223 Pleistocene sites yet attempted. It is also the most extensive dataset assembled for the examination of the issue of behavioural modernity on a single landmass. Site spatial and temporal distribution, site characteristics, excavations, absolute dating, preservation and sample size are examined to determine how the behavioural complexity of a modern human population is characterised on this isolated southern continent and the impact of taphonomy and archaeological sampling on that representation.

Results demonstrate that preservation and sampling play a significant role in structuring the spatial and temporal representation of behavioural modernity in the archaeological record of Pleistocene Sahul. Contrary to previous findings, the evidence for behavioural modernity in Sahul is found to resemble the archaeological records of the African Middle Stone Age and Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic in terms of behaviour and artefact diversity. In terms of global narratives, these results also indicate that current understandings of behavioural modernity are incomplete and may misrepresent levels of behavioural complexity in early periods in some regions.

B4 Lankton, James W.

UCL Institute of Archaeology, London, UK

Bunchar Pongpanich

SuthiRatana Foundation, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

Boonyarit Chaisuwan

Regional Office of Fine Arts Department, Phuket, Thailand

Bernard Gratuze

Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux, CNRS, Centre ErnestBabelon, Orleans, France

CHINESE HANPERIOD GLASS CUP FRAGMENTS IN PENINSULAR THAILAND

While the interaction between population groups on the Indian subcontinent and emerging Southeast Asian polities has long been the focus of study for understanding the role of external influence in the development of complex societies in Southeast Asia, there has been less evidence for and attention to the interaction between Southeast Asian societies, particularly west of Vietnam, and the cultural and political mosaic of groups in southern China. The recent recovery of fragments of Hanperiod glass cups, known previously only from graves in Guangxi Province, China, from at least two sites in southern Thailand, Ta Chana in Surat Thani and Bang Kluay in Ranong Province, on the east and west coasts, respectively, of the Isthmus of Kra, the narrowest region of the ThaiMalay Peninsula, provides important new evidence for the extensive nature of this interaction. A total of eleven fragments have been identified, ten from Ta Chana and one from Bang Kluay, in colors ranging from dark cobalt blue to pale green. We will compare the fragments found in Thailand with those from Guangxi, and present new chemical compositional evidence that may help us to clarify important questions on both the nature of glass and glassworking in southern China, and the possible implications of finding such glass vessels in Southeast Asia.

C10 Lape, Peter V.

University of Washington

COMPARING AND EXPLAINING FORTIFIED SITES IN TIMOR LESTE AND EASTERN INDONESIA

A number of fortified settlements have now been excavated by the author and other scholars in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Although there is some evidence that many of them were initially constructed during periods of climatic variability, environmental changes do not completely explain the long term use history of these places, many of which remain centrally important in contemporary SE Asian societies. This paper will review data from several sites in Timor Leste and eastern Indonesia and propose avenues for future investigations.

C1 Lape, Peter

University of Washington, USA

Tanudirjo, Daud

Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

THE EARLY “NEOLITHIC” ON PULAU AY, INDONESIA

This paper presents new data from several recently excavated early agricultural sites on the island of Pulau Ay, in eastern Indonesia. Implications for this new data on theories of migration and networks are considered.

C2 Larson, Greger

Durham University

A RIGOROUS EVALUATION OF THE OUT OF TAIWAN HYPOTHESIS THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF PIG, DOG, AND CHICKEN PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

The establishment of agricultural economies based upon domestic animals began independently in many parts of the world and led to both increases in population size and the migration of cultures carrying domestic plants and animals. The precise circumstances of the earliest phases of these events remain mysterious given their antiquity and the fact that subsequent waves of migrants have often replaced the first. Through the use of ancient DNA derived from pig (Sus scrofa) samples from six East Asian archaeological sites along the Yellow River valley, and through an analysis of more than 1,500 modern pig samples (including 151 novel specimens), we provide evidence for the longterm genetic continuity between modern and ancient East Asian domestic pigs. We also discuss the evidence supporting the case for three additional independent domestications of indigenous wild boar populations: one in India, and two in peninsular Southeast Asia. Though the ancestors of pigs derived from one of the Southeast Asian populations have since been replaced by domestic pigs derived from Chinese wild boar, they remain vital to inhabitants of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and the Pacific. Lastly, we demonstrate the existence of numerous populations of genetically distinct and widespread wild boar populations that have not contributed maternal genetic material to modern domestic stocks. These results provide the most complete picture yet of pig evolution and domestication in East Asia, and generate testable hypotheses regarding the development and spread of early farmers in the Far East.

B2 Lauer, Adam

University of Hawaii at Manoa

HEALTH STATUS AND LIFESTYLE AT THE TRANSITION TO RICE AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY FROM TIANLUOSHAN, EARLY NEOLITHIC CHINA

The Tianluoshan site represents a culture transitioning from a broad spectrum subsistence base to a reliance on rice agriculture. 10 archaeologically derived human skeletal remains from this site are an abundant data source for examining the influence of this transition on human health. This paper presents data recorded in the subadult and adult human skeletal remains from Tianluoshan. The author uses a general stress perspective to characterize the interactions of individuals with their environment while testing the hypothesis that the transition to rice agriculture leads to an increase in stress and disease.

B5 Lavy, Paul

University of Hawai’i Manoa

The Twain Shall Meet: Stylistic and Chronological Relationships of Early Hindu Sculpture from the Mekong Delta Region

Although considerable art historical research has been done on Preangkorian sculpture from Cambodia, this material remains poorly integrated with stylistically related sculpture from the Mekong Delta Region. The wealth of sculpture excavated by Vietnamese archaeologists in southern Vietnam over the past 25 years or so constitutes an important corpus of artistic evidence from secure archaeological contexts that affords a vantage point from which to reassess interwoven stylistic developments in regions now divided by national boundaries and scholarly specializations. Rather than looking to South Asia for stylistic relationships and chronological indicators, it is more fruitful to examine connections between Southeast Asian political and artistic centers. In this paper, I will investigate stylistic relationships between several stone sculptures of Hindu male deities from the Delta, including examples from the site of Gò Tháp, and counterparts from sites in Cambodia, including Sambor Prei Kuk and Angkor Borei, with particular attention to sartorial details and with an eye towards better integrating some Mekong Delta statuary with “Preangkorian” art in general. Among the larger questions framing this discussion are to what extent Mekong Delta sculpture can be understood according to the prevailing stylistic model of Preangkorian sculpture and to what extent it encourages a reassessment of that model – both central questions of my ongoing research.

A1 Lbova, L.V. 

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SD RAS, Novosibirsk State University, Russia

EVIDENCE OF MODERN HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC STAGE IN SIBERIA

A construction of models or reconstruction of the different phenomena of having no written language culture is a difficult methodical task. Within the framework of discussion about the formation of culture of modern human in Eurasia, the problem of early symbolism is the subject of particular interest. Siberian sign (symbolic, sacral, unpractical) behavior typical for early Homo sapiens sapiens, correlates with the archaeological context of Upper Paleolithic of Eurasian highlands. There are some basic features characterizing modern human sign behavior in archaeological assemblages of early Upper Paleolithic:

Recent discoveries of the series of artifacts in Siberia indicate the existence of symbolic sign activity on the early stages of forming of modern human culture. For today the archeological assemblage includes more than 100 items from bone, stone, shell, and sea shells. Artifacts were unearthed from stratifying sites such as Tolbor (Mongolia, excavation of Gladisheva S.A.), Kamenka, Varvarina Gora, Hotik, Podzvonkaya, Hengerecte (Transbaikalia, excavation of L.V. Lbova, V.I. Tashak), Voennyi Gospital, Pereselencheskyi punkt1 (subBaikal region, excavation of G.I. Medvedev, E.A. Lipnina), Strashnaya Cave, KaraBom, Denisova Cave (Altai, excavation of A.P. Derevyanko, V.T. Petrin, M.V.Shun’kov, A.N. Zenin). These complexes are dated in the range of 3043 kyr, and related technologically to the Initial Upper Paleolithic.

The subjects of particular interest are the archaeological and chronological context of artifacts (living horizons, structure of sequence, placing features, etc), and the items themselves, their morphological, technological, semantic characteristics. Research of ancient graphic human activity, cultural archetypes origin and forming in Initial Upper Paleolithic in Siberia are based on technological and morphological analysis of items showing the symbolic behavior, that makes basis of paradigm of study and interpretation of these materials.

The early Upper Paleolithic materials in Siberia are agreed with stadia and territorial context. On the whole, artifacts demonstrate the most ancient technologically and typologically developed complex of objects in Eurasia with established manufacturing and processing system, expressed in the stylistic series of items. Decoration complex along with sign behavior features listed above characterize the fairly early stage of culture of early modern humans.

B5 Le Thi Lien

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences

Wooden Buddha Images in Oc Eo Culture and Probable Traces of their Workshops in Southern Vietnam

Wooden Buddha images were first discovered and studied by the French scholars in the 1940’s. Since then, a large number of this type of sculpture has been found in the lower delta of southern Vietnam. This paper provides an overall survey of these finds. Several issues are discussed, including the distribution, characteristics, art styles and time range of wooden Buddha sculptures. The traces and possibility of the identifying of manufacturing workshop of these artifacts are reviewed from available evidences from the important sites of the Oc Eo culture. The paper also highlights the need for further investigation on this field, and discusses conservation problems inherent in these invaluable artifacts.

C14 Lee, Boram

Kim, Youngji

Shim, Jinsoo

Department of Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON IRON PRODUCTION DURING THE STATE FORMATION PERIOD IN THE SOUTHWESTERN REGION OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA

This paper presents new insight into the nature of iron production and exchange during the State Formation Period in southwestern Korea. The Baekje state centre, which was located in the Seoul area, witnessed an increase in the quantity and diversity of large-scale iron production around third to fifth century AD. The nature of iron production and distribution in the Baekje peripheries at this time, on the other hand, has been difficult to asses due to lack of evidence. However, excavations recently carried out at regional locales have produced material which may shed new light on the manufacture and distribution of iron products beyond the Baekje centre. Of particular interest is the fact that these iron production sites, such as Wanju Sangwoonri, Iksan Saduk, and Kongju Jangwonri, contained evidence of iron smithing but did not yield any material pertaining to the smelting process. In addition, these sites also evidenced iron artifacts linked to the production process, as well as iron anvils which suggest that smithing took place on site. This evidence, along with the archaeological context, can be taken to suggest the secondary production of iron using half-finished products, such as iron bars, and their distribution by regional elites.

C21 Lee Hoen Jai

Gyeonggi Provincial Museum, Republic of Korea

DOLMENS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT ANDHRA PRADESH, SOUTH INDIA

We have been conducting fieldwork to study the megalithic monuments and the ethnographic myths on the dolmens from the villages of Tavanampalli, Eguvakanathalacheruvu, Mallayipalli and Midimalla in the Chittoor District of Andra Pradesh state in South India. Each of these sites except Mallayipalli has numerous megalithic dolmens showing varied characteristics. Local mythology relates these monuments to the Pandavas and the Pygmies. We can classify the Dolmens as TypeI: Dolmens with porthole; TypeII: Dolmens with porthole and slab circle; TypeIII: Dolmens with slab circle and anthropomorphic statues; TypeIV: Boulder dolmens with supporting stones on three sides; TypeV: Dolmenoid cists. Some of these dolmens compare well with the ones from West Asian regions and a few types even compare well with the Southeast Asian types. Another interesting feature noticed with some of the dolmens is the association of anthropomorphic statues. Such statues were noticed at Midimall and Eguvakanathalacheruvu. The paper discusses the features of these monuments and their comparison with other regions.

C14 Lee, Sungjoo

Department of History, Kangnung National University, Republic of Korea

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND CRAFT-SPECIALIZATION IN CERAMIC PRODUCTION OF THE PROTO-THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD IN SOUTH KOREA

The proto-historic period in South Korea witnessed technological innovation in ceramic production technology. In this paper, I suggest that during the innovation process which took place at this time, specialized labor and equipment came to be re-organized since a new type of production system was required in order to put this new technological system into operation. In considering the relationship between technological innovation and change in the production system, focus is put upon changes in the production technology of globular jars. With regard to the Dojil production system, the innovative forming techniques which made it possible to produce various vessels in large quantities can be identified as the most important technological achievement. It was only when this technological innovation was successfully accomplished that a new production system suitable for further innovative technology appears to have been re-organized.

C21 Lee, YoungMoon

Mokpo National University Department of History and Culture (Archaeology), Republic of Korea

NAME, LEGEND AND BELIEF OF DOLMENS IN KOREA

There are over 30,000 dolmens in Korea, one of the mostdensely distributed in the world. They are mainly near ocean regions. Dolmens in Korea can be classified into Table type, Gotable type and Capstone type. One of the most specific character of Korea dolmen has one chamber and one Capstone, densely distributed group of the dolmens and huge scale dolmens. There are many remains on the name of regions and legend, with oral tradition of native people worshipping on dolmens until now as follows: 1. Name of Dolmens: “Baumace”, “Rock ground”, “Quandol”, “General rock”, “Turtle rock (Kingrock)”, “Seven star rock” dolmen. 2. Village name from dolmen: “Jisokri”, “Quandol village”, “Ship type village”, “Turtle rock village”, “Seven star rock village”. 3. Civilian belief in relation to dolmen: “Seven star belief”, “Turtle belief”, “and Dangsansin ”,“ Cupmarks belief”. 4. Legend in relation to dolmen construction: General with strong power story, Mago grandmother legend.

There were a lot of names and legends about Korean dolmens. It is very significant material and a comparative study of name and legend of the dolmen in East Asian region can look into mutual relations through megalithic culture. Also, we need to study their connection with Ocean culture and astronomy, with dense distribution near the ocean and a lot of names related to ships. We need to costudy and exchange material on the megalithic culture.

B10 Lefferts, Leedom, and Louise A. Cort

Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, and Freer+Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution

TRACKING EARTHENWARE TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

In the 11 years since our previous IPPA paper, published in 2003, we have continued our investigations of indigenous earthenware and stoneware production technologies. Additionally, we have increased our efforts at understanding the range of variation of particular technologies and their dispersal across Southeast Asia. In this paper we discuss our findings regarding a technique we termed Type “C”, involving the use of bamboo or metal hoops to scrape the nearly completed pot. In 1998 we regarded this technique as ephemeral, but subsequently we have discovered several additional locations for its use. These stretch from northern peninsular Malaysia to central coastal Vietnam and into the Vietnamese Central Highlands and southern Laos. This discussion explores this technology and our hypotheses to explain this dispersal.

C7 Leisen, Hans

von Plehwe Leisen, Esther

University of Cologne

Hendrickson, Mitch

University of Sydney

Secrets within the Stone: Investigation of sandstone temples from Preah Khan of Kompong Svay

The paper presents a first overview of investigations on the sandstone materials used to build temples within the Angkorian city of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, Cambodia. Part of the Industries of Angkor Project, the aims of this research is to identify the different sandstone varieties by their petrographic and physical properties, locate potential historic quarries, and formulate conservation concepts for the temple. Current work has focussed on nondestructive techniques in the field like macroscopic examination, water uptake measurements and determination of the magnetic susceptibility. Future work will examine the physical parameters of different stone varieties in the laboratory.

C17 Lepofsky, Dana

Simon Fraser University, Vancouver

Kahn, Jennifer G.

Bishop Museum, Honolulu

SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS OF ANCIENT MA‘OHI PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Discussions about people’s roles in shaping and interacting with Pacific island ecosystems, as elsewhere in the world, tend to be dichotomized, in part depending on the source of the data informing the discussion. On the one hand, archaeologists and paleoecologists focus on detrimental humaninduced landscape changes associated with colonization and subsequent elitedriven demands on production tied to the development of dryland and irrigated taro cultivation. On the other hand, ethnobiologists working with indigenous peoples today focus on traditional ecological knowledge and the sustainability of human interactions with the land and sea. In the Society Islands, archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence supports both models of humanlandscape interaction. In this presentation, we explore the evidence for these ideas and present a model of the social and ecological interactions between the elite and nonelite based production systems of the Society Islands, including the development and intensification of dryland and wetland terrace systems and arboriculture complexes

B15 Lertcharnrit, Thanik

Silpakorn University, Bangkok

PROMTIN TAI AS A TYPICAL DVARAVATI SITE IN THAILAND

Promtin Tai is an early moated settlement in Thailand. Recent excavations at the site have unearthed a wide array of artifacts generally attributed to the Dvaravati culture, including silver coins, fragments of spouted pots, zoomorphic spouts, clay seals, clay coins, carinated pots, and glass beads. The majority of artifact types found are similar in form, material, style, and technology to those found at other moated settlements in central Thailand dating between the 6^th and 10^th centuries AD, the time known as the Dvaravati period. Promtin Tai represents an early historic community with strong Indian influence in terms of cultural ideology and some lifeways.

C15 Lewis, Helen

University College Dublin

USING SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND CULTURAL DEPOSITS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CAVES: SOME RESULTS FROM STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN BORNEO, THE SOUTH PHILIPPINES AND NORTHERN LAO PDR

This paper looks at some ways in which the application of soil micromorphology has changed our understanding of certain cultural deposits in caves in Southeast Asia, including deposits sometimes considered to be speleothem layers, along with how certain cave deposits have challenged typical soil micromorphological interpretations developed from openair sites, for instance of 'trampling' deposits. Examples are shown from a variety of studies, mainly in press, including the Niah Cave complex in Sarawak; Ille and Tabon Caves, along with caves in Bataraza, all in Palawan; and cave sites in Luang Prabang province, Lao PDR.

B7 Li Jian’an

Fujian Provincial Museum

SHIPWRECKS, PORTS, AND KILNS: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE PRODUCTION, TRADE, AND CONSUMPTION OF FUJIAN EXPORT CERAMICS

Integrating survey data from kiln sites, shipwreck, and port cities, this paper investigates the archaeological representation of Fujian ceramics in the economic and cultural exchange in the Asiatic trade network, particularly in areas of production, trade, and consumption.

B2 Li Kuangti

Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

Hongshen Mii; Yimei Lin

National Taiwan Normal University

Chenghwa Tsang

Academia Sinica

Lin Gongwu

Fujian Provincial Museum

Tianlong Jiao

Bishop Museum

MIDHOLOCENE MULLUSCAN REMAINS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ON BOTH SIDES OF TAIWAN STRAIT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

The shellfish remains from three archaeological sites including Nankuanli, Nangang, and Damaoshan provide evidence for studying the shellfish gathering strategies on both sides of the Taiwan Strait ca 5,000 years ago. The Nankuanli site is located at Tainan, southwestern Taiwan. The Nangang site is situated at Chimei Island, Penghu. The Damaoshan site is located at Dongshan Island, Fujian. Through analysing the isotopic profiles in growth increments of the shells, this study tackles the timing of shellfish collecting and the paleoenvironment that these shellfish inhabited. The results offer direct evidence for a better understanding of prehistoric subsistence patterns across the Taiwan Strait.

