INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION

ABSTRACTS FOR THE HANOI CONFERENCE, SURNAMES FROM F TO K

These abstracts are listed by first author surname/family name, preceded by the relevant session code

B2 Fan, Xuechun

Fujian Provincial Museum, China

Su Wenjing Fuzhou University, China

NEW INVESTIGATIONS INTO PREHISTORIC MARITIME CULTURES IN SOUTHEAST CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ANSHAN SITE

Maritime cultures in prehistoric southeast China underwent tremendous changes over time. The transformation of the material assemblages from ca. 3000 – 3500 cal BP was particularly striking, represented by the appearance of bronze artifacts, proto-porcelains and new styles of pottery. These changes carry profound implications for understanding population dynamics and exchange networks between the coast and the inland areas. On the basis of the discoveries of the newly excavated Anshan site in Fujian Province, this presentation explores the process and dynamics of cultural changes in late prehistoric southeast China.

C12 FANG Hui

Shandong University, China

CINNABAR REMAINS IN NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE CHINA: A PERSPECTIVE ON RITUAL AND POWER

Through observing cinnabar remains in archaeological excavations, the author points out that cinnabar were used in three different ways mainly during Neolithic and Early Bronze Age China: daubing on holy objects such as special pot or wall, sprinkling to express religious ceremony and ritual, and laying out under body of death. All these three methods could be traced back to 6,000 years BP, and the third one, laying out at bottom of burial, was gradually developed into an irrepealably step on nobles’ funeral in Longshan period and continued till the late Bronze Age.

B17 Farrell, Nancy

Cultural Resource Management Services, Paso Robles, California, USA

Michael Dega, Ph.D.

David Chaffee

Naga Research Group, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

MODERN MILITARY IMPACTS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION.

The archaeological record is always suseptible to both natural and cultural formation processes through time. In recent decades, cultural processes derived from modern warfare and military training have adversely affected how sites are realized in spatial contexts, temporal affinities, and function. This discussion provides examples of how these activities have affected the archaeological record in the Hawaiian Islands, Cambodia and other locations in the Pacific theatre. The data are derived from multiple sources, gathered during the authors field work and from others working in these environments.

C19 Hanh Duong Bich

UNESCO Ha Noi

SAFEGUARDING OUR SHARED HERITAGE: THE 2001 CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE UNDERWATER HERITAGE

A significant part of humanity’s shared heritage lies underwater. Shipwrecks, sunken cities and other traces of human existence have much to reveal about voyages that linked countries together and how our ancestors lived and worked. If properly managed and interpreted, this heritage can bring history alive to our children and future generations. The development of tourism around underwater archaeological sites and related on-site museums can provide long-lasting economic benefit to local communities and national governments.

However, this valuable heritage is under increasing threat from modern technology which has made the bottom of the sea more accessible to treasure hunters and exploiters of sea-bed resources. These threats compelled UNESCO, from 1993 onward, to take legal and practical action to assure better protection of underwater cultural heritage. After a long and intense negotiation with Member States, the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted by UNESCO’s General Conference in 2001.

To assist in the protection of this heritage and with the financial support of the Government of Norway, UNESCO is implementing a project to build regional capacity to protect and manage maritime archaeology through the establishment of an Asia-Pacific Regional ‘Centre of Excellence’ in underwater cultural heritage in Thailand. The project shall provide professional training, promote conservation standards, monitor the state of conservation of underwater archaeology and encourage regional cooperation to conserve the heritage.

C15 Faylona, Pamela G.

University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

EXCAVATED ANCIENT GIANT CLAMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AS POTENTIAL RECORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

This paper introduces the potential of excavated ancient giant clams in Southeast Asian archaeological sites as recorder of environmental history. Giant clams or Tridacna are the largest bivalve mollusk that has high growth rate and long lifespan. Because of these characteristics, Tridacna provides annual to multicentury records of climatic variations. This was proven by several studies using geochemical analyses; thus, this paper presents the issues and challenges in using Tridacna for paleoenvironmental reconstructions

C7 Fehrenbach, Shawn

University of Hawa’I, Manoa

Earthenware Ceramic Technologies of Early Historic Angkor Borei, Cambodia

Organizational changes between the Late Prehistoric and Early Historic periods (c. 500 BCE – CE 500) in Southeast Asia involved increasing socio-political complexity leading to the emergence of the region’s earliest states. Archaeological ceramics provide an abundant data source for considering the social, political, and economic realms of ceramic production. This paper examines ceramic production at the Mekong Delta site of Angkor Borei by positioning technological variability in relation to both localized and regional processes of state development. Chemical and morphological analyses are employed to interpret patterns of continuity and variability in the technical choices made by ceramic producers at Angkor Borei. Results provide a nuanced perspective on the extent to which this important center was participating in developing regional and inter-regional interaction spheres, while also recognizing the importance and persistence of local traditions and potential cases of innovation.

C7 Feneley, Marnie

University of Sydney

THE EVOLUTION OF THE KHMER DRAGON

A collection of lintels in the lexicon of Khmer imagery feature the mythical beast called the Reachisey. The Reachisey, a dragon like creature is uniquely Khmer, and its inclusion in the depiction of Vishnu Anantaśāyin has arisen through a Khmer interpretation of the Viúṇuite creation story. Its origins stem from existing Khmer mythology fused with transmigratory influences, including the Makara, the Gagasṃha of India and the Cham dragon. A crocodile mythology, which may have predated Brahmanic influence, is evidenced through local stories and artistic evidence. This mythology has over time been linked to Vishnu most famously at Prasat Kravanh and at Kbal Spean, where the crocodile can be found among the carvings of the river bed. The 12th Century saw the popular use of the Reachisey as a bed for the reclining Vishnu, co-existing with the Nāga, and affirming its place as a powerful water symbol.

C10 Fenner, Jack N.

Sally Brockwell

Sue O’Connor

Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

BAYESIAN MUSINGS ON THE DATING OF THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT AT MACAPAINARA, EAST TIMOR

Investigators have proposed a number of alternative scenarios to explain why people constructed and maintained fortified settlements in East Timor. Some of these scenarios involve climatic or social interactions that occurred at different time periods, so establishing the foundation dates for a series of fortifications would distinguish among the scenarios and reduce the uncertainty. We investigate the foundation date for one such fortified settlement at Macapainara, using Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon and other data to assign specific probabilities to proposed initial occupation dates for the site. We also provide an initial rough estimate of the marine shell radiocarbon offset (ΔR) for eastern East Timor.

C17 Field, Julie S.

Ohio State University, USA

King, Trevor

International Pacific College, NZ

TESTING THE CHRONOLOGY OF IRRIGATED DALO CULTIVATION (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) IN THE SIGATOKA VALLEY, VITI LEVU, FIJI

Archaeological investigations in Hawai‘i have exemplified a series of field methods for the investigation of prehistoric irrigated taro (Colocasia esculenta). These methods utilize GPS-based field mapping and terrace configuration to examine the construction sequence and extent of field systems, and excavation beneath walls has retrieved samples of organic matter that have returned sequences of absolute dates. We present a plan for future research in the Sigatoka Valley, Fiji that incorporates these methods with geoarchaeological analyses of terrace soils. The goal of our research is the determination of the chronology of irrigated cultivation in the region, and the inclusion of these data into recently developed socio-political and demographic trajectories. We will also propose a plan that will examine the evolution of mixed dryland and wetland agricultural systems in the Sigatoka Valley, and the transition of these systems in the late pre-historic and historic period. The historic investigation will center on lineage and settlement in relation to field systems, with recourse to indigenous knowledge and environmental factors such as changes in land use, vegetation and climate.

C10 Field, Julie S.

Ohio State University

Lape , Peter V.

University of Washington

PALAEOCLIMATES AND THE EMERGENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC

A number of recent studies from Europe, China, North America, and Central America have suggested correlations between climate change and broad cultural responses including war, economic decline, and societal collapse. The available palaeoclimatic data from the Indo-Pacific region are compared to the frequency of fortifications constructed in the Holocene. The results suggest that some regions experienced conflict during periods of coolness that match the chronology for the Little Ice Age (AD 1450-1850) in the Northern Hemisphere. Periods of storminess and drought associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation have less of a temporal correlation with the emergence of fortifications in the Indo-Pacific, but the spatial distribution of the most severe conditions associated with this cycle suggests a causal relationship that requires additional study.

B10 Fife, L. Ray

University of New England, Australia

CULTURAL CONTINUITY IN MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY CENTRAL VIETNAMESE CERAMICS FROM BACH MA

A recent archaeological survey of Bach Ma Hill Station, near Hue, identified a series of ceramic items representative of the colonial and post-colonial period in Central Vietnam. An assemblage of Oriental-style bowls had two distinct components. Most interesting was a series of blue and white rice bowls that incorporated traditional manufacturing characteristics, such as hand-made construction and the presence of unglazed stacking rings. Several of these bowls were associated with rice bowls that were mould-formed with transfer applied decoration, suggesting industrial production. Ceramic items recorded in post-French colonial contexts, probably dating from the late 1950s, suggest that local craftsmen maintained traditional manufacturing techniques until the mid-twentieth century, through the colonial occupation and the arrival of industrial-style wares.

C10 Fife, L. Ray

University of New England, NSW, Australia

BACH MA: HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY AT A FRENCH COLONIAL HILL STATION IN CENTRAL VIETNAM, 1930-1990

The character of French hill stations in Indochina changed leading up to World War II as internal and external threats to French colonial rule developed. An historical and archaeological study of Bach Ma Hill Station near Hue in Central Vietnam suggests that the French mountain holiday resorts were developing new roles during the Japanese occupation of Vietnam. The material fabric of Bach Ma also reflects the character of colonial social interaction between different social groups. The history and the material fabric of Bach Ma symbolise not only the character of French colonial rule, but also Vietnamese resistance to it.

B17 Finney, Suzanne S.

Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Manoa and President, Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation [MAHHI]

UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE IN MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS: CHALLENGES FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS

The challenge of working terrestrial sites in high-risk areas for unexploded ordnance is not an unknown concept for those archaeologists working in Asia and the Pacific. Less understood, perhaps, are the dangers faced with underwater or shoreline areas, especially those that have experienced heavy military activity. This paper discusses some of the experiences faced by the author encountering ordnance during several investigations, specifically ordnance associated with World War II in the Pacific. A future project that identifies potential threats associated with the U.S. Atomic testing program of the 1950s in the Pacific will also be explored.

C16 Fitzpatrick, Scott M.

North Carolina State University, USA

Osamu Kataoka

Kansai Gaidai University

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN PREHISTORIC PALAUAN FISHING STRATEGIES

Previous research at the Chelechol ra Orrak site in Palau, Micronesia suggested that fishing may have declined prehistorically over the past two thousand years. Here we discuss the analysis of an additional suite of archaeofish remains recovered from the site is triple the size of the previous collection. This provides a more robust interpretation of early subsistence strategies in Palau and changes that occurred here over time.

B1 Ford, Anne

Otago University, New Zealand

PLEISTOCENE LIFE AT KOSIPE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: EVIDENCE FROM THE STONE ARTEFACTS

The site of Kosipe, located within the Owen Stanley Range of Papua New Guinea, shows regular occupation from the late Pleistocene, from as early as 35,000 BP. The significance of Kosipe is that at a height of approximately 1930 metres, this site indicates the ability of early modern humans to adapt to different environmental niches, with some of the earliest evidence for humans moving into high altitudes. With all the inherent problems with moving into a new environment, the question is what motivated the first colonizers of Papua New Guinea to utilize a site such as Kosipe?

This paper will investigate what information the stone artefacts can provide us with regarding the social and economic aspects of Pleistocene occupation at Kosipe, through exploring the different stages of raw material procurement, production and use. By focusing upon the range of information that can be gained from the stone artefacts, a more detailed picture can be gained of how early modern humans utilised their landscape, by providing information on settlement patterns, mobility, diet and technology.

C12 Ford, Anne

The University of Otago, New Zealand

STONE TOOL PRODUCTION-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AT HUIZUI, CHINA

The Erlitou culture (1900-1500 BC) has been postulated as the earliest state-level society in China, with evidence for social stratification, palatial/temple remains, craft specialization and elite good production. Whilst much attention has been focussed upon the production and distribution of elite goods, in comparison, little is known of the utilitarian items. This paper will focus upon the evidence for stone tool production and distribution during this time period by investigating raw material procurement, production and distribution for five tool types at the site of Huizui, located in Henan Province, China.

B4 Forestier, Hubert

IRD-MNHN, France

Sophady, Heng

Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia

THE RE-EXCAVATION OF LAANG SPEAN CAVE, CAMBODIA :SEASON 1, 2009

Laang Spean Cave (Battambang Province, Cambodia) is actually a reference site for Prehistoric Archaeology in Cambodia. Previously discovered by French archaeologist R. Mourer during the 60's, the long archaeological sequence of Laang Spean Cave from Hoabinhian to Neolithic has not been re-studied until today. Through the new French-Cambodian cooperation 2009, the main purpose of this paper is to present the first results of the re-excavation of this major site.

C3 Foster, Aimee, Hallie Buckley and Nancy Tayles

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin

SKELETAL ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITY IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Identifying divisions of labour in prehistoric societies is a notoriously difficult task in archaeological studies, yet it is vital for our understanding of social identities in the past. Bioarchaeology thus has much to offer this area of research: by analysing the human skeleton for changes that have occurred as a result of habitual activity during life we are able to investigate how factors such as biological sex relate to levels and/or types of activity.

This paper investigates the possibilities and limitations involved when studies of activity are used to investigate prehistoric social identity, and presents some results from the analysis of two mainland Southeast Asian skeletal samples, Man Bac, Vietnam (n=25), and Ban Non Wat, Thailand (n=66). Adult skeletons were analysed for entheseal change and degenerative joint disease. Comparisons were drawn between males and females, within and between the samples. The results highlight that while distinctions may be made between males and females in terms of activity, the relationships of activity markers to other factors such as age and body size are significant complications in this type of analysis.

B16 Frederick, Wendy

State University of San Francisco

ANCESTOR WORSHIP IN JAPAN: THE CONSTITUTION OF MIWA AUTHORITY: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH

During the Kofun period, the leaders of theYamato held sacred roles as powerful priest kings. Explosive agricultural growth during the last part of the third century, and the fruits thereof, gave the Yamato kings the ability to marshal the human and physical resources needed for constructing huge mounds … and to undertake military campaigns into the Korean peninsula.

D3 Frederick, Wendy

State University of San Francisco

THE ETHNOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE PALEOSIBERIAN AINU

There is probably no better example to answer these questions than the 'material culture' of the Ainu as reported in details and with very precise technical drawings by Kayano (1978). This important book lists about 250 tools and instruments that an archaeologist would never find in any site of Ainu archaeology. Most of the objects are exclusively made with fibrous materials and wooden sticks. The Ainu were collectors and hunters with a strong paleosiberian component. A great part of their material culture can give us 'fibro-constructive' ideas about prehistorical conditions. Very simply constructed traps and nets for small animals, cages to keep them, fish traps and nets, baskets and bags for transportation, very crudely made boats, various instruments, weapons, tools for various purposes, even games for children, status symbols or objects for the decoration or protection of the human body can be found. Small temporary huts are used while hunting. Such an outfit with material culture was doubtless possible in the Mesolithic period, but very likely already during the Upper and Middle Paleolithic. The material culture must have been much richer than the archaeologists make us believe. The ergological and technological characteristics of this broad range of Ainu-objects show very clearly, that these things have not been 'invented' recently. Most of them are conceived not functionally, but with polar principles.