B7 Li Min

UCLA

Li Jian’an

Fujian Provincial Museum

Wang Changsui

Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Science

FROM LAND TO OCEAN: INTEGRATED RESEARCH ON ASIATIC TRADE NETWORKS AND MARITIME LANDSCAPES

This panel covers a broad range of topics, ranging from ceramics analysis, to studies of ports and islands sites, to underwater explorations conducted in China. Operating in a social archaeology framework, the presenters attempt an integrated approach to the archaeological study of maritime trade, connecting recent works on ceramic production, port cities and shipwrecks with societies of consumption around the East and South China Sea. In an effort to crosscut boundaries of terrestrial and underwater, historic and prehistoric, lab. and field archaeologies, these research projects contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the production and movement of major categories of commodity which helped to shape the traditional Asiatic trade network.

B7 Li Min

UCLA

ARCHAEOLOGY OF ASIATIC TRADE NETWORKS AND MARITIME LANDSCAPES: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

The development of underwater archaeology in East Asian nations brought new questions to its previously terrestrial oriented national archaeology program and region-based social evolutionary model. Previously unrelated social trajectories and production system converge in shipwreck sites and other types of maritime sites. One type of archaeological data could be simultaneously considered prehistoric, protohistoric, early colonial, early modern, pre-Contact, and late imperial depending on the context and, even in the same context, the perspective of the archaeological practitioners. Each label comes with its own theoretical implications, often trapped within the disciplinary assumptions. This presents both challenge to the existing research paradigms delineated along national boundaries or the archaeological methodology (underwater, historical, prehistoric) and opportunities for creative integration of data from diverse lines of archaeological inquiry to tackle new questions emerging from the collapse of conventional boundaries. This review paper presents several case studies of integrative study on maritime networks of global scale in Asian Pacific and also serves to put the diverse papers in this panel in a social history perspective that centered on the main theme of this panel.

B7 Li Min

UCLA

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE AT THE BRONZE AGE CITY OF QUFU

The 1977 excavation at Qufu revealed two distinctive sets of material cultures from burials of the mid first millennium B.C.E., which provides evidence for multiple cultural identities in the city. This paper presents a distribution analysis of similar material assemblages reported from archaeological sites outside of the city and explores implications of such intercultural dynamics in the rural landscape of the Lu state.

C12 Li Xinwei

Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China

THE EMERGENCE OF EXCHANGE NETWORK OF SACRED KNOWLEDGE AROUND 3300 BC IN EASTERN CHINA

The establishment of exchange networks of prestige goods and sacred knowledge has long been regarded as one of the most important leadership-strategies in complex societies. The exchanges link elites in different societies, and the act of exchange validates their relationship as equals and at the same time reinforces their superior status within their respective societies. Through the procurement of exotic wealth goods and sacred knowledge by long-distance exchange, elites could claim universal powers which were essential to prove their divinity and nonlocal legitimacy. The years around 3300 BC witnessed the wide diffusion of ancient cosmology related objects and designs in eastern China, such as jade objects conveying cosmological knowledge (the jade turtle, bird, hook-cloud object, pit-dragon etc.) and the octagonal star design on jade objects and white pottery. This demonstrates that exchange networks of cosmological knowledge might have emerged and played an important role in the development of complex societies in different cultural regions in eastern China. The exchange networks were also crucial for the formation of the‘Chinese interaction sphere’ described by K.C. Chang.

A3 LI Yinghua

Department of Archaeology, Wuhan University, P.R.China

ANALYSIS ON THE COGNITION AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MAN OF THE GUANYINDONG SITE

How to explore the cognition and the behavior of the prehistoric man is always an interesting theme for the archaeologists. From 1940’, the French prehistorians developed the technological method to study the lithic industries, which opened a new perspective for the study of lithic artifacts. In the 1980’, they substituted the concept of chaîne opératoire for two different concepts: technocognition and technoeconomy, which enable us not only to reveal the technical knowledge applied in the production of stone tools but also to reconstruct the behavior of the prehistoric man. The lithic artifacts of the Guanyindong site are made of good raw materials and contains some variability, which characterized this site as a representative in the southwest of China. The technological method being never applied on the lithic industries of China, the study of the lithic industry of the Guanyindong site represent a tentative research. The technological analysis revealed that the débitage system of the Guanyindong site is essentially different of that of Levallois, which are applied in large scale in Europe, in Neareast and in Africa during Middle Paleolithic. These two débitage systems reflect two distinct modes of conceiving of the chaîne opératoire and two different behaviors in the processes of producing the stones tools.

C5 Lilley, Ian

University of Queensland

INSIDE OUT AND OUTSIDE IN: THE IMPORTANCE OF REGIONAL CONTEXT IN LOCAL REACTIONS TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITY.

This paper considers how events and process associated with localized volcanism can pull in people, good and ideas from areas a long way from the volcanic epicentre, as well as push people, ideas and things outwards, away from the communities most immediately affected. The focus will be on trajectories of change in the North New Guinea Vitiaz West New Britain region over the last 3,500 years, and specifically the similarities and differences in the wider human impacts of the eruptive history of the WillaumezHoskins volcanoes during this period. The aim is to remind ourselves to consider the broader geohistorical contexts of "Living with Volcanoes"

C11 Lilley, Ian

University of Queensland

ALL OR NOTHING – THE LAST 1,000 YEARS IN REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

The last 1000 years comprise the whole of the prehistory of some societies in the Western Pacific, if New Zealand is included, and at least around a third of the prehistory of those other parts of Remote Oceania in the region, but this period makes up only the very last tiny fraction of the vast human history of places first colonized in the Pleistocene. These significant variations in temporal scale and thus in the historical dynamics under consideration in this session require careful thought, because they underpin some considerable differences in the patterns of emergence, development and archaeological signatures of traditional indigenous societies in the region.

B2 Liu Chin-hsin

Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville

Tsang, Cheng-hwa

Liu, Yi-chang

Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Krigbaum, John

Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville

PALEODIETARY RECONSTRUCTION IN IRON AGE NORTHERN TAIWAN: ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FROM SHIH-SAN-HANG

In this paper we evaluate light stable isotope data to infer marine vs. terrestrial paleodiet for a sample of adult individuals from Shih-san-hang, an Iron Age site in northern Taiwan. Faunal remains and hunting-gathering artifacts suggest the utilization of both terrestrial and marine protein resources, however, the extent to which rice was consumed is not known, although its consumption is inferred from recovered harvesting tools and rice husk remains present in pottery temper. This paleodiet study provides complementary data to infer food consumption of the Shih-san-hang people. Building on results from previous paleopathological studies on nutritional and dietary markers (e.g., enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, dental caries, dental calculus), we use the data in concert with a subset of individuals analyzed for stable isotope ratios. Human (N=25) and faunal (N=21) bones were sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from bone collagen and stable carbon isotopes from bone apatite. Faunal isotope values from bone collagen and bone apatite are consistent with taxon-specific diet. For bone collagen, human d13C values average -13.2‰ and d15N values average 9.9‰, while human bone apatite d13C values average -7.6‰. Gender differences in health are evident in some paleopathological markers (e.g., enamel hypoplasia), but do not seem to correlate with the stable isotope results. Preliminary interpretation of our isotopic data suggests a marine-based dietary regime with some terrestrial-based input for those individuals sampled in this study.

C12 LIU, Li

La Trobe University, Melbourne

Xingcan CHEN

Institute of Archaeology, Beijing

ACORN EXPLOITATION AND TRANSITION TO SEDENTISM IN EARLY HOLOCENE, CHINA

The development of sedentism during the early Holocene in China was a long process with great temporal and spatial variation, and was closely associated with the technology of processing and storing starchy foodstuffs, particularly nuts, tubers and cereals, mostly as wild plants. Based on information from residue analysis and experimental archaeology, we investigate one type of plants, acorn, which appears to have been intensively exploited by early Holocene populations, leading to increased sedentary way of life in many parts of China.

B7 Liu Qing

School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, China

FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA TO EAST ASIA: A STUDY ON KENDIS

Kendis are traditional drinking vessels in Southeast Asia. After they had been introduced to China, kendis’ names, shapes and functions had been changed a lot. The most common Chinese names of kendis are “Jing Ping” and “Jun Chi”. However, the shapes of the two kinds of kendis are quite different. This paper is a discussion of questions about the archaeological materials of kendis in Southeast Asia and East Asia. And, the two types of kendis in China should be classified into two main categories, each of which had a separate developmental sequence and range of use.

C1 Lu, Tracey L-D

Anthropology Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

FOOD OR FUEL? RETHINKING RICE EXPLOITATION IN PREHISTORIC SOUTH CHINA

When remains of grass plants are discovered in archaeological deposits, they are usually interpreted as food residues of human societies in the past. However, based on findings from harvesting and cultivation experiments, ethnographic data, and phytolith analysis, it is argued that rice remains found in some archaeological deposits in South China may not be remains of food, but are likely remains of fuel instead. It is further hypothesized that prehistoric human beings in South China might have initially exploited wild rice as fuel before harvesting the grass for food. Further, given the extreme small amount of grains produced by wild rice, and the recent archaeological discoveries in the lower Yangtze River Valley, the hypothesis of wild rice being cultivated due to the storability of its seeds is also questioned.

B5 Luong Ninh

Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences

Mitred Vishnus in the Ancient Statuary of Funan

In 1955, P.Dupont established the study of preAngkorian art through his analysis of the Phnom Da Indic statues from southern Cambodia. Although this art tradition takes its name from southern Cambodia, more than 30 preAngkorian Vishnu and Buddha statues have been recovered from southern Vietnam. Collectively these statues comprise a 5part stylistic sequence of preAngkorian art: (1) Funan 1 or Go Thap style (5^th century AD); (2) Funan 2 or O Lam style (late 5^th century AD); (3) Funan 3 or Tan Phu style (early 6^th century AD); (4) Funan 4 or Nhan Nghia style (mid6^th century AD); and (5) Funan 5 or Phnom Da style (late 6^thearly 7^th century AD). This paper describes each phase of the sequence by focusing on key identifying characteristics in the stone statuary tradition.

C7 Lustig, Eileen

University of Sydney

Cycles of influence: An epigraphic study of rulers and elites in the Angkorian period

To gain an appreciation of the control exercised by the Angkorian Empire, its political economy is studied by analysing aggregated spatial and temporal data from Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian period inscriptions. The success of the pre-modern Khmer state depended in part on its long-established communication and trade links and on an administration decentralised through regional centres. The mode of control varied with distance from the capital. Its political economy is marked by three simultaneous cycles indicative of changing power relationships: cycles of royal inscriptions; of non-royal inscriptions; and fluctuating control over peripheral territories. Its processes and strategies were sufficiently flexible for it to endure for approximately six centuries. At some stage from the 14^th century, key processes and strategies for maintaining its integrity as an empire became less effective than before, marking the end of the cyclical pattern.

B3 Lustig, Terry

University of Sydney, Australia

Li Kunsheng,

Chen Shai Nan Hai

Yunnan University

Jiang, Zhilong

Yunnan Research Institute of Archaeology

THE VARYING LEVELS OF THE DIAN LAKES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIAN LAKES CULTURES

The Dian cultures seem to have developed mainly in and around five tectonically-formed lakes (the Dian lakes) near Kunming, in Yunnan. Indicators from palynological and archaeological studies suggest that water levels in the Dian Lakes have been both higher and lower than today. These changes in water level appear to have been brought about by both natural and cultural changes. Studying these changes may help to shed light on the various societies inhabiting these lakes, such as the intriguing but poorly understood Bronze Age Dian Lakes cultures.

A5 Luu T. P.

Institute of Geophysics, Vietnamese Academy for Science & Technology

Ellwood B.B.

Department of Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana State University, USA

Nguyen K.

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnamese Academy of Social Science, Vietnam

USING MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY METHOD TO STUDY CON MOONG CAVE

For 20 years or so magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements of cave sediments from archaeological sites have been used as a paleoclimate proxy. This method is based on the argument that the MS of cave sediments results from active climate processes outside caves, causing variations in magnetic properties of the sediments ultimately accumulating inside of caves. Once deposited, those materials are preserved, and their stratigraphy provides a climate proxy that can be extracted. Here, we have collected and measured the MS for 132 samples through a 3.3 m stratigraphic section in Con Moong Cave, Thanh Hoa province of Vietnam. This cave has previously been excavated by archaeologists at the University of Hanoi and 14C ages as well as cultural level information is available for the cave. MS results have been compared with the composite reference section (CRS) developed for southern European archaeological cave sites. There are 6 MS zones from Con Moong Cave that we correlate to the European CRS reflecting similar climatic patterns as those observed in Europe. Much of the sediment collected represents the Younger Dryas cold interval (MS zone SA14). The data from Con Moong Cave indicate that within the Younger Dryas event there were five MS sub-zones, with two of these (SA14d and 14b) representing brief periods of climate recovery during the Younger Dryas event.

B16 Mahanta, H.C.

Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India

Anjana Sarmah

Dibrugarh City College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India

A STUDY ON THE LIVING MEGALITHIC PRACTICES OF THE KHASIS OF NORTHEAST INDIA

Practice of erecting megalithic structures for the dead goes back as early as the Neolithic period. With its very long existence, the megalithic culture has gone through a complex development and variation in shape and kind of remains has occurred, not only in India, but in Southeast Asia as well, even reaching the Asian Pacific region. In India in general, and Northeast India in particular, megaliths occupies a special place in the cultural milieu. This tradition is still found among the tribal peoples in presentday India. In Northeast India, particularly in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland, the megalithic culture is still practiced by different tribal groups and communities in one form or other and ‘megalithism’ is a living tradition.

In the present context study is made among the Khasis of Meghalaya. They speak an Austic language and this language has certain association with the Australoids and in their physical makeup Australoid traits are discernible. These people are still practicing megalithic burials. This has got a great bearing on the sociocultural and religious life of the people. The Khasis are organized into matrilineal descent groups of different genealogical depth. The largest among these is the exogamous Clan. The clan usually consists of several major lineages (kpoh) and each lineage is composed of several iing, a minimal lineage about three generations deep. The head of the iing is usually the grandmother. In relation to the Khasi funeral the most important social unit is the iing; the same term – iing means ‘family’ and ‘house’. The ceremonies connected with the disposal of the dead are mainly the concern of the iing.

Upright stones, large and small, and horizontal table stones are seen all over the Khasi hills, but full and precise information about them has never been recorded and is hard to obtain. The erection of megalithic structures over burials among the Khasis has a long temporal continuity. The last megalith (nawbynna) is known to have been erected at Laitkor near Shillong about AD 1890. During our preliminary investigation, we have found that the younger Khasis knew very little of the significance of the megalithic structures scattered over the hills around Shillong. Therefore, we set ourselves the task of identifying the various kinds of megalithic structures and learning about the ceremonies connected with them from those persons who had knowledge of the megalithic traditions. Under the present socioeconomic scenario the aspect of megalithic practices of the Khasis is rapidly falling into disuse or close to a state of oblivion. Hence it is high time to document such treasures for future generations. This is of course, the main reason behind the selection of the present topic of research.

B10 Mahirta

Jujun Kurniawan

Archaeology Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Tri Marhaeni Susiana Budi Santoso

Balai Arkeologi Palembang, Indonesia

METAL PERIOD POTTERY FROM SOUTH SUMATERA IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CONTEXT

This paper presents comparisons of the metal period pottery in South Sumatera with other pottery found in Island Southeast Asia. Our recent research at Karang Agung and Muara Payang, South Sumatera results in some new data on pottery style in Indonesia. Combined with a synthetic review of pottery found in some archaeological sites in Southeast Asia, we trace the development of South Sumatera pottery in relation to Late Holocene human migration and regional or supraregional trade.

B12 Malakie, Julia

Bérénice Bellina

CNRS, Paris

COMBINING GIS AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO STUDY THE INTERNAL SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF A PREHISTORIC URBAN TRANS-ASIATIC CENTRE.

The integration of multiple specialists’ technological analyses of the ceramic, stone, glass and metallic industries of the early urban site of Khao Sam Kaeo into a Geographic Information System has led to the delineation of zones within the 54 hectare site. We will discuss the challenges associated with the spatial analysis of such a complex and disturbed site as well as potential interpretive implications of the findings, in  particular in contributing to an understanding of the chronology and perhaps as evidence of spatially distinct ethnic quarters.

B16 Malik, Basudebu

Keeper, Bhaskar Bhavan Museum, 3/1 Ramchand Dey Street, Kolkata 700103, Govt. of West Bengal

THE RITUAL FOR THE DISPOSAL OF THE CORPSE AND THE CONCEPT OF SOUL AMONG THE IDU MISHMIS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH

The IduMishmi tribe inhabits in the NorthEastern tip of our country in the rugged terrain of the Himalayas. The area falls within Arunachal Pradesh which is an important area for the cultural influx of the Mongoloid people to our country. Ethnically they fall into the Mongoloid race and speak a dialect which comes within the broad philological group of TibetoBurman languages. Living in a secluded geographical zone, the Idus through ages have been able to maintain their culture and ritual practices in pristine form. In spite of acculturation until now they have maintained all their customs from birth to death as a living tradition in the ageold fashion.

The study I conducted from 1988 to 2004 on their custom of the disposal of the corpse was done during my long stay in the Lower Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh as an Archaeological Officer in the Directorate of Research. The custom of disposal of the dead among the Idu Mishmi tribe is quite extensive. The most interesting part of the ritual is that the Idu Mishmis make an elaborate arrangement of the grave chamber. The chamber is about five feet deep and quite spacious to accommodate a wooden bed and various articles. It is customary to provide all kinds of articles in the grave which were used by the person during his or her life time. I recall that Oken Mena of Roing, a person well known to me, was even provided with his newly purchased motor bike. Usually clothing, utensils, food and drink items, money, live stock like fowl and dog, etc. are nicely arranged in the grave chamber with the dead body. They believe that the dead goes to another world where he requires all these articles.