This presentation outlines an open system of 'fibro-constructive' possibilities which allows for a wide range of developments in regard to its social, spatial, psychological, and particularly communication components. If we assume that this high level of complexity increasingly gained importance with the 'first architectural revolution' we can imagine the demand for increased memorizing capacity. Places were marked for settlement, migration, and possibly for food control. A new capacity was required to memorize these places, their markers, their structure and form and their surroundings, what they signaled etc. Very likely those who were disposed to larger memorizing capacities had great selective advantages. What does such a fibrous culture really look like? What are its forms, its functions? Prehistory naturally has only very fragmentary sources but, in the framework of the anthropological definition of material culture the hypothesis can be tested in the domain of ethnology (Hirschberg 89). What do these signify today? Can we see evidence of this in structures today and what is the impact?

C12 Fullagar, Richard

Scarp Archaeology and University of Wollongong

Li Liu

La Trobe University

Sheahan Bestel

La Trobe University, Monash University

Duncan Jones, Wei Ge, Anthony Wilson, Shaodong Zhai

La Trobe University

STONE TOOL-USE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF GRINDING STONES AND DENTICULATE SICKLES

Within a broader study of early Chinese agriculture, stone tool-use experiments were undertaken to document usewear on sandstone and tuff implements used to process Quercus acorns, Avena oats and Setaria millet. Other experiments examined usewear on denticulate slate sickles used to harvest Quercus acorns, Poaceae grass and Typha reeds. Results support other studies that indicate different patterns of abrasive smoothing, striation formation and polish development together provide a basis for distinguishing some of these tasks. This research is aimed to establish a database for functional analysis of grinding stones and sickles from the early Neolithic Peiligang culture. More controlled experiments are required to identify critical variables (e.g. silica in husks) that affect usewear patterns.

C1 Fuller, Dorian

Institute of Archaeology, London

RECENT ARCHAEOBOTANICAL ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF RICE DOMESTICATION, PRE-DOMESTICATION CULTIVATION AND ARABLE SYSTEMS.

Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in the past decade or so—with the publication of full draft genomes for indica and japonica rice on the one hand, and with the spread of systematic flotation and increased recovery of spikelet bases and other rice remains on early sites in China, India and Southeast Asia. This presentation reviews archaeobotanical evidence that can contribute to documenting the beginnings and early development of rice agriculture, and current evidence in both China and India. In particular, we will consider distinctions between the potential of a ‘hard’ domestication trait—non-shattering spikelet bases—against softer ‘semi-domestication’ traits including grain size, awn hairs and phytolith morphologies. Archaeobotanical evidence allows us to document the gradual evolutionary process of domestication through rice spikelet bases, grain size change, phytolith morphometrics and change in weed flora. but also allows us to suggest the ongoing juxtaposition of wild/weedy rices with cultivated populations, thus allowing for the ongoing introgression between cultivated and wild populations. The archaeobotanical evidence is then considered together with a synthesis of our current understanding of the reticulate framework of rice phylogeny. This requires a hypothesis of contact-induced hybridization for the early development of indica rices in northern India, perhaps ca. 2000 BC, and suggests 2 or 3 dispersal events southwards from China.

B18 Fuller, Dorian

Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Blench, Roger

Kay Williamson Trust, Cambridge, UK

Allaby, Robin

Warwick HRI, UK

Boivin, Nicole

School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

WESTWARD AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION AND THE SEALINKS PROJECT

While Austonesian expansions have been well studied within Southeast Asia and the Pacific, westward Austronesian expansion has been primarily studied as the colonisation of Madagascar. Meanwhile suggestions from, for example, simulation studies, suggest that other western Indian Ocean islands would have been at minimum Austronesian stopovers, while Classical texts provide intriguing indications of an Austronesian presence on the East African coast. Various Southeast Asian crops and commensals now found across the Indian Ocean may furthermore trace Austronesian movements, in particular the translocation of banana, yam and taro to Africa. Examined within the context of wider early Indian Ocean contact and trade developments, the possibility that some of these westward Austronesian ventures trace to the first millennium BC appears less speculative. We explore Western Austronesian expansion as part of a wider series of pre-Roman Indian Ocean exploration and trade developments, and discuss the role of the new multidisciplinary Sealinks Project in bringing archaeology, linguistics and genetics together to address them.

B16 Gahilote, Shaguna

UNESCO, New Delhi

COMMUNITY HERITAGE PROJECT AT RAGHURAJPUR VILLAGE, ORISSA, INDIA

The Raghurajpur Project was undertaken as a community heritage project. This was done in the context of the rich historical past of Raghurajpur. The village of Raghurajpur, situated close to the famous Sun temple of Konarak in the state of Orissa, was selected for the project sponsored by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. The author stayed at Raghurajpur and researched the traditional crafts like mural painting, ceramics and buiilding of mud houses. The database was interfaced with archaeological evidence from Early Historic, Historic and Medieval settlement sites in the region to create a historical continuum. The paper seeks to show the relevance of interfacing archaeo-historical constructs with surviving traditional lifestyles.

B15 Galloway, Charlotte

Australian National University, Canberra, Australian National University

FROM DVARAVATI TO BAGAN – A CASE FOR A PYU AND MON ARTISTIC CONTINUUM

Defining relationships between the Pyu, and the Mon of Burma and Thailand during the 6^th to 11^th centuries is an area of research that is gathering momentum. Pyu sites are undergoing further excavation and investigation, and the history of the Mon continues to be a subject of great scholarly interest, and sometimes controversy. Links between the two groups are often hinted at, but the relative paucity of Mon material in Burma creates a geographical gulf between the Pyu sites and the Mon Dvaravati kingdom of Thailand. By examining the art from these regions, which is primarily in the form of Buddhist objects, and addressing similarities in style and medium, this paper aims to add to a growing body of research which supports an active process of cultural exchange between Burma and Thailand during this period.

D1 Gani, Nicholas

Centre for Archaeological Research Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia

GUA TUPAK, A LATE PREHISTORIC SITE IN BAU, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

This paper presents the preliminary results of recent archaeological surveys and excavations conducted in the Bau Caves by the Centre for Archaeological Research Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, with the cooperation of the Sarawak Museum Department, Kuching. Surveys in the Bau Caves were conducted in order to search for potential sites for archaeological research. Results of the surveys determined Gua Tupak to be a potential site for archaeological research. Subsequent excavations at Gua Tupak revealed evidence of prehistoric human occupation radiocarbon dated to A.D. 710. The evidence came in the form of earthenware sherds, stone artefacts and food refuse, such as shell remains and animal bones which were recovered during the excavations, suggesting that daily subsistence activities were carried out at the site.

D2 Gard, Rowan

Archaeology, Bishop Museum

PIECES OF THE POLYNESIAN PAST – A HANDS-ON UNDERSTANDING OF THE AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION THROUGH A SIMULATED DIG EXPERIENCE

Examining the Austronesian expansion through a simulated dig kit experience offers Hawai'i school children and their families further insight into the colonization of the Pacific and the ancestral connections Polynesia has with Southeast Asia. This educational program uses archaeological inquiry to foster an understanding of Pacific archaeology and stresses the importance of stewardship, while meeting early childhood educational standards for social studies, science, and literacy education within the state of Hawai'i. This program is offered as an example of successful educational outreach within a multi-cultural community, with the hope that it will inspire others to create similar hands-on activities.

C3 Garong A.M.

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan and Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines

Takashima C.

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Datar F.A.

Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of the Philippines, Manila

Ronquillo W.P.

Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila,

Kano A.

Koike H.

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS USING HUMAN TOOTH ENAMEL CARBONATE FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Since tooth enamel carbonate retains the oxygen isotope composition from the ingested drinking water and foods during the mineralization process, it could provide isotopic composition of meteoric water that reflect local precipitation related to the habitat of the individual. Oxygen and carbon stable isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) analysis using tooth enamel carbonate enable to estimate geographical variation and movement amongst past population. Breastfeeding and weaning patterns are also preserved in the tooth enamel and provide a record of childhood diet.

A total of 94 individual from six burial sites in the Philippines were sampled and analyzed. These are the Batanes site in the northernmost part of the Philippines associated with boat-shaped and primary jar burials (355±70 BP), the primary burials(1600-1350 BP) and secondary burials 630-425 BP) from Lal-lo shell midden sites in Northern Philippines, the 13th century mummies and mass grave cave burial (17th-18th century) from Kabayan Benguet Mountain Province northwest of Luzon, the Sta.Ana burial site in Manila (about 1095 AD, the Romblon site in Romblon Island (14th-15th century) and the Cebu burial site located in Boljoon Parish Church (18th-19th century), both from Central Philippines.

Geographical movement and variation were studied by δ18O analysis using teeth enamel carbonate. Most of the average δ18O values from each site had a clear correlation to the precipitation which has the south to north cline (Romblon (n=18; -6.9‰), Sta. Ana (n= 14; -7.4‰), Lal-lo (n=5; -7.7‰) and Batanes (n=19; -8.1‰), except for Kabayan site (n=25; -8.5‰) situated in the mountainous region that showed lower value than average δ18O. Difference of δ18O values within each site implies higher mobility in the island site like Batanes (±1.5‰) than those in the inland such as Kabayan site (±1.1) indicating possible migration. Variations of δ18O values within each individual using M1, P2, M2 and M3 showed that those from Batanes site were higher than the other sites. We also examined successive sampling of M1 from the crown to the cervical line. These results indicate more than 1‰ seasonal differences in each individuals, suggesting that they might drink stored water from the pond or jar.

C12 GE Wei

The University of Science and Technology of China, China

FOOD FOR THE ANCESTORS OF QIN: STARCH ANALYSIS OF FUNERARY VESSELS FROM LIXIAN, GANSU

Starch grains have been found in many archaeological contexts and can provide significant evidence concerning the use of plants in the past. Starch residue analysis was applied to artifacts excavated from the Xishan site in the southeast of Gansu province, China. The site dates to the western Zhou dynasty (1100-771 BC). A total of 475 starch granules were recovered from 7 stone tools and 8 pottery containers. These starch granules were preliminarily assigned to six different genera. The results suggest that the people in the kingdom of Qin cultivated and consumed a variety of plants in the late Zhou dynasty.

B15 Ghosh, Suchandra & Lipi Ghosh

University of Calcutta

SEALS, AMULETS & COINAGES OF THE DVARAVATI CULTURAL SITES: UNDERSTANDING THEIR SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT & RELIGIOUS NETWORK.

This paper looks at the presence of seals, sealings, amulets and coinages at the Dvaravati cultural sites in the context of their relation with objects unearthed across the shores of the Bay of Bengal in India The social environment of the voyaging objects will also be looked into, apart from situating them in the religious network of the period. The presentation, while discussing the network of relations, will also bring in the question of agency in the whole process of interaction spanning across Bay of Bengal.

A1 Gilligan, Ian

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University

A1 CLOTHING AND MODERN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN AUSTRALIA

Recent reviews have highlighted the challenges posed by the Australian archaeological record for the concept of modern human behaviour. The archaeologically-visible components make only a limited, sporadic and generally delayed appearance, despite the presence of modern humans on the continent from 45,000 years ago. Evidence is presented to suggest that some key aspects of modern human behaviour relate to the use and manufacture of clothing for thermal reasons, and that recent revisions to the trait list (with specialized blade industries, for example, falling out of favour) have weakened the validity of the concept. By connecting some components to the manufacture and repercussions of clothing, their fluctuating occurrence can be linked to varying environmental conditions throughout the late Pleistocene, and earlier. One region of special interest for the debate is Tasmania, where certain signs of behavioural modernity ( bone tools, resource specialization, novel lithic technology and, briefly, cave art) emerged during the Last Glacial Maximum, only to diminish or disappear during the Holocene. It is argued that a clothing-based model of modern human behaviour is more viable than existing formulations not only in Australia but probably elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific area, and perhaps globally.

C1 Gilligan, Ian

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University

THE NEOLITHIC IN AUSTRALIA: WHY NOT?

Material and behavioural elements associated with the term Neolithic are almost completely absent in Australia. Among the few exceptions are the domesticated dog (originating in northern China around 10,000 years ago and reaching Australia by 3,500 years ago as the dingo), together with some evidence for increasing manipulation and control of wild resources (mainly in southeastern Australia). While it has been suggested that the latter developments represent independent local trends toward more complex societies that perhaps might have led to an Australian Neolithic were they not ‘nipped in the bud’ by the arrival of Europeans, the Neolithic in Australia is notable essentially for its non-existence. Particularly striking is the absence of any agricultural practices, despite the availability of suitable potential plant and animal domesticates. Also not present is another one of the original (though generally overlooked) definitive attributes of the Neolithic: the weaving of textile fibres for clothing. An unconventional model is presented, advocating a significant formative role for clothing (especially textiles), which suggests that a typical absence of clothing may provide a clue as to why the Neolithic did not develop in Australia.

C19 Girard, Michel & Bui Thi Mai

Archeo-palynologists, CNRS-CEPAM

THE POLLINIC ANALYSIS OF OLEORESINS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THUYÊN THÚNG, BASKET BOATS OF CENTRAL VIETNAM, AN INTER-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

The use of vegetal resins for boat caulking is an ancient method. The analysis of a caulking sample found on a shipwreck in Brunei, dated to the 15th century yielded pollens of Dipterocarpus and of Shorea trees. Nowadays, in Central Vietnam, such oleo-resins are still used to caulk basket boats. The analysis of these pollens coupled with observation on the field of its collection and preparation provides information on how ancient vessels may have been prepared to go to sea. Such a study is an example of how archaeopalynological and ethnobotanical data may participate in building knowledge about ancient seafarers and their boatbuilding traditions and demonstrates the multi-disciplinary approach possible within that field.

B14 Glover, Ian C.

Institute of Archaeology, University College London

SA HUYNH – A SOCIOCULTURAL TYPE

I want to move away from the details of Sa Huynh archaeology and to think about the type of society represented by the remains that we call the Sa Huynh Culture. To do this I will draw on comparative ethnography, history and the sociology of what are known in western Indonesian cultural studies as pasisir societies. This term was introduced into sociological discourse by an ethnomusicologist Pigeaud in the 1930s and elaborated in writings by Hildred Geertz (1963) and Clifford Geertz (1963) who pointed to three distinct sociocultural types in Indonesia: 1) The pasisir coastal traders practising fishing and low intensive farming; 2) The more settled labour intensive wet rice farmers of Central Java, southern Bali and parts of Sumatra supporting powerful hierarchical kingdoms and 3) The formerly pagan, tribal peoples of the forested interiors, self-sufficient for the most part, but who provided many of the forest products, such as aromatic woods, rattan, animal parts, bird feathers, herbs and spices traded to the outside world by the pasisir peoples.

In pre-modern Indonesia, the pasisir societies had for the most part been converted to Islam or Christianity between the 13^th and 16^th centuries, shared a commercial orientation and some established great trading entrepôts. Pasisir societies were often ethnically and linguistically heterogeneous and many had established small principalities far from their original homelands, often enslaving through debt-bondage tribal peoples from the interior to ensure regular deliveries of valuable forest products. Pasisir societies were outward looking, generally dynamic and changed rapidly and strongly influenced the more stable inland kingdoms and were in turn influenced by them.

Although the descriptions and characterisation of the pasisir society as a distinct social type comes out of recent history and sociology of Indonesia I believe that such communities have very ancient origins and it is possible to recognise them in other parts of Southeast Asian and from the archaeological record. The Sa Huynh Culture with its extensive and primarily coastal distribution and many external contacts formed just such a sociocultural type and which later though strong commercial contacts with China to the north, the Philippines islands to the east and to India to the west, morphed into the several early-historic Champa polities and later converted to Islam.