The Idus believe that the dead body should be kept within the house as long as possible. They think that if the body decomposes, the skeleton would be there to see, if the bones decay it will turn into dust, but once the body is put in the grave it cannot be seen any more. Simultaneously they believe that death means a transition to a new life; a passing hence to a new place not very different from the world we know. The ‘Igu’, the Idu priest has the most important role to play to complete such an extensive death ritual that usually lasts for two to three days.

B8 Mallah, Qasid

Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan

THE HAKRA PERIOD: AN EMERGING VERACITY IN THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

This paper will focus on the question of emergence of new cultural phase now known as ‘the Hakra” in Greater Indus Valley Civilization of South Asia and is based on fresh documentation made through survey and excavations in various parts of India and Pakistan. After hunting gathering Era of Mesolithic; the food producing Era begins which follows the Regionalization Era dated 5000 to 2600 BCE. Actually, the regionalization Era consists of huge time span and becomes vague to understand changes and developments in numerous cultural aspects which may be divided into subphases. The Archaeological research shows that during early part (5000 to 3500 BCE) of this era some social groups settled at one place with ceramics and interaction but pastoralist nomadic economy was still at large only few villages appeared. Nevertheless, during its mid part (3500 to 3300 BCE) a huge change occurred; villages appeared everywhere and in final stage of Regionalization Era (3300 to 2600 BCE), it ended with emergence of towns with complexity in settlement patterns and socioeconomic system.

I have chosen the time period of 35003300 BCE known as ‘Hakra period’. This is second part of Regionalization Era and is very essential when people lived in villages with degree of social complexity and learnt the nature of natural resources like clay, semiprecious stones, shell and metal. The plasticity of clay provided them with construction of wall of a house for which lumps of clay were either put together or bricks were made, clay was shaped into pots and firing changed it into durable utilitarian object. The technology of harvesting, cutting, drilling, and polishing of various commodities became essential. The architecture made of mud and mud bricks indicating permanency in habitation and local and exotic cult and utilitarian objects showing degree of interaction, division of work and amalgamation of social groups. The villages appeared and scattered everywhere A cluster of 99 settlements having above characteristics was first time reported in the Cholistan and 15 more sites are recently added to it from Thar Desert of Sindh Pakistan along the ancient bed of Hakra River and in future many more are expected. In overall picture, when these discoveries are added with other previous and fresh archaeological documentation in India and Pakistan; the Hakra period appears as an emerging veracity in history of Indus valley civilization.

B5 Manguin, Pierre-Yves Manguin

EFEO Paris

THE FRANCO-VIETNAMESE ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAMME ON OC EO: AN UPDATE

The “Archaeology of the Mekong Delta” Franco-Vietnamese cooperation programme carried out surveys and excavations at the site complex of Oc Eo between 1996 and 2002. Field excavations lasted a total 26 weeks. After 2002, analyses of most the data collected by archaeologists, topographers, geologists and a palynologist were carried out in both Vietnam and France. Some fifty C14 dates were completed. For a variety of unforeseen reasons, work on the ceramic material had to be interrupted after 2002. It has only now been resumed, allowing for a final report to be envisaged in the near future. This paper will present the results achieved so far and the conclusions reached in terms of overall chronology, of settlement patterns and urban features. The dating of the Lung Lon canal and of the city moat, in particular, allows us to push back the construction of the urban site to the 2nd-3rd century CE, therefore before conventional signs of “Indianization” (temples, statuary, and inscriptions) appear in the region. Contemporary data gathered from recent excavations in Java and Sumatra will be briefly presented to illustrate overseas extensions of the Oc Eo assemblage.

C9 Maric, Tamara

Université de Paris 1, PanthéonSorbonne & Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine, Papeete

HIGH ALTITUDE MONUMENTAL RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARISON OF PAPARA AND PAPENO‘O VALLEYS, TAHITI, SOCIETY ISLANDS

This paper presents examples of monumental religious architecture from the island of Tahiti (Society Islands), and its link with the different social classes found within Tahitian society. The marae were stone religious structures, which were closely linked with the familial and social status of their owners. Besides the religious function, they served as symbols of landowning and territorial and social cohesion. Other types of marae were devoted to different specialized purposes, in particular, subsistence activities (fishing, making stone tools, healing, and so on).

Following ethnohistorical accounts and previous archaeological studies, some architectural types of complex marae can be associated without much doubt with the social elite, while the most simple types can correspond to lowest social classes and/or specialized activities. I examine their geographical location, spatial association with habitat and agricultural sites, to aid in reconstructing the overall settlement pattern of the ancient districts, the general spread of different social classes within the territory, and their possible interrelationships. My case study focuses on the margins of occupation in altitude, where agricultural sites are present. The types of remains in those marginal areas are compared with settlement pattern in more accessible areas: Are these agricultural sites representative of usual production? Are there material indications of elites’ presence, or control on production? I present examples from Papara, a locality of Tahiti with elites of high political status, supposedly one of the highest ranking districts situated in the Windward Islands. The territorial limits of this locality allow for access to marine resources, large coastal and fertile plains, and sectors of lands cultivated in central mountains of the island. On the opposite side of the island, the archaeological remains of the large Papeno‘o Valley are examined in relation to local resources, agricultural sites, and basalt.

B6 Marwick, Ben

University of Washington, USA

THAM SUA ROCKSHELTER: IRON AGE ARCHAEOLOGY AND SITE FORMATION PROCESSES IN THE LAO PDR

Recent excavation at Tham Sua Rockshelter (Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR) by the Middle Mekong Archaeological Project (MMAP) recovered a wide range of iron age archaeology. Radiocarbon dating of organic material in the deposit combined with analysis of physical and chemical attributes of the sediments give good insights into how site formation processes have contributed to archaeological content of the deposit. The results from this analysis are presented in context with other MMAP sites to offer generalizations about prospecting for and interpreting iron age archaeology in Laos.

C3 MatisooSmith, Lisa

University of Otago

DNA sampling in and with Pacific communities – Implications, prospects and future developments

For the past decade we have focused on DNA analyses of commensal animals to use as a proxy for understanding prehistoric human migration in the Pacific. One of the main reasons we took this approach was because local communities were not interested in or willing to provide DNA samples. Local community attitudes however are beginning to change as people become more familiar with DNA technology and new approaches to working with communities are being used by researchers. Here I will describe the approach we are taking in working with several Pacific communities to engage in analyses of both ancient and modern DNA and discuss the potential benefits to both researchers and communities and the implications for definitions of identity for Pacific peoples.

C14 MATSUGI, Takehiko

FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF UNITED CHIEFDOMS IN PROTOHISTORIC JAPAN

The Kofun period ranges from the third to seventh centuries, after the collapse of the Asian archaic world system centred on Han dynasty in mainland China. In the first half of this period, from 3rd to 5th centuries, chiefs achieved economical power and cultural prestige by taking control over long-distance trade mainly for iron materials which had not been supplied within Japanese archipelago. Judging from similarity in their burials, they are considered to have built an alliance crowned by Daio (paramount chief) who was buried in a gigantic keyhole-shaped tumulus usually as large as 3-400m in length in Kinai district. During the fifth and sixth century, skilled craftsmen were invited from China and Korea by chiefs to introduce the techniques of domestic production of stoneware, horses and their trappings, ornaments and iron etc., which had previously been obtained from overseas by chiefs. Although this economical change undermined traditional authority of chiefs as heroic introducers of foreign culture longed by people, the chiefs acquired new power as promoters of manufacture. Furthermore, Buddhism was introduced to demote chiefs from gods or their mediators within indigenous religion to one of the powerful believers of the world religion, making them buried in a tunnel-style chamber with a small mound same as commoners. From late sixth to early seventh centuries, they established new power by dominating religious and administration system based on written scriptures and legal codes. It marked the appearance of the early medieval kingdom in Japan.

B14 Matsumura, Hirofumi

Sapporo Medical University, Japan

Nguyen Lan Cuong, Nguyen Kim Dung

Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi

Mariko Yamagata

Waseda University, Japan

Bui Chi Hoang

Southern Institute of Social Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE EARLY IRON AGE HOA DIEM SITE IN CENTRAL VIETNAM: IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION MOVEMENTS ACROSS THE SOUTH CHINA SEA.

The Hoa Diem site in Khanh Hoa province, southern central Vietnam, though being dated in parallel to the early Iron Age Sa Huynh culture, produced unique jar burials characterized by spherical bodies different from those of the cultural assemblages of Sa Huynh to the north. Furthermore, some of the mortuary accessory pottery vessels show features in common with those from Kalanay Cave in the Philippines and Ko Samui Island in southern Thailand (as observed by Solheim). Thus, Hoa Diem exhibits specific cultural features that address the issue of population contacts across the South China Sea during the early Metal Age.

The 2007 Hoa Diem excavation project of the Institute of Social Sciences in South Vietnam and Waseda University, in collaboration with the Khanh Hoa Provincial Museum, discovered a total of 14 jar burials and two extended burials. C14 dates place the assemblage during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The anatomical positions of the skeletal remains suggest primary inhumation inside the jars. The riddle of the inhumation method inside relatively narrowmouthed jars remains unsolved, especially in the case of multiple cadavers.

Together with the specimens found in the former excavations, a total of 38 sets of human remains were unearthed from Hoa Diem. Multivariate analyses using cranial and dental measurements, although there were few complete adult crania, were undertaken in order to assess population affinities. The biological distances show a close affinity for the Hoa Diem population with Philippines, Lesser Sunda and Borneo samples, rather than modern Vietnamese and early Iron Age Dong Son people. These findings, corresponding to the cultural evidence, suggest the possibility of genetic interaction between the Hoa Diem people and contemporary Island Southeast Asians living beyond the South China Sea.

C1 Matsumura, Hirofumi

Sapporo Medical University, Japan

Marc F. Oxenham, Peter Bellwood

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, ANU

Nguyen Kim Thuy, Nguyen Lan Cuong, Nguyen Kim Dung

Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi

POPULATION HISTORY OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA: VIEWED FROM HUMAN REMAINS OF MAN BAC SITE IN NORTHERN VIETNAM.

Southeast Asia is thought to have been occupied by indigenous people, who exchanged genes with immigrants from North/East Asia leading to the formation of presentday Southeast Asians. This model is linked with the dispersal of farming populations by archaeological data, and also supported by a wide range of genetic and linguistic data. To address this scenario of population history in mainland Southeast Asia using prehistoric human skeletal remains, the authors have focused on the Man Bac site, which is located in Yen Mo district, Ninh Binh province, northern Vietnam. Our latest excavation project in 2004 and 2007 revealed 76 inhumation burials associated with a considerable number of material objects. The temporal context of this site was determined to be Neolithic (c. 3,8003,500 years BP), although this site so far lacks any evidence for rice farming. In terms of the local cultural chronology, however, the material displays many characteristics close to the Phung Nguyen culture, associated further inland with rice farming customs.

Our multivariate analyses using cranial and dental metrics made large scale comparisons of data from Man Bac and other Asian and Pacific groups, disclosing the existence of large intragroup levels of variation within the Man Bac site. Some individuals resemble the people of the later Dong Son period and modern Vietnamese, while others had close affinity to the earlier Bac Son and Da But cultural series, morphologically affiliated with the early Holocene Hoabinhians. This finding suggests an initial appearance of immigrants in northern Vietnam, biologically related to population stocks in northern or eastern peripheral East Asian areas, including southern China, followed by admixture with preexisting populations. The Man Bac skeletons may be key specimens to support the ‘TwoLayer’ hypothesis in discussions pertaining to the population history of Southeast Asia.

C17 Matthews, Peter J.

National Museum of Ethnology, Japan

Agoo, E. M. G.

De LaSalle University, Manila

Tadang, D. N.

Madulid, D. A.

Philippines National Museum, Manila

ETHNOBOTANY AND ECOLOGY OF WILD TAROS (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) IN THE PHILIPPINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR DOMESTICATION AND DISPERSAL IN THE PAST AND PRESENT

The cultivated species of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, appears to be naturally occurring in the Philippines, as evidenced by the presence of wild, flowering and fruiting populations. However, not all wild, selfpropagating taro patches are natural in their establishment. The wild plants are also a commonproperty resource that is occasionally moved and planted by people, and they occupy a variety of ruderal to apparently natural habitats. Wild taros are a major source of leaves (blades and petioles) used in popular forms of cooking in the Philippines. They are also used as a source of fodder for pigs. The present variation, use and selection of wild taro varieties may provide a useful analogy for thinking about the domestication and dispersal of taro in the past, and its eventual incorporation into privatelycontrolled gardens as a starchy root crop.

C17 McElroy, Windy K.

Garcia and Associates, Hawai’i

APPROACHES TO DATING WETLAND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES: AN EXAMPLE FROM WAILAU VALLEY, MOLOKA‘I ISLAND, HAWAI‘I

The dynamic environment of wetland agricultural systems presents unique challenges for dating. As water and sediment move through the system, charred plant material is transported as well, thus scattered charcoal collected from pondfield deposits may have originated from anywhere upslope. My paper considers several alternative approaches for assessing the age of wetland agricultural features, including wall superposition and abutment analyses, reuse of wetland terraces for nonagricultural purposes, the presence of historical material and introduced plant taxa, and radiocarbon dating charcoal from beneath wall foundation stones as termini ante quem. These techniques were used to estimate the age of 19 wetland systems in Wailau Valley, Hawai‘i, and the utility of each approach will be assessed here.

C18 Meacham, Bill

University of Hong Kong

A CAUTIONARY TALE: THE RESTORATION OF THE TURIN SHROUD WAS A CONSERVATION AND SCIENTIFIC DISASTER.

In 2002 the Shroud of Turin was subjected to a radical intervention aimed at ridding the relic of carbon dust and charred material said to pose a serious threat to the image. Patches that were applied in 1534 to cover holes from fire damage were removed. Vacuuming was done of portions of both sides, and other remedial measures were taken to optimise the appearance of the relic. This aggressive operation was in stark contrast with modern precepts of conservation, and resulted in important scientific data being lost, along with great opportunities for sophisticated testing and sampling. The longterm negative impact of the intervention is feared to be substantial; the underlying premise, that the image was threatened, has been shown to be false.

B16 Medhi, Dilip K.

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University

Sarma, Dhritiman

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University. Guwahati, Assam, Republic of India

THE ERECTION OF MEGALITHS AMONG THE KARBIS OF BOWLAGOG, ASSAM

In research on megaliths, the erection of a stone plays a major role. In Northeast India, the erection of megaliths and small monoliths is a living process, which has been continuing for thousands of years. This paper has been made on the basis of the field work conducted on on 30^th January, 2008, the day of the death ritual of a Karbi person living in Bowlagog. In the paper, the whole process of erecting the monolith is shown; this is a major social ritual of the plain Karbi Society living in Bowlagog. The field work clearly indicates a pastpresent continuum.

B19 Medhi, Dilip K.

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University, Assam

EARLY PALAEOLITHIC ARTIFACTS IN ASSAM

Former Assam, geographically lying between South Asia, China and Southeast Asia, is a land of diverse culture having diagnostic features of all its neighbours including the Haemoglobin E with Southeast Asia. Although the time of human movement from Southeast Asia and China remains unknown, prehistoric stone artifacts found across the region reflect close affinities. Neoliths comprising shouldered Celts and cordimpressed pottery of Southeast Asian origin leads to culturally identify this part of South Asia together with Bangladesh as belonging to Southeast Asia culturally. The Garo Hills of Meghalaya have plenty of stone artifacts, which are claimed to have Palaeolithic elements; palaeoliths appear in parts of Manipur, and Burma's Anyathian Palaeoliths appear in Tripura and in Mizoram. The 2007 discovery of Palaeolithic artifacts in border territories of Assam and Meghalaya attaches a new dimension to the Palaeolithic culture of the region.

D4 Medhi, Dilip K.

Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University, Assam

MAJULI, A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF ASSAM

Majuli, a worldfamous freshwater river island in Assam that harbours the NeoVaishnavite Culture of Indian Subcontinent is currently fighting to be inscribed on the World Heritage List. The River Brahmaputra has created a unique landscape in Assam, its course running through the Eastern Himalayas from the Manas Sarovar Lake in China, and finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Threatened with yearly flooding by the River Brahmaputra, Majuli is recognized as one of the noted cultural landscapes of South Asia. Originally there were 66 Vaishnavite Sattras (monasteries), but today the Island houses only the following Sattras the Kamalabari called the Uttar Kamalabari, the Natun Kamlabari known as NaSattra, Pacchim Kamalabari, Bhogpur, Benengaati, Dakshinpat, Auniati and the Gormur; these Sattras are either surviving in their original locations or moved to different destinations after they were engulfed in River Brahmaputra.

C3 Medrana, Jack G. L.

University of the Philippines

RECONSTITUTING AESTHETICS IN THE ANCIENT FILIPINO BODY

How about an archaeology of body aesthetics? I am inviting the archaeological and the aesthetic in a fashion show attended by multiple beholders of beauty. The body as beautiful is a construct produced by chroniclers, ethnographers, and archaeologists, and it is oftentimes considered in the creation of social identity. The paper will attempt to address questions like: What have been done towards an archaeology of body aesthetics? What are the developing issues and trends? The Filipino body of the past would be the main participant doing the catwalk. Beginning with a review on the aesthetic discourse, the second part of the show looks into the documentary reconstruction of the Filipino corpus. Then there would be a shift of the spotlights to the archaeology of the skeleton, highlighting the osteological attributes and changes such as artificial cranial reformation and teeth modifications which are highly perceived to be associated with the beautiful.

B4 Mei, Goh Hsiao

Saidin, Mokhtar

Centre for Archaeological Research, Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang

LATE PLEISTOCENEEARLY HOLOCENE CULTURAL EVIDENCE IN KAJANG CAVE, LENGGONG VALLEY, PERAK, MALAYSIA

Systematic research was conducted in Kajang Cave, Lenggong Valley, Perak from January to February 2007 in order to resolve some issues and problems identified from the previous research conducted by Evans (1918), WilliamsHunt (1951,1952) and Chia (1997). This research is intended to reconstruct the prehistoric chronology of Kajang Cave using chronometric dating and to save the cultural data which is being destroyed by guano collectors. In the excavations, 2 insitu human burials (GK 1 and GK 2) were uncovered from two different cultural layers. Radiocarbon dating analysis from shell samples suggested a late Pleistocene date of 10,820 ± 60 BP (Beta 227446) for GK 1 and early Holocene date of 7,890 ± 80 (Beta 227445) for GK 2. Excavation in Gua Kajang uncovered at least 6 cultural layers from a depth of about 150cm. Temporally, the stone artifacts distributed through the site show a continuity in production technology, typology and raw material from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. In addition, faunal remains found did not show a drastic change in the types of species over the time span. Analysis of the pottery sherds shows that this pottery shared similar characteristic with pottery found in other prehistoric sites in the Lenggong Valley, dated 3,000 – 4,000 years ago. Overall, archaeological research has placed Kajang Cave as one of the most important late Pleistocene – early Holocene sites in the Lenggong Valley and it has been identified as a “multicomponent” site, which was used for human habitation and for burial purposes.