B1 Golitko, Mark

University of Illinois at Chicago

Terrell, John Edward

The Field Museum of Natural History

RECONSTRUCTING SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE VOYAGING CORRIDOR: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFACTS FROM THE SEPIK COAST OF NEW GUINEA

The Sepik coast of northern Papua New Guinea is seen by many as a likely stopping point for prehistoric voyagers moving between SE Asia and island Melanesia. The archaeology of this coast is therefore important in understanding how people, social practices, and material culture may have moved between these two regions. However, linguistically the Sepik coast is tremendously diverse—so much so, that common sense would lead us to think communities there must be incredibly isolated from one another as well as from people living elsewhere in this voyaging corridor between Asia and the Pacific. We report here on chemical analyses by portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of over 300 ceramic sherds and 400 obsidian flakes recovered from archaeological sites on this coast spanning the last two millennia. Our results indicate that there has probably been continuous engagement by people on this coast in exchange networks that brought obsidian from both the Admiralty group and West New Britain to the Sepik area. An explanation other than extreme isolation is needed to explain the linguistic diversity found in this part of the world.

C8 Goto, Akira

Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan

HOW IS THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO AN ISLAND? A PERSPECTIVE FROM INDIGENOUS JAPANESE ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Japanese archaeologists, ethnologists and historians have used a concept of "kai-jin" that means a maritime (=”kai”) people (=”jin”). The kai-jin was pronounced as "ama" in Japanese classical literatures to indicate fishing and salt-making people, and later it came to mean particular maritime clans who were responsible for specialized fishing as well as for piloting and naval war in the Yamato Dynasty. In recent usage, “ama” means specialized diver-fishers. In this presentation, I will argue that the "kai-jin" concept that has been used by Japanese archaeologists, historians and ethnologists for years is useful for grasping the maritime groups living in insular situation in Asia and the Pacific. In addition to "sea nomads" who live in house boats, I propose to include other type of groups in the concept of "kai-jin": e.g. the group who has a permanent costal village but a part of the family (usually men) emigrate for several months or even several years for the purpose of fishing, craft and trade. An example comes from the maritime potter-trader of Mare Island south of Tidore, Northern Maluku. I do not argue that the kai-jin concept is useful to grasp a particular ethnic group. Instead, I argue that “kai-jin” originally comprises multi-ethnic groups who adopted a common way of living or maritime habitus. Comparative discussions will be made of the prehistoric maritime groups such as Lapita and the Okhotsk cultures.

C16 Goto, Akira

THE OCEANIC ECOUNTER WITH THE JAPANESE: AN OUTRIGGER CANOE-FISHING GEAR COMPLEX IN THE BONIN ISLANDS AND HACHIJO-JIMA ISLAND

This paper examines outrigger-fishing boats used in the Bonin Islands and Hachijo-jima Island, south of Tokyo. The Bonin Islands that lie in the north of the Mariana Islands had been influenced from Micronesia in prehistory. After hundreds of years of isolation, the immigrants finally came from the Hawaiian kingdom to the islands in 1830: they consist of 5 whites and 15 Pacific Islanders, and they brought with them several Polynesian cultural elements including Hawaiian type single-outrigger canoe. The canoes already had a western type of rectangular sail with a gaf. Canoes were later introduced to the Hachijo-jima Island. Then several innovations have been made: e.g. (1) a dugout hull originally made of Hernandia sonora came to be made of cedar planks adopting Japanese fishing-boat making, (2) the canoe was used for fishing with Japanese type fishing gear, (3) a scull came to be used like a Japanese fishing boat, instead of a Pacific type paddle (in Hachijo-jima Island), and so on. Thus the outrigger-fishing boats of this area show a unique combination of the traditions of the Pacific, Europe (or America), and Japanese.

C17 Graves, Michael W.

University of New Mexico

McCoy, Mark D.

Otago University

THE EXPANSION OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE INTO KOHALA, HAWAI‘I ISLAND

Recent archaeological field and archival research has revealed the development of irrigated agriculture in the major valleys and gulches of the northeastern portion of Hawai‘i Island. Previous research from the valleys of Honokane and Pololu that mapped the surface agricultural terraces has now been matched with chronometric dates showing agricultural development as early as AD 1200. New field work in four of the smaller gulches to the west dates agricultural expansion to about AD 1300, with irrigated terraces distributed wherever alluvial flats were located and also in many side gulches. Water from the middle and upper elevations of the gulches was diverted through a series of irrigation ditches along moderate slopes to the ridge tops where historic maps show agricultural complexes were located. Water from these ridge top complexes was drained in some cases into ditches that fed back in to the lower portions of the gulches where stream flow was less secure but where the largest agricultural complexes are located. The technological innovation illustrated by the network of gulch ditches and agricultural complexes likely occurred after AD 1650 and brought new lands under permanent cultivation. This fits well in time with a period during which there was the largest increase in the dryland field system on the more arid western slopes of Kohala. Together these likely form an integrated wetland and dryland cultivation system, unrivaled in Hawai’i for its geographic scale and overall productivity.

B4 Guangmao, Xie

Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

NEW NEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES IN GUANGXI

Since 2002, numerous Neolithic sites have been excavated in cooperation with the capital constructions in Guangxi , South China. These sites are all open-air sites located on the banks of rivers. The representative sites presented in this paper are Baida site, Gexinqiao site, Beidaling site, Datangcheng site, Chongtang site, etc. Among these sites, stone workshops and burials were found, hundreds of thousands of stone artifacts were recovered, but pottery is rare. Tentative dating ranges from early Neolithic age to late Neolithic age.

B2 Guo, Weimin

Hunan Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology, China

SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN THE LATE NEOLITHIC MIDDLE YANGTZE RIVER: NEW EVIDENCE FROM LIYANG PLAIN

Within the relatively circumscribed Liyang Plain in the Middle Yangtze River, the Neolithic settlements underwent three stages from ‘walled-town’, ‘walled-city’ to ‘walled-city settlements groups’. The layout of the settlements became increasing well-planned, and the house structures became more complex over time. During the early phase, the settlements were scattered in the landscape. During the second ‘walled-city’ phase, a belt-shaped regional settlement pattern was developed, and the settlement size was expanded. During the third ‘walled-city settlements group’ phase, differentiation appeared in two ways: first, the agglomerated settlements formed into large settlement groups; second, many small settlements split from larger settlements, indicating that the core community units became smaller. Three tiers of settlements appeared, indicating that societies became increasingly hierarchical

B2 Guo, Zhengfu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Tianlong Jiao

Bishop Museum

SOURCING THE NEOLITHIC STONE ADZES IN SOUTHEAST CHINA: NEW GEOCHEMICAL EVIENCE FROM THE TIANLUOSHAN SITE

Lithic artifacts, including stone tools, ornaments, debitages and other rocks associated with house structures, constitute an important component of the Hemudu culture(5000-7000BP). However, due to various reasons, no studies have been conducted to find out the procurement strategy of these lithic resources. The newly excavated Tianluoshan site offers a good opportunity to tackle this problem. Using geochemical techniques such as XRF and ICP-MS, we recently conducted a sourcing study of the Tianluoshan stone adzes. The result suggests that most of the raw materials are not available adjacent to the site, and the closest source is at least 50 kilometers away. We also compared the data with the chemical components of the stone adzes from the Hemudu site, and the results indicate their raw materials are highly similar. This study in the first time provides tangible evidence for understanding the lithic resource procurement and management strategy of the Hemudu culture. The result also carries implications for studying the social networks among the Hemudu settlements.

B16 Gupta, Sunil

Allahabad Museum under Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Allahabad

ROLE OF FOREST TRIBES IN INDIAN OCEAN TRADE, 1^ST - 3^RD CENTURY AD

There is a popular notion that forest dwellers are an anachronism in the modern age, that they lack social and economic skills to survive and evolve. However, a close analysis of certain forest tribes in south and northeast India reveals that these forest dwellers still hold exclusive knowledge of certain botanical products (herbs, roots, plants) and spices used as medicine and cuisine since ancient times. For example, the Kadar tribe in the rainforests of the Malabar in south India still supply medicinal plants for the traditional Indian ayurvedic practitioners. The folk history of the Kadars indicates that they had interacted with foreign traders in ancient times; perhaps merchants from the Roman Empire who came to the Malabar to acquire spices and other botanical products. The ancient sea guide, the Periplus Maris Erytharaei (1^st century AD) refers to forest tribes in the Indian northeast trading malabathrum meant for eventual transfer to the Mediterranean. This paper will explore that role of forest tribes in early Indian Ocean trade in the context of historical and archaeological evidence.

C16 Guse, Daryl

Department of Archaeology and Natural History, RSPAS, ANU

MACASSAR TREPANG FISHERMEN AND INDIGENOUS COASTAL EXPLOITATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES ALONG THE ARNHEM LAND COAST OF AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Archaeological evidence from Macassar fishermen Macassar trepang (beche de mer) processing sites from the 18th and 19th Centuries located on the north Australian coast have revealed potential industrial impacts on local Australian marine and terrestrial ecologies. The resultant Macassar fishermen and Indigenous  exchange and resource use of local marine environments in Arnhem Land may have significant implications for conservation and management by local Indigenous Ranger groups trying to demonstrate historic baseline ecological data for the region. Macassar trepang fishermen travelled to the Australian Arnhem Land coastline  over several centuries and developed relationships with local Indigenous Australian communities which had significant cultural impacts. Shell harvesting and exploitation appears to have intensified during this period of occupation. According to recent scientific research into trepang fisheries, the Goulburn Island area still has significantly diminished trepang numbers compared to the archaeological and historic records. Indigenous natural and cultural resource management regimes are being implemented in various Indigenous Protected Areas along the Arnhem Land coastline. Initial archaeological research has highlighted the potential impact that major trepang processing and collection strategies in the Goulburn Island region may have been more severe than originally documented. This is particularly significant for local Indigenous natural and cultural ranger land management programs which are attempting to implement pre-contact environmental management strategies in the local area.

C18 Guse, Daryl

Australian National University

INDONESIAN TEXTILES AND THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN ROCK ART

Textile introduction to Indigenous Australia occurs in the 18th Century through culture contact with Indonesian trepang (beche de mer) fishermen along the Arnhem Land coastline of northern Australia. Trepang fishermen exchange many items including textiles which not only served a functional use, but also were incorporated into religious and ceremonial significance to Indigenous people. It has been suggested that designs found in the rock art of the Wellington Range of Arnhem Land, northern Australia may have been influenced by motif designs from Indonesian textiles introduced by the trepang fishermen. This suggestion is significant as this influence in rock art motif design may be a proxy indicator for a longer period of culture contact between Indonesian maritime communities and Indigenous peoples of northern Australia extending beyond the 17th Century.

C16 Gusev, Sergey V.

Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage, Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation

THE OLD WHALING CULTURE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC: NEW RECORDS

The discovery of Old Whaling culture in Alaska in 50-60 by G.L. Giddings and D.D. Anderson resulted in heated debates: Did whale hunting exist at the edge of II-I thousands BC? It is very important problem, because the appearance of whale hunting is principle for studying of Arctic prehistory. Beringean expedition had discovered in 1997 and then had investigated in 2003, 2005, 2007-2008 the settlement of sea mammal hunters Un`en`en in Eastern Chukotka. This site is situated at terrace 22-28 m above sea level. Cultural deposit was dated by end II – beginning I millennium BC (wood samples). In 2007 during joint excavation with team from University of Alaska (Fairbanks), it was found the unique walrus tusk with carvings. The tusk, length 49 sm was designed as a ringed seal. The images of people, sea and inland animals, birds, constructions, boats and some scenes of everyday life had been carved on both sides of tusk. Among them are the images of whale hunting from boats – umiak, hunter in kayak. The manner of hunting and design of boats are similar to proto-eskimo tradition. These images are unique for Euroasian and American Arctic. It shows the world of ancient sea mammal hunters, having left the message to XXI century, as a carvings on walrus tusk. Special features of tools, ecofacts, and images proves the existence of specialization of sea mammal hunting at the end of II millennium BC. Thus the date of appearance of sea mammal hunting becomes older then thousand years. The stone tool complex has some analogues in cultures of subarctic and arctic zones of Northern America. The most related population was at Cape Krusenstern (Old Whaling culture). In excavated area it was discovered the floor made of wood pieces, pavement of big and medium size crude stones. The pavement made of walrus skulls may indicate the sacred nature of construction. Cultural deposit is full of walrus, ringed seal and bird bones. Rarely it was found the antler and mussel shells. The special features of this complex are the points with T-form base and symmetrical side notches. Indeed, the stone tool manufacture has such special feature as polishing of striking platform. Such manner is unique for Northern Pacific.Now it is impossible to determine the region of origin and genesis of Old Whaling culture, oriented to maritime economy, but some features indicate its southern origins.

C21 Ha, Moonsig

Sejong University Department of History, Republic of Korea

THE DOLMEN CULT OF THE NORTHEAST PROVINCE IN CHINA

This study aims to investigate some worshipped dolmens in Liaoning Province among the dolmens distributed mainly in the Northeast of Asia. Many people have been interested in dolmens in Liaoning Province since their discovery. The ritual of worshipping dolmens has been held according to the traditional belief. The results of this study are as follows: First, the dolmens related to the ritual of worshipping among dolmens in Liaoning Province are in places which everyone can see easily. Second, cap-stones supported on stone props are a physical feature of the dolmens. Third, a distinguishing characteristic is that the cap-stones overhang the stone props: the northern eaves of Shipengshan dolmen is 325cm in length and appears very grand. Fourth, the Taizei dolmen and Shipengshan dolmen with shrines and in temples have become the object of worship in the memory of the ancient people. Fifth, the worshipped dolmen looks like a table; the memorial tablets, products made of clay and incense burners lie in the chamber tomb. Sixth, In front of the Xianrentang dolmen is the stone board used for killing pigs needed for the ritual, which may be reminiscent of the practice of sacrifice for the departed.

A1 Habgood, Phillip J. and Natalie R. Franklin

School of Social Sciences, The University of Queensland

GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNING OF THE “PACKAGE OF ARCHAEOLOGICALLY VISIBLE TRAITS” OF MODERN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR WITHIN GREATER AUSTRALIA

The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe has furnished a “package” of archaeologically visible innovations that are claimed to reflect modern human behaviour. It has also been proposed that the “package” was exported from Africa to other regions of the Old World. A review of the late Pleistocene archaeological record of Sahul (Habgood & Franklin 2008) found that the components of the “package” were gradually assembled over a 30,000 year period following initial occupation of the continent, indicating that the “package” was not brought by the earliest colonising groups as proposed and supporting the view that there is currently no “package of archaeologically visible traits” that can be used to establish modern human behaviours. This presentation explores the geographical patterning of the individual traits within Greater Australia and concludes that the chronological and geographical pattern evident is due to local conditions.

A1 Haidle, Miriam Noël

Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities

INTRODUCTION – PLEISTOCENE MODERNITY: AN EXCLUSIVELY AFRO-EUROPEAN ISSUE?

Based on the appearances of specialized blade industries, bone and antler tools, and art and body ornaments, debate on the origins of cognitive and cultural modernity was for decades centred in Europe. Ten years ago, the focus of the search for modernity shifted to Africa. The trait list of modern behaviour has recently been extended to include notational/incised pieces, fishing, shellfishing, mining, long distance exchange, simple and barbed points, microliths, pigment processing, and grindstones. The time frame for some of these traits in Africa has been expanded back to the Middle Pleistocene. But all perspectives in this debate currently exclude East and Southeast Asia, and the only evidence of modernity from this area to be widely discussed has been the colonization of Sahul/Australia across sea. For Europe, the assemblage of archaeologically visible cultural innovations is often portrayed as a ‘‘package’’, but such a claim cannot be made for the Indo-Pacific region. Habgood and Franklin (JHE 55, 2008) have recently stated that this “package” of cultural innovations did not exist as an entity from the beginning of Sahul settlement, and that its “components were gradually assembled over a 30,000 year period”. Thus, in the current stage of discussion, three main questions arise from an Indo-Pacific perspective that will be discussed in this session: 1. Is there pre-sapiens evidence from Asia for traits of modern human behaviour? 2. How valid is the current list of symptoms for detecting or refuting the existence of modern human behaviour? 3. Can other, more general and basic, aspects of modern human behaviour be identified?