B10 Melendres, Rhayan G

University of the Philippines

AS RITUAL, STATUS and ESOTERIC OBJECT: THE EVOLVING FUNCTIONS OF ORIENTAL TRADEWARE CERAMICS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH TIME

One of the types of ceramics that particularly interest archaeologists in Southeast Asia is known as “oriental tradeware ceramics”. Oriental tradeware ceramics had long been a valued object and merchandise in the interactions of culture between China and Southeast Asia and also between China and polities further west. They are very popular because of their practical and functional use that is why they succeeded in inducing changes in the daily life of the ancient Filipinos. Later on these wares were considered opulent items because of their intrinsic beauty and highly esteemed because of the status attached to them. They had become a measurement of one’s wealth even before the European arrived. Moreover, as they were imbued with spiritual qualities, they were kept as family heirlooms and used as funerary objects in burial sites of the people in many places in the Philippines. This paper will look at the evolving functions of oriental tradeware ceramics among the Filipinos, then and now. It will discuss the roles of these ceramics as burial goods and funerary furniture, as ritual and magical objects, and as status goods and prized possessions of the living.

B16 Melendres, Rhayan G.

SOCIAL RELATIONS, SEASONALITY AND FISH STATUS IN CANDABA SWAMP FISH EXCHANGE: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

According to William Longacre, ethnoarchaeology is the study of variability in material culture and its relations to human behavior and organization among extant societies to be used in archaeological interpretation. And one of its concerns is trade and exchange of raw materials and artifacts across space and time through a variety of physical, ritualistic, and organizational mechanisms. This study will illustrate how social relations, fishing season and fish status influence the distribution and exchange of Candaba Swamp fishes among the people of San Agustin, Candaba, Pampanga, Philippines. It will show what fishes are bartered, bought and gifted depending on the social relations the people, fishing season and value or status of the fish. Also, archaeological implications of this study will be explicated.

C5 Melendres, Rhayan G.

THE MOUNT PINATUBO ERUPTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF CENTRAL LUZON, PHILIPPINES: EVIDENCES FROM ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOHISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located in Central Luzon Philippines. Before its eruption in 1991, this inconspicuous and heavily forested mountain supported thousands of indigenous people in particular the Aytas. Earlier large eruptions occurred 17,000, 9000, 6000–5000 and 3900–2300 years ago. Each of these eruptions seems to have been very large, ejecting more than 10 km³ of material and covering large parts of the surrounding areas with pyroclastic flow deposits. Scientists estimate that the most recent eruption before 1991 happened about 450 years ago, and after that, the volcano lay dormant. And these eruptions adversely affected the indigenous people of Central Luzon. This paper will look at the consequences and effects of these eruptions on the lives of the people of the Central Luzon most specially among the Aytas. It will focus on changes on political and social structure, resource mobilization and exchange, architecture and settlement patterns and lifestyle of the people. Evidences will come from archeological, ethnohistorical and ethnographic data.

D1 Melendres, Rhayan G.

HOW OLD IS THE BABO BALUKBUK SITE? : THE USE ORIENTAL TRADEWARE CERAMICS AND RADIOCARBON DATING IN IDENTIFYING THE AGE OF PORAC, PAMPANGA, PHILIPPINES

Central to the process of doing archaeology is the necessity of understanding the chronological sequencing of archaeological entities and past events. Without a firm grasp of this sequencing, archaeologists would not be able to deal with issues of behavioral process and evolution. Archaeology as a discipline would be reduced to a dry cataloguing of artifacts and monuments of change in past human cultures. For this reason, dating the past has been one of the most crucial methodological problems facing archaeologists. Two sources of dating were used in identifying the age of Babo Balukbuk, Porac, Pampanga, Philippines namely: oriental tradeware ceramics dating and radiocarbon dating. This paper will discuss the results of these dating techniques and its implications in the better understanding of the preSpanish people of Pampanga, Philippines.

C15 Mijares, Armand Salvador B.

University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

Lewis, Helen

University College Dublin

UNDERSTANDING CAVE SITE FORMATION: SOIL MICROMOPHOLOGY OF CALLAO CAVE

At Callao Cave, three periods of human occupation were unravelled. A 3.3 ka layer with ceramic, flake tools, spindle whorl, animal remains and human burials was excavated. Below this layer was a hiatus, followed by a 25ka human occupation seen macroscopically and microscopically through a hearth represented by abundant charcoal and burnt sediments, associated in the field with chert flake tools. The lowest cultural horizon is an older breccia layer containing animal bones and possible bone tools and a hominin metatarsal found dating to 66.7 ka. Soil micromorphology among other approaches was used to understand deposition and postdeposition history of the cave sediments and elucidate in the understanding of human occupation.

C7 Miksic, John

National University of Singapore

The Bakong Kilns Near Roluos

A survey in the area near the Bakong temple in Roluos in December 2007 conducted by APSARA and students from the Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, identified numerous kiln sites in that area. Two of these were subjected to emergency excavation in January 2008, and a single radiocarbon date was obtained. The sample size is small, so that conclusions from these results regarding the course of Khmer ceramic evolution must be provisional, but the finds here form an interesting contrast to those known from other kiln sites in the areas further north, at Tanei and on Phnom Kulen itself. The subject of ceramic studies in Khmer archaeology as practiced by Khmers is evolving rapidly, and further insights into the role of ceramics in ancient Khmer society, which in turn should eventually enable us to understand the organization of production and the economy in the empire.

C12 MIN Rui

Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, China

EXCAVATION OF THE HAIMENKOU SITE IN JIANCHUAN, YUNNAN

The recent excavation at the Haimenkou site in 2008 has revealed much information about this important settlement. The cultural deposits are divided to three phases, including late Neolithic (53003900 BP), early Bronze Age (38003200 BP), and middle to late Bronze Age (31002500 BP). In addition to some 4000 wooden poles, which were parts of piledwellings, we also uncovered human burials, bronze, hearths, rice, millet and wheat. These discoveries provide new evidence for understanding settlement patterns, bronze metallurgy, and agricultural development in southwest China.

C14 Miyamoto, Kazuo

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Japan

STATE FORMATION PROCESS OF DONGYI AREA VIEWED FROM THE INTERACTION SPHERE IN EAST ASIA

In this paper I focused on the state formation process of Fuyu in DongYi Area. First of all, the chronology and development of the antenna type bronze swords which originated from northern bronzes would be analyzed based on the typology and their distribution. These results indicate that the Ⅱc-type antenna type sword dating from the 2nd century B.C. and the antenna type of Ⅴ-type irons swords dating from 1st century B.C. are distributed only in the Jichang region, and developed as iron swords that symbolized the Fuyu at the time when Fuyu become politically united. And the mortuary analysis at the Laoheshen cemetery indicates the three clusters which are divided into three segments of the social structures. A patriarchal society developed based on paternal decent and the differences in rank of the clan units are evident from the three clusters of cemetery. The highest rank graves which consist of male graves also have the prestige goods such as helmets, Han mirrors and “fu” cooking vessels. The grave goods like Han mirrors indicate the relationship between Fuyu and the Han dynasties, and “fu” cooking vessels elucidates the relationship between Fuyu and northern bronze cultures. Given the hierarchical relationships at the Laoheshan cemetery and the evidence of Ⅴ-type antenna type bronze swords, the establishments of sovereignty in Fuyu most likely goes back to the 1st century B.C.

C14 Mizoguchi, Koji

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Japan

THE CENTRALIZATION OF POWER AND THE GENERATION OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL: A NETWORK APPROACH TO THE KOFUN (MOUNDED TOMB) PERIOD OF JAPAN

This paper reveals by applying social network analysis-derived methods that the centralised hierarchy that emerged at the beginning of the Kofun (mounded tomb) period in Japan can be explained by the geographical locations that the polities to be hierarchised occupy and the differences in the topological potentials that these locations generate. The paper argues that the topological structure of a social network itself can be a significant cause of its own hierarchisation, and that the formation of devices for supporting emergent network hierarchy often involves the generation of the transcendental as the supreme referential point for hierarchized decision-makings.

B4 Mokhtar, Naizatul Akma Mohd

Center for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

THE DISCOVERY OF IRON SMELTING IN SG. BATU, LEMBAH BUJANG, KEDAH

Recent excavations in Lembah Bujang, Kedah revealed an iron smelting site, with iron artefacts, furnaces, tuyeres and slag. This site was dated by radiocarbon to between BP 1730 and 1300. This iron smelting site is located in the famous Lembah Bujang civilization site which was known as a HinduBuddhist site. Research in Lembah Bujang since the 1840's has found more than 80 sites, the majority being candi. This is the first time we have found an iron smelting site as part of the Lembah Bujang industry. This raises again the question of whether iron working was brought in to Malaysia as a result of a trade system, or developed independently. A comparison will be made with other contemporaneous sites in Southeast Asia to determine the correlations with this site.

B16 Mondal, Munmun

Department of Archaeology

University of Calcutta, India

'BARA MURTI' : AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF A DEITY OF LOWER BENGAL

Dakshindar or Dakshin roy is a God widely worshiped in the rural districts of Bengal, specially in the adjoining regions of Sundarbans. Dakshindar or Dakshin roy means the Lord of the South and as the Sundarban is in the south of Bengal and infested with mischievous wild beats, mainly the ferocious Royal Bengal tiger, the influence of the deity on the tiger is popular as it deemed to have the power to check its extensive havoc in the villages lying in the neighbourhood of the Sundarbans. So he is considered as a tigergod. Invocations to the tiger God Daskin Ray are also considered a necessity by the local populace for safe passage throughout the Sundarbans area. This tradition of worshiping ‘Bara’ is practiced for at least 600 years in this region and still the tradition is going on.

D3 Mondal, Debasis Kumar

Department of Anthropology

West Bengal State University

Traditional process of brass working among Ghantara community of Village SadEibereni, District Dhenkanal, Orissa, India

Brass industry in Orissa goes as far back as the Chalcolithic period. The indigenous method of brass casting still exists in a few pockets of Orissa. Sadeibereni village of Sadar Block in Dhenkanal district of Orissa is famous for brass making. The craft is locally known as ‘dhokra’. The artisans of Sadeibereni village belong to a scheduled caste group known as ‘Ghantara’. Traditionally they are the craftsmen working on brass and are experts in the lost wax process of casting. The knowledge and skill of casting is passed from one generation to other generations. At present the craft is being practiced by both male and female artisans and this is their primary source of livelihood. Although the craftsmen manufacture their ware through out the year but the amount of production varies time to time, depending upon demand for brass objects. Especially during the rainy season there is a recession in demand. Agricultural labour provides secondary source of livelihood to the people. The artisans of the village make both decorative items and ritualistic objects. Ritualistic objects are mainly prepared for local people. Dhokra items are purchased for their beauty and for their typical antique looks. There is good market for the brass objects both within the country and even in other countries. The present paper will highlight the sustainability of the brass work tradition in this region, which is undergoing gradual change with the change in value, belief system and need of the people under the forces of modernization.

B3 Moore, Elizabeth

SOAS, Department of Art & Archaeology, Thornhaugh Street, London

MYANMAR BRONZES AND THE DIAN CULTURES OF YUNNAN

Bronze musical instruments from the Samon valley (circa 1922º N, 9597ºE), Upper Myanmar, closely resemble mortuary goods from cemeteries such as Shizhaishan and Lijiashan near Lake Dian. Other goods akin to Yunnan in the Samon distribution include bronze halberds and Heger I drums or cowrie containers of the early centuries CE. The rich finds of bronze and bronzeiron implements of Upper Myanmar are dated to circa 600 BC – 400 CE but the sites began to be documented only in 1998 and absolute dates remain scarce. While the musical instruments, halberds and Heger I drums parallel those of the Dian cultures of circa 300 BC – 100 CE, the majority of the Samon goods have not yet been found outside Myanmar. The most common Samon finds are small bronze packets or kye doke with other bronzes including floral ornaments and 'mothergoddess' relief figures. Polished stone beads range from simple spheres to various zoomorphic forms such as tigers and elephants. Pottery and traces of cloth and the variation between graves indicates specialized production and a well developed social hierarchy. Despite these many signs of economic prosperity, the Samon chiefdoms were replaced by Buddhist kingdoms by the midfirst millennium CE. The small number of links between the Samon and early Buddhist cultures suggest that the religious and social change reflects fluctuating relations between Myanmar, Yunnan and South Asia.

C9 Morrison, Alex E.

University of Hawaii, Manoa and International Archaeological Research Institute Inc.

Filimoehala, Chris

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Bell, Matthew

International Archaeological Research Institute Inc.

MULTISCALE REMOTE SENSING APPROACHES FOR DOCUMENTING MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE ON RAPA, NUI, CHILE

The island of Rapa Nui is perhaps best known for the more than 700 megalithic statutes located across the island’s landscape. However, a diversity of other monumental archaeological features exists on the surface of the island. This presentation explores a variety of remote sensing techniques for recording monumental architecture. These methods include low elevation aerial photography, blimp and kite assisted aerial photography, and satellite imagery. 3 dimensional methods are also discussed. Finally, the ramification of these recording techniques for heritage management and archaeological research is considered.

C15 Morrison, Alex E.

University of Hawaii, Mānoa, and International Archaeological Research Institute Inc.

Cochrane, Ethan E

University College London

RECONSTRUCTING THE PALEOLANDSCAPE OF A LAPITA SITE: GEOMORPHOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ON TAVUA ISLAND, FIJI

In 2006 and 2009 extensive archaeological and geomorphologic research was conducted on Tavua Island, Fiji. Archaeological investigations revealed the presence of dentate stamped pottery, abundant faunal material, and formal lithic tools within a well developed, stratified deposit. The geomorphologic research documented extensive changes in both the terrestrial and marine environments since initial occupation of the coastal plain. These environmental changes provide context for interpreting broader scale cultural patterns. Methods discussed include 3 dimensional landscape modeling, subsurface coring, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating.

C16 Morrison, Alex E.

University of Hawaii, Manoa

WHAT CAN A HISTORICAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE TELL US ABOUT MARINE RESOURCE USE AND/OR THE HISTORY OF MARINE AREAS/ PERSPECTIVES FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

While the archaeological record provides a record of the precontact use of marine resources and marine environments, interpretations of these patterns can be difficult because of multiple interrelated processes that may have occurred simultaneously. Some of these processes include direct effects on prey species caused by human predation, natural and humaninduced environmental change, site formation processes, and a variety of cultural factors. Can a historical ecology approach help to disentangle these factors and create better explanations for patterns in the archaeological record? Examples from several Pacific Island case studies are discussed.

C5 Morwood, Michael J.

GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.

Westaway, Kira E.

Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

Island of fire: volcanoes as agents of death, destruction and migration on Flores Island, Indonesia

Volcanoes forming the central spine of Flores Island have dominated every square metre of island space since it was formed ~12 million years ago by submarine volcanism. The stratigraphy and archaeological evidence found at two sites on Flores can be used to reconstruct the relationships that existed between hominins and volcanoes on this section of the Indonesian archipelago. These sites are: Soa Basin, an ancient lakeshore environment near Bajawa in central Flores and Liang Bua an inland cave site located in the mountainous region of Ruteng in western Flores. Both sites display evidence of massive volcanic destruction; with large erosion contacts, thick tephra deposits and lack of occupation deposits immediately after each event. This evidence suggests that the dominance of Flores by volcanoes was not restricted to just visual appearance but influenced the survival and preferred location of hominins and other fauna, particularly Stegodon. Morwood will discuss the influence of volcanism on the ~800 ka hominins from Soa, while Westaway will recount the impact of the 17 ka eruption on the inhabitants of Liang Bua. The sediments at Soa are inherently volcanic, ranging from deep tuffs to ignimbrites and lava flows, and demonstrates the consistent volcanic influences on the sedimentology and environment of this area. In contrast, the sediments at Liang Bua are periodically punctuated with evidence of volcanic events, with the two largest occurring at ~17 and 12 ka. The volcanic events at Soa caused death, destruction and possibly the extinction of certain Stegodon species (Stegodon sondaari), while the Liang Bua events may have caused migration to another less affected area of Flores.

B4 Naizatul Akma Mohd Mokhtar

Mokhtar Saidin

Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

THE DISCOVERY OF IRON SMELTING IN SG. BATU, LEMBAH BUJANG, KEDAH

Recent excavations in Lembah Bujang, Kedah revealed an iron smelting site, with iron artefacts, furnaces, tuyeres and slag. This site was dated by radiocarbon, gives BP 1730 and 1300. This iron smelting site is located in the famous Lembah Bujang civilization site which was known as HinduBuddhist site. Early researchs in Lembah Bujang since 1840's was found more than 80 sites, majorities was mentioned as candi. And this is the first time we found the Lembah Bujang industry, the iron smelting site. This raises again the question of whether iron working was brought in to Malaysia during trade system, or developed independently. A comparison will be made with other contemporaneous sites in Southeast Asia to determine the correlations with this site.

C8 Nakamura, Daisuke

Korea University

CHARACTERISTICS OF PREHISTORIC LIAONING PENINSULA

There is a deep relation between the Liaodong and Shangdong peninsulas starting from 4000 B.C. when agriculture was brought from Shangdong to Liaodong peninsula. Later on, in about 2000 B.C., almost the same Shangdong peninsula pottery style appeared in the Liaodong peninsula. Then, while the pottery influence of the Shangdong peninsula disappeared from Shuangtouzi third period in Liaodong peninsula, the exchange was continued in the form of rice which was imported from the Shangdong peninsula where it already had paddy fields.

However the people who lived in the southern part of the Liaodong peninsula made cairns as their traditional graves. These are different from the burial system of the Shangdong peninsula throughout the period. In addition, the cairns and pottery of the Liaodong peninsula do not spread past its northern and western boundaries. When the Liaoning style bronze dagger came in from the north, ornamental pottery different from other areas kept on being used in the southern part of the Liaodong peninsula. Agriculture along with stone implements had diffused from Shangdong peninsula to the Korean Peninsula via the Liaodong peninsula. The pottery style and burial system of the Liaodong peninsula did not, however, influence other areas in contrast to agricultural relations.