C3 Halcrow, Siân

Tayles, Nancy

University of Otago

BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Social identity is fundamental to the structure of societies and culture. As a specialisation that incorporates both the biological and social sciences, bioarchaeology is particularly well placed to contribute to the understanding of social identities in the past. This paper reviews recent bioarchaeological research in prehistoric Southeast Asia that is advancing our understanding of social change with agricultural development in the region, with a focus on recent work on infants and children from Thai sites.

B16 Hamid Mohd Isa

Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains, Malaysia.

THE CURRENT STATUS OF CONTEMPORARY NEGRITO HUNTERS AND GATHERERS IN MALAYSIA

The Negritos or Semangs were believed to be the earliest Orang Asli (indigenous peoples) inhabiting Peninsular Malaysia. This group was in the same family as the Menik (or so called Sakai) in Southern Thailand and the Agta or Aeta in Luzon, Philippines. They were sub-divided into 6 sub-ethnicitiess namely the Jahai, Mendrik, Lanoh, Kintak, Bateq and Kensiu which make up a total population of 4014 people, 2.8% out of the total population of 147,412 Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. The demography of the Negritos is as follows: 1843 Jahai, 363 Lanoh, 164 Mendrik, 1255 Bateq, 157 Kintak and 232 Kensiu. The majority dwells in the district of Upper Perak, Kelantan and Pahang. Most of them are Jahai peoples who have adapted to the Temenggor Lakeshore environment in Belum rainforest in Upper Perak. Based on the previous ethnographic records, the Negritos were pure foragers where hunting and gathering was a main mode of production for subsistence; one of among 27 contemporary hunting and gathering minorities in the world.

This article attempt to discuss their current status of subsistence activity (eg. hunting gathering) and if there is a significant change in their lifestyle and mode of production. Based on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews conducted from time to time from November 2008 until July 2009 in Temenggor, Upper Perak (Jahai), Kampong Air Bah, Kenering, Upper Perak (Lanoh), Lubok Legong, Baling, Kedah (Kensiu), Kampong Bukit Asu, Upper Perak (Kintak), Kuala Lah, Gua Musang, Ulu Kelantan (Mendrik) and Ulu Tembeling, Pahang (Bateq), it is found that the hunting and gathering mode of production was slowly replaced by sedentary and swidden cultivation among most of the groups. Hunting is still being practiced but not as a main subsistence activity since modern consumption were introduced, while gathering was still being practiced either for daily subsistence or for the purpose of cash return. However with the exception of a few Jahai camp in the Upper Belum rainforest and a few other Bateq encampment in Ulu Tembeling, Pahang, we discovered that these groups still depend mostly on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Out of these the Lanoh and the Kensiu and most of the Jahai encampment near Temenggor seem to be totally dependant on swidden cultivation and cash return economy.

C1 Handini, Retno

Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies, Jakarta

THE MEGALITHIC TRADITION IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA: CONCEPTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECT AND MIGRATION ROUTES

In the distribution of megalithic remains in Indonesia, East Nusa Tenggara is recognized as one of the outstanding places. A number of areas in the province, such as Flores, Sumba, and Timor (West Timor) are loaded with megalithic remains, some of which are beyond the theoretical boundary of prehistoric period and the tradition still survives until now. Based on geographical map and the migration routes of the people who bore the megalithic tradition, this area is like a cul de sac, or a dead end, because it is located at the south-east trip of the Indonesian archipelago. This is an interesting factor of the megalithic remains in East Nusa Tenggara, which is also characterized by the magnificence of living megalithic tradition that can be easily found in some of its main islands.

This paper will discuss megalithic remains in East Nusa Tenggara, both dead megalithic culture and living megalithic tradition, and will try to find the relationship between the geographical aspect and the mechanism of migration of the bearers of megalithic culture. This is based on the dominance of megalithic tradition, which is still deeply rooted in one of the cul de sacs in the Archipelago. In this context, the megalithic culture of this area will be compared to similar traditions that are still practiced in other parts of Indonesia, for instance at Nias (North Sumatra) and Tana Toraja (West Sulawesi), to find out the position of the megalithic of East Nusa Tenggara within the scope of the megalithic tradition in general in Indonesia.

C3 Harris, Nathaniel J

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin

Tayles, Nancy

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin

DISPOSING OF THE DEAD: THE APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGIE DE TERRAIN TO BAN NON WAT, THAILAND

Anthropologie de terrain, also called 'field anthropology', is a taphonomically based methodology used to reconstruct past funerary practices. Upon careful examination of skeletal elements within a grave it is possible to determine: whether a burial was primary in nature or occurred over multiple episodes; the original position of the cadaver within the grave; and whether the body was inhumed, wrapped, or placed in a coffin. Differences in funerary treatment between individuals could be influenced by a number of social factors including sex, age, and social status. By examining these differences it can therefore be possible to make inferences about the social organisation of past societies.

This paper describes the results of such an application of field anthropology to Bronze Age burials from the site of Ban Non Wat, Thailand. This time period encompasses six mortuary phases and comparisons will be made both within and between these phases based on sex, age, and burial goods. A potential outcome of examining the funerary practices of Bronze Age Ban Non Wat is the identification of preferential treatment based on social identity, which in turn may add to the current debate over social organisation in Bronze Age Thailand.

C16 Hashimura, Osamu

National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka

THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF MARINE RESOURCE USE: CASE STUDY OF THE DOLPHIN FISH (CORYPHAENA HIPPURUS) IN JAPAN AND EAST ASIA

The maritime culture of exploiting dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) is widely distributed in East Asia (including Japan), Oceania (e.g., Polynesia including Hawaii) and South America (e.g., Costa Rica), and this paper has aimed to inquire into the answer ‘why did/do we capture the dolphin fish from the past to present days?’. This report will firstly report about (1) the regional distribution of Tsuke (payao) method or FAD (Fish Aggregative Device) and food culture for the dolphin fish among the Japan Sea to East China Sea, and then discuss widely about (2) the historical transition of dolphin fish fisheries and cultural system for the food distributions of dolphin fish among Japan, Hawaii, Costa Rica, by comparative culture-historical analysis of the interactions between dolphin fish and human.

B11 Haumann, Cathleen

University of Otago

HIERARCHY OR HETERARCHY? AN ANALYSIS OF MORTUARY CERAMICS AT BAN NON WAT AND BAN LUM KHAO

At present there is debate as to whether there was an entrenched hierarchical or heterarchical system in Thailand’s Bronze Age. Two sites on the Khorat Plateau, Ban Non Wat and Ban Lum Khao, were examined for any evidence of a hierarchy. Ban Non Wat possesses five mortuary phases belonging to the Bronze Age, with Bronze Age 2 and 3 being markedly wealthier than the others. Ban Lum Khao, situated ten kilometres away, possesses only one Bronze Age mortuary phase, which is poor in terms of grave goods but contains a ceramic sequence very similar to that found in Ban Non Wat. One form of ceramic pot, common to both sites, was measured at the maximum points of its lip, neck and body and the data analysed. The wealthier phases of Ban Non Wat appeared to be contemporary with the poor phase found at Ban Lum Khao, as they shared the same pot form with very similar dimensions. The results obtained seem to confirm the hypothesis that there was some form of hierarchical system in operation in Thailand in the early Bronze Age, if not nationwide at least between the two sites studied.

C2 Hawkins, Stuart

Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia-Pacific, Australian National University

White, Arthur W.

Worthy, Trevor H.

School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney

Bedford, Stuart

Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia-Pacific, Australian National University

Spriggs, Matthew

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University

LAPITA EXPLOITATION OF THE VANUATU MEIOLANIID (LAND TURTLE) 3100-2760 B.P.