The fact that there were Yan and Han dynasty forts in the Liaodong peninsula in the 3rd century B.C. shows the importance of this place as a transit area to the east. However the people living in the Liaoning peninsula were not cultural pioneers but intermediary traders for people living in areas surrounding them. This is believed to be caused by the area’s unique island characteristics.

C14 Nakamura, Daisuke

Korea University, Republic of Korea

Nagatomo, Tomoko

Osaka University, Japan

THE POLITY GROWTH OF PROTO-THREE KINGDOM SOCIETIES AS SEEN THROUGH THE RELATIONSHIP OF YAN AND LELANG

The Han dynasty looked on more favorably to Wa (prehistoric Japan) more than Byun Han and Jin Han from the view point of analysis in grave goods which came from China in the 1st century B.C. There are two reasons for this. One is the geographical character of Wa in that it is the farthest from China among the Dongyi states (Okamura 1999). The other reason is the possibility that Byun Han and Jin Han were in the vicinity of the Lelang Commandery and accepted Wiman-Josun hegemony and hence became the enemy of Han. The largest difference between Byun, Jin Han and Wa is whether they had accepted iron weapons or not from Wiman-Josun. It is suspected that the existence of iron weapons became a main cause of double diplomacy for the southern part of the Dongyi area. The historical literary documents and archaeological material show that the Han dynasty was more favorable to Wa in the Later Han period, with this situation continuing until the Kofun period in the Japanese archipelago. On the other hand, states in the Korean peninsula had come to indirectly resist the governing polity in China, and directly resisted the Lelang Commandery, just as the Han dynasty predicted.

B9 NAKAZAWA Yuichi

Section of Cultural Resource Management, Zao Board of Education, Zao Town, Japan

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF OBSIDIAN CONCENTRATIONS AT THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC SITE OF KAWANISHI C, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN

Artifacts’ proveniences provide the most important data to evaluate site space use. In the Japanese Paleolithic research, collecting three dimensional data of artifacts’ proveniences is a routine procedure in excavations of Paleolithic sites. Using the data set of obsidian artifacts’ proveniences that make up the clusters extensively distributed in the Upper Paleolithic openair site of Kawanishi C (dated to ca. 20,000B.P.), eastern Hokkaido (northern Japan), I address the question as to how site occupants organized their activities in relation to the hearths. Formation processes of artifact clusters both with and without hearths are discussed by an analysis of sizesorting processes of burnt and nonburnt obsidian debitage which I systematically identified during intensive laboratory works. While patterns of vertical distributions of artifacts and refitted relationships among the clusters do not separate sequence of occupations at the study site, results of the present analysis will give implications about how occupants organized site space in the course of occupations and maintained social ties among residential groups. The present study will illuminate aspects of complex relationships between site space use and labor organization among the late Upper Paleolithic foragers.

B9 Naoe, Yasuo

Hokkaido Archaeological Operations Center, Sapporo, Japan

PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF OBSIDIAN IN THE SHIRATAKI REGION (HOKKAIDO ISLAND, JAPAN)

The purpose of this work is to understand the distribution of sites, obsidian procurement, and spatiotemporal changes in obsidian use in the Shirataki region of Hokkaido, northern Japan. There are many Paleolithic sites in this region, and the Akaishi Mountain is well-known as an obsidian source. The Upper Paleolithic industries of the Shirataki region are divided into 22 groups. Analyses of the distribution of sites, type of cortex on obsidian nodules, and the transportation patterns of obsidian within the sites found that the positions of the large sites are related to the junctions of the Yubetsu River and its small tributaries originating from Akaishi Mountain. An angular gravel type of obsidian was used in the oldest stage of the Upper Paleolithic. Obsidian was transported in the form of big angular gravels from the outcrops of Akaishi Mountain to the sites located in the Yubetsu River basin. The chronology of the 22 industries in the Shirataki region allows us to divide them into four stages. In the second stage (the early microblade industry), the distribution range of the Shirataki obsidian expanded up to 350 km in radius. After this period, the range of transportation for obsidian cores used for reduction was gradually decreased; however, the distance between source and utilization sites for other obsidian tools expanded.

B16 Narayanen, Suresh

Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON POTTERY MAKING IN SEMPORNA, SABAH

This paper presents the findings of an ethnoarchaeological survey and research on traditional pottery makers in Semporna, Sabah. Ethnoarchaeological research was carried out at traditional potting villages in Semporna in order to gather information about pottery technology, source, economy and trade. In addition, data on the genealogy of pottery making tradition amongst potters was also collected from present day potters. The data gathered from the present pottery makers were compared with pottery data obtained from prehistoric sites in Semporna, Sabah. The results of the study revealed continuity in pottery types, technology and production from prehistoric times to the present day in Semporna.

D4 Narayan, Chandra Goswami

Sattradhikar, Natun Kamalabari Sattra, Majuli, Assam

THE NATUN KAMALABARI SATTRA, MAJULI, ASSAM

In the 15^th Century AD, His Holiness Shri Shri Sankardeva, the greatest Saint of India propagated the NeoVaishnavite religion in Assam with sole faith and belief in Lord Krishna who is the Almighty God in Hindu religion. The Saint whom we call the Jagat guru (Guru of the World) did research into his religion and worked on its development in the peaceful environment of Majuli Island in the midst of River Brahmaputra. Badula ata or Padma ata, one of his principal devotees established the Kamalabari Satta in the Island first; and the Sattra complex proliferated into 66 at different localities in Majuli later. Today only 22 Sattras survive at Majuli. The remainder have either been eroded by the River Brahmaputra or have shifted to different localities of Assam.

The Natun Kamalabari Sattra, which stemmed from the formerKamalabari Sattra is a centre of all kinds of Vishnavite activities comprising daytoday activities of Namprasanga, dance, music, varieties of rituals and festivals including dramas and a number of vocational crafts like writing books on the tissues of plant with indigenous technology of making dye and ink, maskmaking and basketry works from cane and bamboo. In this presentation, the Natun Kamlabari Sattra and its resources will be highlighted.

B1 Negishi, Yo

Tokyo University

THE DESCENDANT OF LAPITA: PRELIMINARY REPORT OF WARI ISLAND IN THE MASSIM, EASTERN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

This is an excavation report of a shell midden in Wari island located in the Massim, eastern Papua New Guinea. Wari island is famous for its unique modern ceramic production in this region, and there are some prehistoric middens in its southern coastal area. The cultural deposits of the trial trench consists of three layers as follows: Layer I, Kula ring era, Layer II, redslipped pottery, and Layer III, as nonslipped carinated pottery. Combining the typological analysis of ceramics with radiocarboncarbon determinations, I will compare the Wari ceramic sequence to Mailu Island as excavated by Irwin, especially in relation to Early Papuan Pottery (EPP). This excavation can contribute to the PostLapita discussion in southern coastal Papua.

C10 Neri, Leee M.

University of Philippines, Philippines

SPANISH STRUCTURAL RUINS FOUND IN THE COASTAL AREA IN NORTHERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

This paper is the result of the initial archaeological survey conducted in2007 and 2008 along the coastal area of northern Mindanao, particularly in the provinceof Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Seven visible structures of Spanish ruins were identified. Majority of these ruins were already abandoned and only a number were preserved and protected. These seven ruins are located in the municipalities of Initao, Laguindingan, El Salvador, Opol, Jasaan, Balingoan, and the city of Gingoog. These ruins are very significant to our collective understanding of the past. They are part of local histories that shape their respective towns and the local community in general.

B10 Nesterov, Sergei P. and Mylnikova, Ludmila N.

Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF EARLY POTTERY FROM EAST ASIA

The question of the centre(s) of pottery origin remains open to discussion. It is possible to solve it only after the publication of data on the pottery complexes from the Early Neolithic sites. At the Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography (Novosibirsk, Russia), the multidisciplinary study of early pottery from some regions in East Asia (Amur River basin and Primorye (Maritime) Province of the Russian Far East, and Korea) was conducted. It includes the application of natural science methods, besides binocular microscopy, and this has given us objective information for comparison of results. Qualitative and quantitative data on the composition of clay mixture was obtained with the help of Xray diffraction, Xray phase, and microprobe analyses. They testify the use of local sources for clay raw material within each region.

The important result of our study of the clay mixtures is that two kinds of plants were used for tempering the earliest pottery. Plants with wide blades (such as sedge grass, Carex sp.) were used in the Amur River basin (Osipovka cultural complex at the SikachiAlan site). The use of plants with narrow blades was detected at several sites in the western part of the Amur River basin (Gromatukha, Novopetrovka, and Sergeevka sites), in Primorye (Ustinovka site), and on Jeju Island off the Korean coast (Kosanni site).

Data on the quality of pottery firing were obtained using the derivatogravimetric method, and it was found that the temperature of firing for plantfibertempered pottery was quite low.

B4 Ngo Thi Lan

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam

THE PIPPALA LEAF SHAPED DECORATIVE MOTIF ON THE ROOFS OF ARCHITECTURAL SITES IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM

Pippala leaf shaped decorative motif is a decorative type named “L¸ ®Ò”. This decorative motif has been universally used in the art of Vietnam, with particularly original forms on the roofs of architectural sites in the North of Vietnam. Thus, based on the documentations that are the typical artifacts in archeological discoveries, investigation and excavation, this article is to systematize and research on the types, patterns and technology that present this decorative type. From that point, one defines dates and specific characteristics of the Pippala leaf shaped decorative motif in historical periods. The Pippala leaf shaped decorative motif on roofs is a new creation and contribution that help to form a new architectural decorative tradition in the architectural sites in the North of Vietnam. The Pippala leaf shaped decorative motif also has a part in studying a process of decoration on the roofs of architectural sites in the Vietnam

B4 Nguyen Dong Truong

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam

Christopher Clarkson

U. of Queensland, Australia

THE ORGANIZATION OF DRILLPOINT PRODUCTION AT A LATE NEOLITHIC WORKSHOP OF BAI BEN, VIETNAM

This paper investigates the issue of how stone drill points were manufactured at the Late Neolithic workshop of Bai Ben, Northeastern Vietnam, from a technological perspective, and with the aim of understanding the organisation of technology at the site. Within this organisational approach, the issue is investigated in a comprehensive behavioural manner from raw material procurement to drill manufacture, use, maintenance, and discard. Attribute based statistical methods are developed to observe the timeordering of dimensional and morphological changes of classes of cores and drills with the ultimate aim of reconstructing the reduction sequences for cores and drill points. In so doing, the whole processes from raw material transformation or core reduction/flake production to drillpoint manufacture and discard are better elucidated. Apart from that, the effects of the availability and varying sizes of raw material on the core reduction patterns and the technological choices, and the effect of reduction intensity on drill morphologies can be more understood.

B4 Nguyen Gia Doi

Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi

A REVIEW OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE OCCUPATIONS IN VIETNAM

Based on paleontological analyses from the excavations at Lang Trang cave, Duoi Uoi cave and other locations indicate that around 60-80ka the north of Vietnam was still covered by subtropical and tropical zones. The Duoi Uoi assemblage is characterised by the abundance of megamammals as rhinocerotids, Elephas, bubalus bubalis, Tapirus indicus which suggests at 66 ka a forested area and some open habitats, under warm and humid conditions. These humid conditions might existed in this area from the Middle Pleistocene to the late Late Pleistocene ( Keo Leng cave 30-20 ka; lowermost of Nguom rockshelter, Dieu rockshelter, and Cho cave dated around 22-30 ka) according to the faunal similarities. The evidences of climatic change to cool and dry condition could be occurred at around 30 ka, but until 23 ka temperature droped to rather low corresponding to disappearance of Pongo and Stegodon. Around between 17 ka and 12 ka, the climate is charactered by a temperate zone and after 12 ka, it changed towards to warm and humid condition.

Late Pleistocene occupations

Early Late Pleistocene sites

So far several sites there have been found in this period such as Tham Om (Nghe An Prov.), Doi Thong (Ha Giang prov.), and Lang Vac (Nghe An prov.). Tham Om is a big cave which yielded a rather large number of animal fossils. The fauna from Tham Om cave sediment is almost similarities with counterpart of Hang Hum, Lang Trang and Ma Uoi cave. However, the appearance of Gingantopithecus blacki and Paleoxodon cf. namadicus is able to indicate the date for the fossils around between teminal Late Middle Pleistocene and primary Late Pleistocene as Hum cave (140-80 ka.) The cave also produced fossil of Homo sapiens (early Homosapiens) together with flake tools made by quartz are the evidences for the occupation of Homo sapiens in this region.

Doi Thong site is located on a hill slope formely to be the terrace of Lo river. The stratigraphy of the site from bottom to upper part can be observed as follows: schist bed rock; reddish schist weathered clay mixed with pebble and gravel layer; alluvial soil layer. Stone artifacts were recovered almost from the reddish schist weathered clay. Generally, stone tools of the site are rather big with 20cm long, 10cm wide and 1kg in average and are manufactured simply with limited percussions. Typologically, these include most of pointed-edged tools (picks), end-choppers, large scrapers and worked pebbles. Probably, The Doi Thong stone assemblage has been assigned around 0.1 MYA. However, by comparative studies between Doi Thong and some stone assemblages in Kwangxi (China), it could be dated back to Middle Pleistocene.

Lang Vac site is located on a gentle hill slope near Hieu river bank. Based on the latest excavation in 1990 conducted by Vietnamese and Japanese joint research team, the stratigraphy has 10 layers nearly 2 metres in thickness. Bronge Age burials are revealed from Layer 4 up, and chipped stone artifacts from layer 5 down (0.9cm in depth down) in a laterite and eroded soil layer. Most of stone artifacts made by quartz pebbles which are availble along Hieu river bank. Clasification on over 300 artifacts of the latest excavation assemblage include types of pointed-edged pieces, end-edged pieces, round-edged pieces, side-edged pieces, double-edged pieces, convergent-edged pieces, corner-edged pieces, truncated-edged pieces, adzed-shaped pieces, flaked pebbles, cores, hammer stones, pebble flakes, retouched flakes. The stone implements from Lang Vac have been attributed as Son Vi culture but its date maybe early Late Pleistocene, somewhat resemble Doi Thong counterparts.

Middle Late Pleistocene

Sonvian stone assemblages has been argued a pre-Hoabinhian industry with over 200 localities distributed along the upper-middle part of Hong, Da, Luc Nam, Ma, Ca, and some other river basins in Central Highland. These sites mostly located on river terraces hence except stone artifacts, no any faunal or other remains have been found. Thought these are some variations in local features but basically include types of pointed-edged tools, end-choppers, side-choppers, round-edged tools, truncated-edged pieces, large scrapers, etc. So far, almost none of absolute date for Son Vi assemblages so that its chronology needs to be discussed. Based on the chronological sequence of Hoabinhian, It is possibly to assume that due to climatic fluctuation the Sonvian mobility hunter-gatherer organizations were broken up at around 30 ka.

Late and teminal Late Pleistocene

The Sonvian inhabitants moved into caves forming Hoabinhian strata occurred at around 30 ka. Recently, rather many Hoabinhian sites Tham Khuong cave, Dieu rockshelter, Xom Trai cave, Cho cave, Muoi cave, Ang Ma cave, Ong Bay rockshelter etc., have been dated around between 18-30 ka for their lower levels. This phase corresponds with the cold and dry condition as mentioned above. Thus, it is proposed that the change in settlemental patern from open locations into caves in order to avoid cold climate. The initial Hoabinhian strata almost maintains tool-making tradition like Sonvian. Probably, Hoabinhian as its real meaning actually appeared around after 18 ka.

With the chronological sequence and cultural systerms as said above, Nguom flake industry existed mostly as same time as innitial Hoabinhian. Nguom is considered as specific industry which may relate to “small tool” tradition in China.

A5 Nguyen Khac Su

Vietnamese Institute of Archaeology

LATE PLEISTOCENE - EARLY HOLOCENE CULTURAL CHANGES THROUGH THE STRATIGRAPHY OF CON MOONG CAVE

The site of Con Moong is situated in Thanh Hoa province, at 147m above sea level. The site has been excavated two times in 1976 and 2008 respectively. The stratum of the site extends 3.6m below the surface, encompassing 10 layers. On the basis of the prehistoric artifacts, the stratum can be divided into three different cultural deposits:

The cultural deposit I (layer 9) is characterized by lime clay which comprises mountainous snails (Cyclophorus), animal bone remains, kitchen vestiges and burials. Stone pebble tools recovered were crudely manufactured, including such primary typologies as side chopper, end chopper, quarter pebble tool, flake tools, bone point and so on, which are typically representative of the Sonvian – an Upper Paleolithic culture of 17000 to 14000 BP. This deposit also contains the fern pollen of Polypodiaceae and Cyatheaceae.

The cultural deposit II (layers 6 and 7) contains, apart from the lithic tool types seen in the cultural deposit I, several other types of artifacts, for example, almond-shaped tools, disc-shaped tools, Sumatraliths, short axes, long axses bone points, shell scrapers and so on. These tool types characterize the period of typical Hoabinhian in Early Neolithic dated from 14000 to 12000 BP.

The cultural deposit III (layers 2, 3 and 4) is characterized by the appearance of fresh water snails (Antimelania) and oysters (Sinohyriopsis cumingii, Lanceolaria oxynaia and Meretrix meretrix). Besides the lithic tool types listed in the lower deposits, new ones include edge-ground axes, bone points, shell scrapers and pottery, which distinctively represent the Bac Son culture with the dates ranging from 12000 to 7000 BP. On the surface of Con Moong cave, artifacts of the Da But culture aged from 7000 to 6500 BP have also found.

In the cultural deposits II and III, there is a great amount of the pollen of families such as Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Myricaceae, Meliaceae, Fagaceae and Poaceae. It is likely that the species of Leguminosae and Oryza sativa found in the cultural deposit III were domesticated.

(Further details will be given in the presentation).

C1 Nguyen Khanh Trung Kien

Center for Archaeological Studies, Ho Chi Minh City

LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF CU LAO RUA (BINH DUONG PROVINCEVIETNAM)

Cu Lao Rua (Binh Duong Province) is a famous archaeological site in the Dong Nam Bo area, discovered in 1888. During the 2003 excavation, the site was revealed to have two settlement periods and an earthen burial area. Thousands of stone tools found in cultural layers provide evidence for the activities and living conditions of ancient peoples; and the lack of weapons discovered suggests a more peaceful existence. This site belongs to the Dong Nai culture, and had relations with other sites along the Dong Nai River. The site dates to c. 3,500 to 2,500BP; the early period from 3,500–3,000BP, and the later period from 3,000–2,500BP

C1 Nguyen Kim Dung

Hanoi, Vietnam

THE AN SON AND MAN BAC NEOLITHIC SITES: A CASE STUDY OF EARLY AGRICULTURE IN VIETNAM PREHISTORY.

Though located very far from each other and in different enviroments, current excavations have revealed very rich assemblages of pottery, stone tools, plant and animal remains from An Son (Long An Province, lower Mekong basin) and Man Bac (Ninh Binh Province, lower Red basin). The paper will present our information from these two excavations, at An Son in 1997 and 2009, and at Man Bac from 20042007. Both sites are dated between 3500 and 3900 BP. The finds include many in situ burials, mostly in extented supine positions with faces upwards. Grave goods include pottery, stone tools, white and green jade onarments, and shell beads. The material and cultural evidence from these sites suggests that the evidence for agriculture, pottery and jade manufacture, marine resource exploitation and trade are all excellent markers for the development of the Neolithic of Vietnam.

A5 Nguyen Lan Cuong

Nguyen Kim Thuy

Nguyen Mai Huong

Pham Minh Huyen

Institute of Archeology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

THE FAUNA FOSSILS DISCOVERED AT MA TUYEN CAVE, MUONG KHUONG DISTRICT, LAO CAI PROVINCE( NORTH OF VIET NAM)

In May 2008, many fauna fossils were discovered on the walls and floor of the Ma Tuyen Cave in Muong Khuong district, Lao Cai province. Researchers of the Institute of Archaeology and the Lao Cai General Museum have conducted initial examinations of the remains and the upgrading of the cave has been postponed pending excavations. The examinations show that there are twelve families of six orders in this cave including Primate, Proboscidae, Carnivore, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla and Rodentia. Particularly, there are teeth fossils of both young and adult elephants of three species (Stegodon orientalis, Palaeoloxodon naumanni and Elephas indicus). The first two were present until the Pleistocene – one to some 10,000 years ago while the latter Elephas indicus (also named Elephas maximus) lived up to the Holocene (10,000 years ago). So far no trace of pongo has been found but there are plenty of teeth fossils of Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Teeth fossils of rhinos, boars, deer, cows, horses, monkeys, wolves, and porcupines have also been discovered. Lao Cai is the 14^th province in Vietnam with fauna fossils, the 4^th with Ailuropoda melanoleuca fossil, the 5^th with Palaeoloxodon teeth fossil, and the 6^th with Stegodon teeth fossil. The coming excavation is expected to discover fossils of Pongo, Homo sapiens and other animals.

B4 Nguyen Lan Cuong

Vietnamese Archaeological Association

BURIAL CUSTOMS AND HABITS OF PEOPLE IN PREHISTORIC VIETNAM

When researching on the skeletons of ancient people in Vietnam in the Stone Age and Metal Age, we discovered several customs and habits as well as some special interring methods. 1. Putting shellfish into eye orbits: In 2005, Vietnamese Archaeological Association and Tuyên Quang Museum carried out excavating Phia Vài cave (Tuyên Quang). Here 2 tombs were discovered, one of which belonged to Hòa Bình culture, appeared about 10,000 years ago. The dead people was interred in the supine position with their arms clasping their knees. The most important thing was that each of her orbit had a shellfish (Cyprea arabica type) inside. This was not a reburied skeleton, thus these two shellfish must have been put in just at the moment of enshrouding the dead one.

2. Extracting incisors: The custom of extracting incisors of adults has been seen in some countries such as China, Japan, Australia, in northern Africa and many islands in the Pacific. However in the north of Vietnam, this can only be seen in Phùng Nguyên culture 3000 – 4000 years ago, at such sites as Xóm Rền (Phú Thọ), Đồng Đậu (Vĩnh Phúc), Mán Bạc (Ninh Bình), Hang Tọ (Sơn La). Two other locations in the south of Vietnam, where the same phenomenon was also discovered, are Gò Ô Chùa (Long An) and Xóm Ốc (Quảng Ngãi).

3. Putting coins in orbits: At Nga Sơn (Thanh Hóa), in 1999 a bronze drum was excavated in which there was a skull having a bronze coin in each of its orbit. It was a reburied remain.

4. Interring several individuals in a pottery jar: In 2007 some Vietnamese and Japanese archaeologists excavated for the second time the site Hòa Diêm (Khánh Hòa), which was related to the famous Sa Huỳnh culture. In the tomb no. 8, 3 individuals were discovered: 1 woman and 2 children. From the classification of the teeth in tomb no. 11 from the same site, we can also find out 5 child individuals and an adult buried together in the same tomb.

Still in Sa Huỳnh culture, in the Xóm Ốc site (Quảng Ngãi), there was discovered a twin – corpses – tomb: the woman at the age of around 20-25 and the man about 50-60, whose middle finger had a ring made of mollusk shell. This was the first time such a phenomenon had been seen.

B4 Nguyen Quang Mien

Archaeological Institute of Vietnam

14C DATES AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL AREA OF VIETNAM

By accessing the human geoecology through the results of geological and archaeological studies and ¹⁴C dates in the region, the author has outlined the development picture of the coastal geoarchaeology of central Vietnam in the Holocene, as follows: the period of Xom Con, from 3600 to 3000 BP; the layers of the sites of Long Thanh, Bau Tram, from 3200 to 2600 BP; the layer of sites Binh Chau, Xom Oc (lower layer), from 2800 to 2200 BP; the period of Sa Huynh, from 2400 to 1800 BP.

D1 Nguyen Thi Bich Huong

Museum of Anthropology, College of Humanities and Social Science, Hanoi National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

LAI NGHI ORNAMENTS

From 10/2002 to 4/2004, Hanoi National University, The Comparative and Common Institute of Bonn (The National Institute of Germany) and The Museum of Quang Nam province conducted joint excavations at the Lai Nghi site (Dien Nam commune, Dien Ban district, Quang Nam province). With 200 square meters in total area, this site has provided relics and many artifacts belonging to the well known Iron Age Sa Huynh culture of Central Vietnam that is characterised by burial jars with a range of shapes (cylinder, egg, round, etc), jar covers, and a wide range of pottery, bronze and iron artifacts. Especially varied is the collection of personal ornaments with over 10,000 beads and other types such as earrings, bracelets, mirrors, etc. They were made in glass, carnelian, agate, amethyst, nephrite, glided gold, gold, bronze and clay. The personal ornaments provide excellent data that better help us understand the Sa Huynh culture in Viet Nam. In this paper, I will discuss problems concerning the typology, technology of manufacture and geographical distribution of the Sa Huynh culture ornaments. I will also propose relationships of particular types (animalshaped and engraved beads) with finds in Vietnam, Southeast Asia (Thailand, Philippine, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc) and other areas in the world.

D1 Nguyen Thi Mai Huong

Institute of Archaeology, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences

Pham Van Hai

Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

VEGETATION RECORD AT DONG SON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, NORTHERN VIETNAM

Pollen and spore record at Dong Son core show that around 6,000yr BP. – 5,000yr BP. mangrove was dominant, mangrove gradually reduce after 5,000 years and disappear around 4,000 to 3,000 yr BP., It is indicate this area was a swamp at that time. These artifacts that found in this site are belongs to Dong Son and pre Dong Son culture date around 2.700 to 2000 yr BP. This evidence combine with data of other research is beginning to develop a picture of regional diverse environment and probably relationships between environment changes and culture.

B4 Nguyen Viet

Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory, Vietnam

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE HOABINHIAN

The Hoabinhian is a major archaeological culture in SEA prehistory. It has been studied over a long period with a range of research methodologies, approaches and theories. Studies of the Hoabinhian in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam have proceeded independently for a number of years without sharing of materials and experiments. It should now be the time to establish an Association of Hoabinhian Friends amongst SEA researchers who have interests in the Hoabinhian. The Center for SEA Prehistory (Vietnam) and the Provincial Museum of Hoa Binh will organize a short meeting and a Hoabinhan tour after the IPPA conference to develop this idea.

C18 Nguyen Viet

Centre for Southeast Asian Prehistory, Vietnam.

NEW FINDINGS ON DONG SON TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY.

This paper presents the results of recent analyses of Dong Son textiles. The textile fragments come from the sites of Chau Can and Dong Xa in the Red River Valley and Go Que in Quang Ngai province. Based on SEM, FTIR and chemical experiments, the results show that the Dong Son used three different fibres (ramie, hemp and silk) in textile production. Analysis also shows knowledge of two weaving techniques (plain weave and double weave) and the combination of both techniques in some samples. Embroidery is also evidenced. These techniques were also popular in Dian clothing.

C20 Nguyen Viet

Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory, Vietnam

Yang Yong

Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

THE SOUTHWARD MOVEMENTS OF THE XI OU (TAY AU) AND OU LOU (LAC VIET) IN THE 3RD AND 2ND CENTURIES BC

In 1976-78 and 2000, the excavations at KeLe (Guizhou, China) discovered more than 200 aboriginal burials of the KeLe Culture, dated to the Warring States and Qin-Han periods. The term “Kele Culture” was first used by Yang Yong. In Vietnam, recent research using metal detectors in the Lang Vac area has produced many Dong Son bronze objects, including about 50 swords of KeLe type (Ba-Shu type: bronze handle in the shape of a boat, and an iron blade). This study compares the Lang Vac swords with those from KeLe and looks for parallels in the associated burial findings between KeLe and Dong Son Vietnam. It is postulated that there was a migration of Xi Ou-Ye Lang military chiefs with Dong Son material culture from Guangxi and Guizhou into the Red river delta in the 3rd century BC, joining the Lou Yue chiefdom there to form the Au Lac (Ou Lou) kingdom with its capital at Co Loa. Under pressure from Nam Yue, these military chiefs then moved southwards by the mountainous route passing Ninh Binh (Dong Noi cave) to reach Thanh Hoa and the Hieu river area (Lang Vac), where according to the Chinese historical document Hou Han shu (Eastern Han Dynasty) there existed the Ye Lang tribe in the 1st – 2nd centuries AD. Continuing southward migration took them to the Sa Huynh culture area and into central Vietnam, especially the Tay Nguyen Plateau, Kontum province, western Binh Dinh and Binh Duong Provinces, and onwards into eastern Cambodia, where Dong Son drums occur dated from the 2nd century BC - 2nd century AD.

B4 Nishimura Masanari

(Kansai University, Japan)

MOUND SITES WITH DEEP STRATIGRAPHY IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA: CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS.

The mound site with deep stratigraphy is one of the characteristic site morphologies in the Mainland Southeast Asia. Archaeological researches have revealed that most of this type sites can be placed from the Late Neolithic to the Iron Age. The unsolved question for this site variation is why such deep stratigraphy was formed and what is it for. The author’s research in the Lower Mekong and Dong Nai River plain indicates that frequent pottery production activity and heaping soil were evidenced at this kind of the sites. Probably in the late prehistoric Age of the Mainland Southeast Asia, the mound sites with deep stratigraphy were formed by the specialized pottery production in the long term.

C20 Nishimura, Masanari

Kansai University, Osaka

Pham Minh Huyen

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

NEW RECOGNITIONS ON THE CO LOA PERIOD AT THE BAI MEN SITE OF THE CO LOA CITADEL

The Bai Men site is located at the elevated mound across the Hoang Giang River in front of the eastern wall of the Co Loa site’s inner rampart. In 2002 and 2003 we carried out an initial excavation in total more than 500m2. The excavation revealed the prehistoric habitation and burial layer of the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age and confirmed that during the Co Loa citadel period, the upper part of the mound was leveled for construction work. From the two excavation pits, many archaeological features were revealed such as child burials, foundations for pillars and residences, and hearths and furnaces for metals. In addition, a large man-made feature, which is probably oval or circular-shaped and at least 12m in diameter, was unearthed from the eastern edge of the mound. This earthwork was once dugout like a Chinese pan and intentionally buried rapidly immediately. The deposit layers inside the feature were composed of the several different pounded earth. While it is still questionable about the function of this feature, it would be key to understanding the function of the Bai Men mound in the context of the Co Loa citadel. Based on the excavated artifacts we consider the date of the archaeological features of the citadel period could be early second or late third century BC.

B11 Nitta, Eiji

Kagoshima University

DISASTER AND RECOVERY IN THE ERUPTION OF MT. KAIMONDAKE IN 874

Recent excavations at the Shirkiryo site in Kagoshima Prefecture have provided rich evidence about how villagers in southern Japan reacted to a major volcanic event. During the night of 25 March 874 AD, Mt.Kaimondake erupted and within a few days, a bluegrayish hard ash layer (Aokora), together with surge and mud flows, buried a large region. Archaeological research at the Shikiryo site has unearthed a rice paddy field, farmland and a dwelling house buried by the ash. The excavation of the rice paddy found hollows of rice roots that showed a harvest higher than average for this time period. Excavations revealed how the villagers had attempted to recover from this disaster, but the scale of the ashfall was too large and the site was abandoned.

B10 Noerwidi, Sofwan

Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT KENDENGLEMBU, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

The first Neolithic dwelling settlement discovered in Java is Kendenglembu Site, reported by W. van Wijland and J. Bruumun in 1936. H.R. van Heekeren started systematic excavation in 1941. The second research was lead by R.P. Soejono from the Department of Prehistory the National Archaeological Institute of Indonesia in 1969. The last research in Kendenglembu site leads by Goenadi Nitihaminoto from the Archaeological Office of Yogyakarta in 1986. Since then, there has never been any systematic research conducted in Kendenglembu and Kalitajem site, until now. Prehistoric research at Kendenglembu Site in 2008 was priorities to seek chronometric data sampling, to reconstruct the chronology of Kendenglembu and Kalitajem site occupation, from the Neolithic phase until Historic phase; and to identify the character of material culture (lithic tool and pottery) from Kendenglembu and Kalitajem site that were inhabited by Neolithic people, in order to understanding early Neolithic life in Java. This paper describes new excavations at the site of Kendenglembu in East Java, a location previously researched by van Heekeren and Soejono. The new research in several locations has revealed a Neolithic layer with red-slipped pottery, and a separate historical period layer above.

C19 Nugent AnnaMaria

Southampton University

CAMBODIAN WATERCRAFT: FROM THE BAYON TO PRESENT

The watergoing traditions of the Cambodian peoples are far reaching and embrace a deep history. Maritime settlements such as Oc Eo belonged to a trading network that, by the middle of the first millennium AD, had extended to India and the Mediterranean world beyond. The internal lake and river system of the Ton Le Sap along with the Mekong River running through the country worked to shape the history of the Khmers and transform them into a maritimecentred culture, a culture surpassed in more recent times by the dominance of agriculture. However, much remains still of this maritime heritage. It is the focus of this study to look at the watercraft of Cambodia in the historical and archaeological record while at the same time undertaking an ethnographic comparison with contemporary boats. Through this approach we will see the parallels that can be drawn from the traditional practices, the intangible cultural heritage and beliefs, and the records of history.

C10 Nunn, Patrick D.

Chandra, Reemal

Qolicokota, Kalivati

Sanjana, Shalni

Veitata, Sainimere

The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

CHRONOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INLAND, UPLAND SETTLEMENTS IN THE BA RIVER CATCHMENT, VITI LEVU ISLAND, FIJI: RESULTS FROM INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS

The Ba River catchment occupies most of the northeast part of Viti Levu Island (Fiji). Details of its prehistoric settlement history are almost completely unknown although a number of fortified hilltop and cave sites are reported from here and the adjoining Vatia Peninsula. A study funded by the Vetlesen Foundation began in March 2009 and focused on locating, excavating, analysing and interpreting key sites in this part of Fiji. The main research question is whether or not the majority of these sites, as with those in the Sigatoka Valley (southwest Viti Levu Island), were established and occupied only after the AD 1300 Event when a food crisis (driven by sea-level fall) forced people away from island coasts and into defendable sites in island interiors. This presentation will give details of the preliminary investigations of the Ba River valley fortifications and discuss future research plans.

C2 Ochoa, Janine

Archaeological Studies Progam, University of the Philippines

Emile Robles

Archaeological Studies Progam, University of the Philippines

PALAWAN PALAEOZOOLOGY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY: FAUNAL AND SUBSISTENCE CHANGE FROM THE LGM TO THE LATE HOLOCENE

Ille Cave site in Northern Palawan, Philippines has produced tens of thousands of vertebrate remains from wellstratified cultural contexts spanning more than 14,000 years. The assemblage has provided a valuable opportunity to interpret human subsistence activities, animal resource use and anthropogenic impact on the environment across time. The assemblage presents new taxonomic accounts of carnivores and cervids in the Terminal Pleistocene, particularly of deer and tiger. It also presents evidence for a clear shift in hunting focus during the middle Holocene when deer becomes rare in the assemblage and pig becomes the main large mammal prey. Two species of cervid are abundant in the deepest deposits in the Terminal Pleistocene, but they become increasingly rare in the later horizons and both are now extinct on the main island. Shifting subsistence practices and extinction events are attributed to changes in the local ecology of the island, which are driven by regional climate and palaeogeographic change. Geographic reconstructions of Palawan Island based on present day topography and bathymetry show a dramatic decrease in Palawan land area since the Last Glacial Maximum. Habitat constraints and change in vegetative cover due to reduction of land area and changes in precipitation patterns put considerable pressure on the tiger and deer populations that Palawan held, and human predation likely exacerbated the rarity of these species. Eventually, the combined environmental and anthropogenic pressures led to the extinction of these large mammals.

B16 Oliveira, Nuno Vasco

State Secretariat of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste; ANU Visiting Fellow

Lucas Serrão Lopes

State Secretariat of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste

Abílio da Conceição Silva

National Directorate of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste

PREHISTORIC MANTA RAY FISHING IN TIMOR-LESTE? PUTTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE TOGETHER

The village of Dair, in the coastal district of Liquisá, west of Dili, is notorious in Timor-Leste for an ancient practice of hunting the manta ray (Manta birostris). Known in the local Tokodede (Austronesian) language as kalimbeli, the manta ray usually swims past that part of the coast during the month of November. During that time, villagers gather at ritual points and prepare the boats, especially made to fish these animals. In the 1990s, alerted by the local community, members of the Dili Museum (the then provincial museum, during Indonesian times) excavated two large jars, one possibly containing a burial. In 2009, two highly decorated prehistoric earthenware vessels were also found. Later this year, a small ethnographic account and archaeological test excavation were conducted, in order to assess the possibility of this being a prehistoric open air village associated to an old art of fishing this species, still practiced in the area today. This paper will deal with the preliminary results of that research.

C1 Oliveira, Nuno Vasco

State Secretariat of Culture, Government of Timor-Leste; ANU Visiting Fellow

PAST PLANT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN ARCHAEOBOTANICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM TIMOR-LESTE

The history of plant management and agricultural origins in Timor and the wider region has been mostly investigated through more indirect proxies, such as animal domesticates, pottery and pollen records. The archaeological and archaeobotanical project conducted in Timor-Leste between 2004 and 2008 aimed at investigating early plant food management and the introduction of agriculture, using charred plant remains from archaeological sites as a direct line of evidence. The results obtained confirm the absence of rice or millets in any of the excavated assemblages, suggesting that none of these crops were introduced to Timor-Leste with the first pottery or animal domesticates. They have arrived only in a later period, possibly within the last 2000-1500 years, when the caves investigated were no longer being systematically used for habitation purposes. The macro- and microbotanical analysis undertaken also suggests that a range of fruits and tubers have been in use in Timor since the early- to mid-Holocene, and that plant exploitation probably goes back as far as ca. 40.000 years before present.

C16 Ono, Rintaro

Australian National University

Addison, David

American Samoa Community College

600 YEARS OF MARINE PROCUREMENT ON ATAFU ATOLL, TOKELAU

This paper discusses the historical marine ecology implications of trends in long-term fishing on the Tokelau atoll of Atafu. Fish and shell remains from excavations 2008 and 2009 are combined with modern ethnography and historic data in an effort to understand the long term patterns of marine resource use on Atafu Atoll. Traditional conservation mechanisms from modern and historical contexts are discussed and compared to the archaeological data in an effort to understand long-term management strategies. Atafu is compared with nearby Fakaofo Atoll where a different marine environment may have results different cultural and traditional management practices.

C16 Ono, Rintaro

Australian National University

Intoh, Michiko

National Museum of Ethnology, Japan

WHAT HAPPENED TO TUNA?: PREHISTORIC FISHING AND TEMPORAL CHANGE OF PELAGIC EXPLOITATION IN FAIS, MICRONESIA

We present the result of fish bone analysis and prehistoric fishing on Fais in the western Caroline Islands, Micronesia. In total 18 marine fish family (26 taxa) were identified including two families of sharks (Caracharhinidae and Lamnidae). Our analysis with use of vertebrae for identification reveals that the total MNI (Minimum Number of Individual) of inshore fish and outer reef to pelagic fish species is almost even in Fais from early settlement through to late prehistoric times (A.D. 400 to 800) due to a drastic increase in tunas. However, the number of tunas dramatically decreased after A.D. 1200. The increase of tunas could be related to possible changes in fishing technology, population, or climatic change, while its drastic decrease seems more directly related to accessibility of marine resources due to climatic change particularly between A.D. 1200 and 1500. Based on this assumption, we further discuss why tunas were dropped after A.D. 1200 in Fais as well as other islands in Oceania.

C2 Ono, Rintaro

Sue O'Connor

Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

PELAGIC FISH EXPLOITATION DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MIDDLE HOLOCENE IN EAST TIMOR (EFFICIENCY OF VERTEBRA ANALYSIS)

In Southeast Asia, there has been only limited evidence for aquatic resource use prior to the mid Holocene because sea levels were deeply depressed during the terminal Pleistocene to early Holocene, and the coast far removed from the sites now located along the modern shore. An exception is found in parts of Wallacea where the offshore profile drops steeply to the continental shelf. The north coast of East Timor is one such region, and the recent excavation at Jerimalai shelter has produced abundant remains of marine shellfish and fish dated back to 42,000 cal B.P. This is the oldest evidence of Pleistocene marine exploitation in Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, our fish bone analysis reveals that the exploitation of pelagic fish such as tuna was practiced since the initial occupation around 42,000 cal B.P. and the number (MNI) of pelagic fish is almost equal to that of inshore fish during the late Pleistocene, while the number and importance of inshore fish dramatically increases during the early to middle Holocene. Such evidence, coupled with the appearance of fish hooks in East Timor in the terminal Pleistocene, indicates the early adoption of advanced fishing technologies. Of significance is the fact that 76 % of the identified fish bones from Jerimalai are vertebra; usually regarded as nondiagnostic and overlooked for analysis. We stress here the importance of analysis of fish vertebra for reconstructing prehistoric fishing strategies.

C19 Orillaneda, Bobby C.

Underwater Archaeology Section, Archaeology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines

EMERGENCE, DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES

The archipelagic nature of the Philippines and its strategic maritime location between early great civilizations such as China in the east and India and the Middle East in the west indicates the country’s significant underwater cultural heritage. The creation of the Underwater Archaeology Unit (UAU) under the National Museum of the Philippines in 1979 signalled the start of archaeological excavations which, thus far, excavated, exhibited and published numerous indigenous and foreign trade vessels stretching back to the 11th century C.E. However, the practice of underwater archaeology as an academic discipline is still to be realized. Inadequate government financial support, weak law enforcement and lack of qualified personnel are cited as some of the reasons. As such, the advance of underwater archaeology to a purely academic practice and its increasing role in the preservation and protection of the country’s underwater cultural heritage remains a challenge.

C4 Pautreau, JeanPierre

AnneSophie Coupey

Christophe Maitay

Emma Rambault

Aung Aung Kyaw.

IRON AGE GRAVE GOODS AND RITUAL IN THE SAMON VALLEY (UPPER BURMA).

The BurmeseFrench joint project aims at studying burials from Iron Age in the Samon valley (south of Mandalay). Since 2001, approximately 500 graves from eight burial sites have been excavated in this area. Their study allowed us to better know the ways of burial, to specify the archaeological context of some of the artefacts, and to add some chronological markers to our knowledge of the Iron Age in Upper Burma. Sometimes organized in rows, sometimes in groups (family?), almost all of the graves are individual and primary. The deceased were buried with the head towards the East (in 6 sites) or towards the north (2 sites).The main grave goods set of 3 pottery vessels, stone and glass beads, some iron tools and weapons and some copperalloy items indicate a cultural cohesion of all these communities living on the basin side of the Samon river during the last 4 centuries BC and the beginning of History.

D2 Pawinee, Nittim

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AT BAN RAI ROCKSHELTER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ban Rai Rockshelter is one of the most important prehistoric sites in northern Thailand. It dates from 10,660 to 1,520 BP, and is located on the highest hill of Ban Rai Village in Phang Mapha district, Mae Hong Song Province, in the northwestern part of Thailand. This site was occupied by at least two cultures. The first one was a stone toolusing culture, dating between 10,660 7,710 BP, and the second one was of the Iron age or log coffin culture, dating between 2,250 1,520 BP. To date, it is the largest log coffin cemetery in Thailand.The Knowledge Management (KM) at Ban Rai Rockshelter. Site for Sustainable Development Project is financially supported by the Thai Research Funds (TRF). This project aims to decode the archaeological knowledge of Ban Rai Rockshelter site for the local community in order to make them aware of their archaeological heritage, to develop archaeological tourism, and to develop cultural products as a part of substainable development.This paper discusses 1) the aim to translate academic archaeological knowledge into a simple and understandable language for the local community, and 2) the processes of the workshops and activities in Ban Rai community.

A1 Pawlik, Alfred

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

MODERN PACKAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES PREHISTORIC RECORD. ANY LEFTOVERS?

In Europe, as well as in Africa, the emergence of modern Homo sapiens is associated with traits of “modern behaviour” seen in the more or less sudden appearance of “packages” as part of their cultural assemblage. Examples are the beginning of art, blade technology, tools made of organic materials like bone and antler, and composite tool design. For Southeast Asia’s prehistory, however, there seems to be a remarkable absence of such modern traits until app. 10.000 BP.

On the other hand, applying models deriving from traditional typological and technological studies on material cultures of an entirely different ecosystem, esp. during the last glacial, might not be very useful here. Classifying lithic assemblages morphologically and technologically in order to press them into established stone tool typologies from other parts of the world were not successful so far. Until now, the formation of a specific regional typology system for Southeast Asia has not been established. A modernity discussion, therefore, seems to be hampered by methodological deficiencies and rather needs to consider functional aspects and the reconstruction of tool use to reconstruct actual behaviour and not only the process of tool making.

In the Philippines, sites located on the islands of Palawan and Luzon have mainly contributed to Pleistocene Archaeology. Neither region, however, has provided lithic assemblages with characteristic features of modern technology and behaviour. Several assemblages underwent recent technological and especially microscopic usewear and residue analyses. The functional reconstruction of prehistoric tasks and activities based on traces on the used tools is seen as a more reliable and typologically independent indicator of modern behavioural traits in the Palaeolithic of Southeast Asia.

D2 Paz, Victor

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

National Museum of the Philippines Research Associate

PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY, BASIC RESEARCH AND MENTORING IN A PHILIPPINES SETTING

The practice of archaeology in the Philippines is strongly flavoured with heritage concerns. This is simultaneous with Philippinebased archaeologists pushing forward basic research agendas and simultaneous training new generations of archaeologists across the broad spectrum of archaeological specializations. This paper will detail the latest approaches of our community towards effectively addressing the need for progress in student mentoring and foundational research advancement handinhand with further advocacy for public archaeology. It will draw upon recent experiences and will also touch on the matter of international collaboration in the context of the abovementioned concerns.

A3 Peng Fei

IVPP, Chinese Academy of Sciences

A REPORT ON THE 2007 EXCAVATION OF THE RANJIALUKOU PALEOLITHIC SITE IN THE THREE GORGES, CHINA

The paper introduces the excavation in Ranjialukou site which is located in Fengdu country, Three Gorges region, south of China. The stone tool assemblage of the site not only reserves the Pebble Tool Industry in South China, but also bears the unique characteristic of high percentage of flakes and flake tools of the lithic assemblage.

B17 Petchey, Peter

Anthropology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

SECOND WORLD WAR ARCHAEOLOGY ON WATOM ISLAND, EAST NEW BRITAIN PROVINCE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA.

Watom Island is the location of the Reber-Rakival site where Lapita-type pottery was first found and published in 1909.  During excavations at this site in 2009 by the Otago Museum, Otago University and PNG National Museum a number of features and items were recorded that relate to the occupation of the island by Japanese forces during the Second World War.  These include bullets within the excavations that were probably fired at the Japanese occupiers by American aeroplanes, as well as a number of Japanese defensive features such as tunnels, trenches and gun emplacements.  At the top of the island a 150mm field gun is still aimed towards the mainland.  These features form part of the landscape context for the Lapita site, which also includes missionary-era features and the modern village.

C9 Peterson, John A.

Carson, Mike T.

Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam

Bayman, James

Kurashina, Hiro

Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Manoa

LATTE VILLAGES IN GUAM AND THE MARIANAS: MONUMENTAL OR COMMUNAL STRUCTURES?

The functions of latte structures in Guam and the Marianas have been treated in two significant perspectives that deserve examination relative to their monumental character. The classic ethnographic and ethnohistoric perspective interpreted latte structures as part of village complexes with both residential and communal functions. Materialistic interpretations, on the other hand, and more recently, characterized latte structures as chiefly houses with size possibly denoting relative power or rank among villagers and villages in the Marianas. Recognition of postholes in current investigations of coastal sites in Guam suggests that wooden pile or stilt houses are much more common than previously recognized, and this, along with other data, suggests that the more visible remains at archaeological sites of latte structures have biased interpretations of village proxemics. In the last two decades considerable data have accumulated regarding both coastal and upland latte villages. These suggest, as did much of the earlier ethnographic work in the region, that latte sets were likely special use structures such as men’s houses, women’s houses, or canoe sheds, and not simply “chiefly residences”. Recent ethnological studies also suggest that power in Micronesian communities is often horizontal, not vertical, and may not leave diagnostic markers in the material cultural record. Based on this understanding, we propose a model for testing village proxemics as illustrated by case studies in the Marianas and from current investigations at the Ritidian Unit, Guam National Wildlife Refuge, in Guam.

C19 Pham Charlotte

Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient, Centre for maritime archaeology Southampton

MARITIME ETHNOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION IN VIETNAM”

In the absence of archaeological evidence, extensive historical or iconographical data, it is possible to rely on maritime ethnography to study ancient watercraft and early seafaring in Vietnam. By approaching contemporary vessels and through their accurate recording, it may be possible to draw parallels with past conceptions and methods of construction. In the wake of maritime archaeology in Vietnam, such an approach may provide a baseline from which to draw basic knowledge on boat culture and boatbuilding tradition and will provide experience for future excavations and finds interpretation.

C20 Pham Minh Huyen

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

MATTERS CONCERNING CO LOA AND KING AN DUONG VUONG

According Vietnamese legend, Co Loa was the capital of the Au Lac polity built by King An Duong. Nowadays, the remains of the citadel’s three earthen ramparts still stand at Co Loa. Although there have been many archaeological excavations conducted in this area, there are still conflicting opinions regarding the actual builders of this citadel as well as the role and characteristics of Co Loa. During the excavation of Den Thuong (Thuong Temple) in 2004 and 2005, we discovered that the Den Thuong site was close to the foot of the southwest corner of the central rampart wall, and at the Den Thuong site had many bronze casting work stations, mainly for bronze arrows. Rooftiles, bricks, ceramics and bronze artifacts found in this area have many different characteristics in comparison to the same found in the place of Nanyue kings in Guangzhou, China. It is more possible that Den Thuong site occurred in the period of Qinearly Western Han. Two C14 dates of Den Thuong site supported this opinion. Based on the early dates, it is possible to conclude that Co Loa was a big political and cultural center of an early state, the Au Lac of King An Duong.

C21 Pham Quang Son

Vietnam

NEW EXCAVATIONS AT HANG GON MEGALITH

Hang Gon Megalith is located in Long Khanh Town, Dong Nai province (Southern Vietnam). The monument was uncovered and excavated in 1927 by French scholars. During two years 2006–2007, the surrounding surface of this monument with a total area of 5ha was surveyed. Over 1000m² were excavated. The results of these excavations have contributed considerably to the understanding and interpretation of important technical and cultural issues of this monument such as evolution of the strata, process of construction and related religious aspects and burial rites. Problems of dating and the historical context of Hang Gon megaliths also have been resolved to some extent because of the recent work.

D1 Pham Thanh Son

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

THE STUDY OF LATE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE STONE AXE WORKSHOPS IN NORTHERN VIETNAM

Vietnamese archaeologists have been discovering some stone axe workshops in Nothern Vietnam, such as Ru Dau in Nui Dau, Nghe An province, Dong Khoi, Con Chan Tien in Thanh Hoa province and Ba Vung in Quang Ninh province. These sites are dated in the late Neolithic or Early Bronze age. The main purpose of this paper is to give information and the situation of study in those workshops dated in the late Neolithic or early Bronze age in Vietnam. It is also worthy to mention about problems of the study of workshops belonged to the late Neolithic or Bronze age in Southeast Asia. Many problems will be discussed in this paper, for example, aspect of their date, technology, typologies of products and its relations between those sites in Vietnam.

B14 Pham Thi Ninh

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

A NEW APPROACH TO MORTUARY ANALYSIS FOR SA HUYNH BURIALS

Almost 100 Sa Huynh sites have been identified in Central and South Vietnam. Initially, Sa Huynh burials were characterized by single jar burials of the type discovered by French archaeologists on the beaches of central Vietnam a century ago. This paper presents a new model dividing Sa Huynh burials into 3 main types: single jar burials, mouthtomouth vertical pot burials and extended burials. The first part of the paper discusses the distinguishing features of each type. The second part of the paper is concerned with social reconstruction of the three burial types and what Sa Huynh mortuary practices tell us about social differentiation during the Iron Age in Vietnam.

A5 Phan Thanh Bang

Service for Culture, Sports and Tourism of Kon Tum)

THE HABITAT OF THE PREHISTORIC PEOPLE IN THE NORTHERN PLATEAU

Situated in the mountain range of Ngok Linh, the topography of Kon Tum province is characterized by a number of wide valleys, low hills and mountains, and a dense network of streams and rivers. Although there is no cave in the location, the general habitat is still viewed to be ideal for the prehistoric inhabitants in that numerous century-old trees and thick forest could have become an abundant food supply terrestrially and aquatically for the local people.

Until today, the prehistoric picture of Kon Tum province has been clearly described, from which we have reasons to change our view on Kon Tum – a high land in the past. We have already discovered a system of archaeological sites, particularly constructed the archaeological map of Kon Tum in 2005, on which 58 stone-age sites divided into 4 habitation groups have been identified.

Given all these archaeological discoveries, we have a foundation for new perception on the prehistoric culture of Kon Tum. First of all, it is the way that the prehistoric residents grouped (inter-villages according to Associate Prof. Nguyen Khac Su) along two banks of big rivers, which are often called villages. Next, the prehistoric people’s living places are also functioned as their workshop sites for stone tool production and as their burial grounds. Their subsistence economy is built from a combination of hunting, gathering, manufacturing tool, exchanging products, practising early agriculture as well as doing metallurgy. Further, the Kon Tum prehistoric inhabitant society was organized at a certain level with internal labour division. They possessed an abundant spiritual life that can be described via the technology of making lithic tools, decorating motifs and red orches on pottery, and via the presence of multiple types of jar, bowl, bead, bracelet, earing, quartz ornaments and so on. Their spiritual world was also expressed through the grave goods, and their thought about the odd numbers via the artifacts recovered in the burials (via examining the artefact collections in the Kon Tum museum).

The Kon Tum prehistoric people’s living environment on the low land is frequently preferred, where water supply is available. For example, their sites are primarily distributed along such big rivers as Dak Bla, Dak Droong, Dak Po Ko, and at the confluences of the big streams and those listed rivers.

C7 Phon, Kaseka

Institute of Culture and Fine Arts, Royal Academy of Cambodia

CHEUNG EK CIRCULAR EARTHWORK SITE AND CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

.The Cheung Ek circular earthwork, 770 m in diameter and surrounded by a moat and earthen wall, located west of the Cheung Ek Lake, has been investigated. Two preAngkorian temple foundations and three ancient water reservoirs were recorded and mapped. The research found 61 kilns, two of them located in the area of the circular earthwork, 11 temple foundations, and some habitation mounds. The Cheung Ek circular earthwork is not an isolated site but has a connection to the Bassc River. It has connection to neighboring sites such as Sre Ampil and Angkor Borei. People of the Cheung Ek circular earthwork developed their living settlement from a round village into a normal village. The cultural layer is very thin. The habitation activity was not very long.

One of the kilns inside the circular earthwork was investigated. The structure of the kiln was completely destroyed. Pottery was collected as well as beads, glass and other animal remains. The two dates from the northern and southern part of the kiln come out as 5^th and 7^th century AD. According to the dating, the Cheung Ek kiln is the oldest kiln in the history of Cambodia. The paper will describe the investigations at the Cheung Ek circular earthwork site.

C2 Piper, Philip

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE OR ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE? WHERE ARE ALL THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN THE NEOLITHIC OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

In recent years the challenge of identifying the origins of domesticated and commensal taxa in mainland Southeast Asia and their subsequent translocation across Island Southeast Asia, Australasia and on to the Pacific has been championed by modern and ancient DNA analyses and traditional zooarchaeological research has taken a backstage role. This has resulted from the assumption that within regions that have native wild pig populations it is difficult to identify introduced, managed pigs within the archaeological record. This, and the lack of systematic zoorchaeological research in large parts of mainland and Island Southeast Asia has left the region devoid of any archaeological evidence of the occurrences of domestic animals. This paper demonstrates how traditional zooarchaeological research can be used to identify ancient domestic animal populations in the archaeological record and help find and target samples for genetic and other technical, focussed research projects. It also emphasizes the need to study the entire faunal assemblages recovered from archaeological sites and not only the domesticated animals to understand the dynamics driving human behavioural change from hunting and gathering to animal management.

B4 Podjanok Kanjanajuntorn

Sociology and Anthropology Faculty, Thammasat University, Thailand

THE PRACTICE OF SECONDARY BURIAL IN WESTCENTRAL THAILAND: IS IT AN INDICATION OF POPULATION MOVEMENT IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA?

This paper will present results from the recent excavations in Kanchanaburi and Ratchaburi Provinces in WestCentral Thailand. The fieldwork in the areas yielded the contrasting materials cultures and burial practices of the Metal Age. The test excavation at Ban Nam Daeng, Kanchanaburi province unearthed primary burials with various types of grave goods. However at the Nong Kwang site in Ratchaburi secondary burials were found. The practice was to bury human remains elsewhere, or cremate them, before reburying them with some grave goods. This burial practice was common in prehistoric Ratchaburi but appeared to be in contrast to the rest of Central Thailand. Secondary burials were known in various regions of prehistoric Southeast Asia, however the diffusion of this ancient practice and the relationships among these secondary burial people are still obscure. This paper explores the distribution of secondary burial in mainland Southeast Asia and its implications. The evidence of this cultural practice might indicate population movement during the Metal Age, a period of diverse exchange and new technologies.

C7 Polkinghorne, Martin

University of Sydney

Temple construction as craft specialisation at Angkor

From the foundation of modest village shrines to the construction of monumental state temples, the seventh to thirteenth century venture of Khmer temple building entailed the employment of a variety of producers and suppliers including architects, builders, carpenters, sculptors, painters, tool fabricators, brick, bronze and ceramic manufacturers, and quarry labourers. The makers were part of numerous social networks, which included relationships with patrons and political authorities, and wider groups of craft specialists. There is modest information in epigraphy, and as yet little direct archaeological data to indicate what the organisation of these groups may have been like. To understand the Khmer temples in terms of the workshops that created them, evidence must come from the material outcomes of the production. By using a systematic analysis of decorative architectural material the 'classical' Angkorian temple builders and sculptors can be appraised as part of a network of 'attached' craft specialists.

C17 Pollock, Nancy J.

Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

THE TASTE OF TARO

The taste of taro has been improved over time to meet the gastronomic preferences of communities in the Pacific. Vegetative propagation allowed farmers to select for attributes such as sweetness, i.e. Less acridity, colour, mouthfeel, firmness and size. Cooks expressed their satisfaction with certain plants that met their criteria for satisfying food, both filling starchy substance, and leaves as a complementary dish, or puddings. Taro replaced rice in the Pacific islands as the main starchy food that could be adapted to both social and environmental conditions. Many varieties have resulted in a range of choice across island communities.

B3 Polosmak, Nataliya

Bogdanov, Evgeniy

Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE NORTHERN AFFINITIES OF THE DIAN CULTURE

The ‘Northern’ components within Dian culture were determined in the works of Zhang Zengqi, D. Deopik, E. Bunker. New perspectives can be obtained due to the recent finds in Central Asia. Desert climate at Xinjiang, permafrost at Altai preserve a lot of organic materials, and mummies as well. Clothes, hairstyle, tattoo belong to the main ethnical characteristics. There is close resemblance between sewed skirts, fastened with waistband, long shirts, peaked caps, puttee as footwear, stocking-boots from the tumuli of the Gushi (Jushi) culture in Xinjiang, Pazaryk culture in the Altai, and the same details in bronze art of Dian culture. Similar clothes are still in use among national minorities of Yunnan and Sichuan. Many elements of the armour of Dian riders originated from Saka-Yuezhi sources. On the ‘vessel with shells’ from Shizhaishan we found the picture of a wooden framework, unique in South China, but popular in South Siberia, for instance in the Pazaryk burials. In the realm of spiritual life one can also find many common features: figures of animals on the Saka tables of oblation and Dian bronze drums; scenes of torment of herbivorous animals by Felidae; images of bulls together with serpents. One more analogy in rituals is presented by tauromachy, restricted in this part of Asia by Dian culture, but well-known to ancient Indo-Europeans. Medieval chronicles record bull-fighting in Kuche, inhabited by the descendants of Yuezhi. On the basis of this evidence we can indicate more distinct influence of the Saka-Yuezhi tribes, connected through the people of Gushi.

C16 Ponkratova, Irina Y.

Northeastern State University, Magadan, Russia

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME ADAPTATION AND SEAFARING IN NORTHEAST ASIA: RESULTS AND PROBLEMS

The issues of the emergence of maritime adaptation and seafaring in Northeast Asia (including the Russian Far East, Japanese Islands, Korean Peninsula, and Northeast China) are considered on the basis of direct evidences of the consumption of marine food resources and remains of marine transport (boats).

To date, the earliest proof of the use of marine resources in Northeast Asia is the finding of salmon bones in cultural layers 7 and 6 of the Ushki site cluster on the Kamchatka Peninsula (layers are dated to ca. 14,000–11,000 BP and ca. 11,000–10,000 BP, respectively). The first trace of marine food use in Japan – salmon bones found at the Maeda Kochi site on Kanto Plain – has a similar age (ca. 13,000 BP). Therefore, the earliest use of marine food resources is dated to the Late Glacial. Beginning at ca. 9500 BP, the gathering of marine molluscs is known in Japan, and since ca. 6500 BP shellmiddens appeared on the continental Northeast Asian coasts: in Primorye Province of the Russian Far East, Korea, and Northeast China. In the Holocene, the consumption of marine fish, molluscs, and mammals is known for all of Northeast Asia, especially since the Holocene Climatic Optimum. It seems that the adoption of marine resources as food in Northern Asia was a gradual process determined by both developments in economy (tools for catching, collecting, and processing the sea food) and natural conditions (for example, oyster banks in the shallow brackish estuaries which appeared during the postGlacial transgression and the appearance of indented coastlines).

As for the origin of seafaring in Northeast Asia, the data are scanty. The earliest wooden boats are found on the eastern coast of China (Kuahuqiao site, boat remains are dated to ca. 7000 BP), in the southern Korean Peninsula (Bibongri site, ca. 6800 BP), and in the Japanese Islands (Kamo site, ca. 5300 BP). Data exist about the procurement and transportation of obsidian from Kozushima Island, located off the eastern coast of Honshu Island, to the Kanto Plain of Honshu. This activity had begun by ca. 30,000 BP, and the strait between Kozushima and Honshu was never narrower than ca. 50 km. Another line of evidence is information about the presence of obsidian from a source on Kyushu Island on the southern coast of Korea opposite Kyushu at ca. 26,000–19,000 BP. The Tsushima Strait between these territories existed throughout the Late Pleistocene, and at that time it was as wide as 20 km or even more. Thus, the crossing of relatively large open water obstacles was practiced in Northeast Asia in the Upper Palaeolithic, although it is unclear how regular such journeys were.

B9 Popov, Alexander N.

Far Eastern State University, Vladivostok, Russia

TABAREV, Andrei V.

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

OBSIDIAN IN CROSSCULTURAL CONTACTS IN THE NORTHERN PACIFIC DURING THE FINAL PLEISTOCENE – EARLY HOLOCENE

Volcanic glass (obsidian) not only the ideal raw material for toolmaking but also a very important marker of social and cultural processes in ancient societies. In this context Northern Pacific performs as an attractive research laboratory for prehistorians. Being a part of Pacific volcanic zone it has a number of open sources of obsidian located in the island and continental parts of the region. These sources are of different quality and their distribution is uneven. This reflected in different types of technologies and in such special form of cultural interactions as quest for exotic materials from one side and control over the sources of this material from another side. Cultural interpretation proposes special technological analysis of the archaeological materials with the recognizing of (1) utilitarian and (2) nonutilitarian (prestige) technologies. Prestige technologies may be traced in the collections as: (1) the utilization of obsidian only for specific types of tools; (2) the production of obsidian tools (points, knives, blades etc.) of unusual size, form and configuration; (3) the presence of obsidian artifacts in burials; (4)the production of decoration objects (beads, pendants, figurines etc.) from obsidian.

A1 Porr, Martin

University of Western Australia

IDENTIFYING BEHAVIORAL MODERNITY: LESSONS FROM SAHUL

The Pleistocene archaeological record of Sahul usually does not feature prominently in discussions about the origins of modern human behaviour. The main reason for this relative absence certainly is the fact that the archaeological record of Sahul was exclusively produced by anatomically modern humans while providing no evidence for a local biological (and cognitive) evolution. However, I want to argue here that it is exactly this circumstance that makes the Sahul evidence particularly important. With a modern human occupation of possibly up to 60,000 years it provides an important test case for models of the interplay of human cultural and cognitive evolution. An analysis of the Sahul archaeological record does question significant assumptions about the links between cognitive capabilities, material culture expressions and biological evolution. It consequently challenges us to search for alternative conceptual frameworks that are less focused on the presence of “packages” and “traits”, but concentrate more on the dynamic interrelationships between social interactions, subtle material patterns and learning processes. This approach will finally provide a means to break away from the problematic assumptions about human ‘modernity’ as a Western and essentialist concept which is ultimately counterproductive to an understanding of human origins.

C21 Prasetyo, Bagyo

The National Research Centre of Archaeology

SOME PROBLEMS OF INDONESIAN MEGALITHS

As an archipelago, Indonesia is an important area for megalithic research. Almost all of the region has megalithic remains, as shown by the number of sites and various kinds of megaliths exemplified there. The remains consist of sarcophagus, dolmen, stone cist, stone chamber, statue, menhir, stone vat, stone terrace, stone alignment. Some scholars have carried out research in various sites from the points of view of technology, belief, settlement, and environment. However, a numberof problems are still unsolved, e.g. when the megalithic culture came to Indonesia and who were its bearers. The diffusionists assumed that megalithic culture was brought to Indonesia in the Late Neolithic Age together with Quadrangular Adze Culture by the Austronesian speaking people (25001500 BC), and then continued in the Early BronzeIron Age together with the Dongson Culture (43 BC). But until now, no absolute date supports those arguments. Instead recent research yielded some C14 dating of megalithic activities in Christian Era, together with the HinduBuddhist Culture, which arrived from Asia mainland. Several megalithic populations formed enclaves in the region of the HinduBuddhist Empires, such as Sriwijaya, Mataram, and Majapahit. The question, then, is whether or not those populations were parts of the Empires.

B2 Priewe, Sascha

University of Oxford, UK

INTERPRETING ENCLOSURES: FROM THE BRITISH IRON AGE TO LATE NEOLITHIC CHINA

In the past few decades, an increasing number of late Neolithic walled sites have been discovered in China. Having largely been interpreted in functional terms, such as defense, economy and sociopolitical organisation, they have also figured greatly in studies trying to push back the beginnings of ‘Chinese civilisation’ and the state. In an attempt at illustrating alternative routes of interpretation, this paper will take the study of British Iron Age hillforts as example. As the Neolithic enclosures in China and the hillforts are quite different, my discussion will focus on the interpretation of enclosures and investigate whether and how archaeologists working on early China might benefit from the work on the British Iron Age.

C15 Proske, Ulrike

University of Bremen

C15 Hannebuth, T. J. J.

University of Bremen

HOLOCENE VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN MEKONG RIVER DELTA: RECONSTRUCTING THE ENVIRONMENT OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS

Numerous archaeological sites of predominantly Bronze to Iron Age are found throughout Long An Province, northern Mekong River Delta. So far, causes for choice of these specific locations as well as extent of human impact on the environment during this phase remain unclear. We aim to provide some initial answers to these open questions by combining the information of sedimentary facies, macrocharcoal records and the palynological signature of five study sites and relating these signals to palaeoenvironmental records from Cambodia and the outer Mekong River Delta.

B13 Pryce, T. O.

Research Laboratory for Art History and Archaeology, University of Oxford

A NEAR MILLENNIUM OF COPPER SMELTING BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE IN THE PREHISTORIC KHAO WONG PRACHAN VALLEY OF CENTRAL THAILAND: EXTERNAL INFLUENCES AND/OR INTERNAL FACTORS?

The ‘Valley’ metallurgical complex, amongst the largest in Eurasia, constitutes Southeast Asia’s only documented industrialscale coppersmelting evidence. The two smelting sites investigated, Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng, provide a sequence of metallurgical consumption and production evidence spanning c. 1450 BCE to c. 300 CE. Excavated samples of mineral, technical ceramic, and slag from Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng were analysed in hand specimen, microstructurally by reflectedlight microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemically by polarising energy dispersive xray fluorescence spectrometry ([P]EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive xray fluorescence spectrometry (SEMEDS). Resulting analytical data were used to generate detailed technological reconstructions of copper smelting behaviour at the two sites, which were refined by a programme of field experimentation. Results indicate a longterm improvement in the technical proficiency of Valley metalworkers, accompanied by an increase in the human effort of copper production. This shift in local ‘metallurgical ethos’ is interpreted as a response to rising regional demand for copper in late prehistory. Additionally, given the (to date) uniqueness of the evidence from Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng, the timing and nature of Valley metallurgical developments have a significant impact on existing hypotheses for the origin and development of Southeast Asian metal technologies. These ramifications are discussed and modified transmission models proposed.

B13 Pryce, T. O.

Research Laboratory for Art History and Archaeology, University of Oxford

Anguilano, L

Experimental Techniques Centre, Brunel University

MartinónTorres, M.

UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Pigott, V. C.

UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Rehren, Th.

UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London

CAN WE IDENTIFY A 'SIGNATURE' FOR KHAO WONG PRACHAN VALLEY COPPER, AND WHERE COULD IT LEAD US? SOUTHEAST ASIA'S FIRST ISOTOPICALLYDEFINED PREHISTORIC SMELTING SYSTEM.

Isotopic approaches to Southeast Asian prehistoric metallurgy are not new, but the very limited data available have focussed on consumption assemblages. We present here brand new and unpublished lead isotope and trace element data from the region’s only documented industrialscale coppersmelting locale, the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand. The enormous quantity of industrial waste at the principal smelting sites of Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng suggests they were probably major copper supply nodes within ancient Southeast Asian metal exchange networks. Thus, we hope the definition of a ‘Valley’ copper signature will constitute the foundation for Southeast Asian copper/bronze provenance studies, the topic of an ongoing major research project. Furthermore, isotopic and compositional data are juxtaposed in attempt to address the relative antiquity of Valley copper consumption versus production, with potentially substantial implications for the regional ‘origins of metallurgy’ debate.

B12 Pryce, T. O.

Research Laboratory for Art History and Archaeology, University of Oxford

MurilloBarroso, M.

Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Madrid

Bellina, B.

CNRS UMR 7528 « Mondes iranien et indien », Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

MartinónTorres, M.

UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London

KHAO SAM KAEO...A HIGH TIN BRONZE PRODUCTION CENTRE AND THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE FOR TIN EXPLOITATION IN THE PENINSULA?

Recent archaeological investigations at Khao Sam Kaeo, on the Upper ThaiMalay Peninsula, have furnished evidence for a mid/late 1^st millennium BCE cultural exchange network stretching from the Indian subcontinent to Taiwan. Typological, technological, and compositional analyses constitute a robust, though partially contingent, classificatory triangulation of Khao Sam Kaeo’s copperalloy consumption evidence, demonstrating the presence of three distinct copperalloy metallurgical traditions onsite and indicative of the site’s cosmopolitanism. But what of the production evidence? We present tentative technical ceramic evidence suggesting that Khao Sam Kaeo metalworkers were producing hightin bronze ingots, which would constitute the earliest evidence for the exploitation of Peninsula tin resources. We also offer a speculative but reasoned argument that nudges the balance of probabilities regarding the source of Khao Sam Kaeo’s copperbase production technologies, with potential ramifications for the ethnic and political structure of the settlement.

C3 Pureepatpong, Natthamon

Silpakorn University, Thailand

Musculoskeletal Stress Markers and Palaeopathology of Human Remains in the Late PleistoceneEarly Holocene and Late Holocene Periods in Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province, Northwestern Thailand

This paper reports on the study of musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and palaeopathology of the human remains from Tham Lod (Late Pleistocene) and Ban Rai (Early Holocene) rockshelters and log coffin caves (Late Holocene) in Pang Mapha District of Mae Hong Son Province. MSM were more prominent in the Late Holocene compared with the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. In addition, there are a wider variety of pathological lesions on bones from Late than from the Early Holocene. These results may be a reflection of the subsistence pattern of the people in the Late Holocene being more complex than that of the people in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. It may also suggest that a living in a complex and demanding social environment has stronger effects on the health of the people.

D2 Putsadee Rodcharoen

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BAN RAI COMMUNITY MUSEUM IN NORTHWESTERN THAILAND

Archaeological research often ends up with many site reports which are useful for archaeologists and specialists in related fields. However, it is difficult for many ethnic communities in the remote areas of highland Pang Mapha of northern Thailand to understand these reports because the discipline of “archaeology” is unknown to them and they have no “relationships” with archaeological evidence. In this regard, a museum exhibition at the village information center can be a powerful tool for linking the remote past to contemporary societies. This paper will discuss the development of the community museum, in particular, the participatory processes of collecting the cultural materials and exchanging cultural experiences between the local people and the research teams. The case of the Ban Rai Community Museum in Ban Rai village, Pang Mapha district, Mae Hong Son province, northwestern Thailand will be presented.