The Vanuatu archipelago was first settled by people associated with the Lapita cultural complex as shown by a number of sites (Bedford 2006) dating from as early as 3100 B.P. They brought a transportable subsistence system which included domestic animals and crops. However, when they arrived they also encountered endemic terrestrial mega fauna for the first time, including an extinct meiolaniid (Giant horned land turtle) currently under study (White et al in prep). Their response was to exploit these large vulnerable land turtles, providing an example of the interaction between cultural behaviour and an island ecological system.

Using various zooarchaeological techniques we show that the meiolaniid was exploited extensively within the Vanuatu archipelago during the Lapita phase, while at Teouma it was exploited intensively during the first few hundred years of settlement, up to the immediately post-Lapita settlement phase, 2900–2760 B.P. This raises issues of the complex interaction between the Lapita people and their environment, as it appears that increasingly intensive settlement led to meiolaniid extinction around this time.

C7 Hendrickson, Mitch

University of Sydney

Industries of Angkor: Material production at Preah Khan of Kompong Svay

Preah Khan of Kompong Svay (PKKS) is both the single largest Angkorian enclosed city and the purported centre of iron production for the Khmer Empire. INDAP represents the first comprehensive investigation of the history and production of industrial material (metal, ceramics) and settlement (temples and landscape) at this important site. This paper presents initial results of surveys and geophysical investigation within the city focusing specifically on the distribution of iron production sites. More importantly, this work re-examines the important role that the ethnic Kouy, Cambodia’s traditional iron smelters, may have played in the placement and development of PKKS.

C7 Heng, Piphal

University of Hawai’i, Manoa

Chronology of Sambor Prei Kuk

This paper will focus on the date of the pre-Angkorian capital of Sambor Prei Kuk–Isanapura. This is a critical topic regarding the early state formation and development, which Chinese accounts termed Chenla during the early 6^th century A.D. Providing a chronology of the capital would provide more insight regarding politics, economics, and ideology which might have changed from the time of Bhavavarman I to Jayavarman II. The paper presents a controversial issue regarding the role of ideology, religious to be specific, structured within the politics and economics of pre-Angkor Cambodia.

C7 Heng, Sophady

Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts

Village 10.8 Iron Age Cemetery in the Red Soil Plateau, earthen of Mekong River

Despite identifying many new sites in recent years, most sites in the red soil area of eastern Kampong Cham remain a mystery and under-researched. The archaeological site of Village 10.8 was surveyed and excavated by the archaeological team of the Memot Centre for Archaeology between 2002 and 2008. This work revealed approximately 40 burials, a wide range of burial goods showing a possible link to the Dong Son culture, and radiocarbon dates between around 400B.C. to 50 B.C. Village 10.8 may therefore be an important transitional site between the Metal Age and the early historic period. Future research is required to date and understand the function of Village 10.8 before it is destroyed by agriculture and infract structure development in the area.

B1 Hennessey, Matthew

Otago University

Allen, J.

La Trobe University

Summerhayes, G.R.

Leavesley, M.

Otago University

RE-EXCAVATIONS AT OPOSISI – A NEW LOOK AT THE SOUTHERN PAPUAN SEQUENCE.

The abrupt appearance of the ‘Early Papuan Pottery’ culture (EPP) on the south coast of Papua New Guinea at approximately 2000 BP. represented the first introduction of a pottery-producing culture to the region. Characterised by its distinctive earthenware pottery, the EPP shares many commonalities with the earlier Lapita cultural complex which inhabited the Bismarck Archipelago and islands of the Pacific extending to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, prompting some to interpret the EPP as a back migration of post Lapita peoples from the insular Pacific to mainland Papua. While the EPP culture has been of interest for nearly forty years surprisingly little is known of the settlement patterns and interactions of this unique group. The recent excavation of Oposisi, Yule Island, in 2007 has provided a unique opportunity for a re-analysis of this important assemblage. This paper will present the results of a physico-chemical, morphological and stylistic analysis of EPP pottery from along the south Papuan coast. This research aims to identify and define the changes in EPP pottery production and distribution over time and to compare and contrast the results of several major EPP sites to identify general trends of exchange, interaction and mobility patterns for the EPP populations as a whole.

C8 Higashimura, Junko

Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto, Japan

THE INSULARITY OF WEAVING TECHNIQUES AMONG FORMOSAN ABORIGINIES

Taiwan aborigines use foot-balanced back-strap looms for weaving. Ethnographic studies show that there are variations in shapes of parts for their looms.On the other hand in Japan it is clear from archaeological and ethnological data that foot-balanced back-strap looms became extinct for technical exchanges between East Asian countries.It is supposed that weaving techniques of Taiwan aborigines have developed in isolation for a long time.

C18 Higashimura, Junko

Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto, Japan

BACK‐STRAP LOOMS IN THE YAYOI AND KOFUN PERIODS

This paper focuses on recent research into loom technology in Japan. Based on firm archaeological evidence, the research indicates that stick back-strap looms were used in the early Yayoi and late Kofun periods. Our research also shows that frame back-strap looms were imported into Japan in the late Kofun period thereby enabling weavers to produce longer cloths than previously woven.

B11 Higham, C.F.W.

University of Otago

CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHRONOLOGY OF BAN NON WAT

Excavations at the moated site of Ban Non Wat have revealed a long cultural sequence comprising at least ten phases, beginning with hunter-gatherers and ending with the late Iron Age. Seventy-five radiocarbon determinations, analysed with Bayesian statistics under OxCal 4.0, have furnished an internally consistent chronology incorporating the span of the principal phases. This indicates that the site might have been occupied as early as the 16th millennium BC by hunter-gatherers. A set of flexed burials associated with an unique set of mortuary offerings, thought to represent late occupation by hunter-gatherers, date to the 2nd millennium BC. The initial Neolithic occupation began in about 1700 BC, while the Bronze Age lasted for six centuries from about 1000-420 BC when the fifth Bronze Age phase merged with the early Iron Age. It will be suggested that this chronological framework requires a reconsideration of the prehistoric sequence in the Mun Valley and beyond, encompassing the timing of the introduction of rice cultivation, the transition to the Bronze Age, the nature of early Bronze Age social organization and cultural changes associated with the adoption of iron metallurgy.

B18 Higham, C.F.W.

Universaity of Otago, Dunedin

THE EXPRESS TRAIN AND MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Much debate has been generated by the proposed expansion of Austronesian speakers south from Taiwan. The possibility of a twin move into the mainland of Southeast Asia by Neolithic rice farmers has also attracted controversy. Both Blust and Reid have suggested that the latter was responsible for the distribution of Austroasiatic languages. Indeed, if Reid is correct in his suggestion that Austronesian and Austroasiatic have a common origin, the two expansionary moves might be linked. Consideration of expansionary moves into Southeast Asia by early rice farmers has taken precedence over the cultural development of the local hunter gatherers. The drowning of Sundaland has removed an area larger than India from archaeological enquiry, but in two cases at least, a possible interaction between rice farmers and hunter gatherers has been documented: at Khok Phanom Di and Ban Non Wat. The implications of these will be examined.

C1 Hill, R.D.

Department of History and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong

THE CULTIVATION OF PERENNIAL RICE, AN EARLY PHASE IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN AGRICULTURE?

Domesticated rice, Oryza sativa L., though a perennial, has long been cultivated as an annual. This has led a number of commentators to misinterpret the historical record. The older view that rice was domesticated around the Bay of Bengal and adjoining parts of mainland Southeast Asia has been replaced by competing views. One is that rice was domesticated in that region and the other argues for a once-for-all domestication in the Yangzi valley. Botanical considerations point clearly to the retention of perennial characteristics, notably lack of shattering of the mature panicles, while archaeological and historical evidences suggest cultivation with more than a single harvest from an initial planting – the practice of ratooning. Evidence is reviewed briefly for China and more extensively for Southeast Asia. Modern field evidence is used to support the notion that ratooning was probably more widespread in the past and that this practice may represent an early phase in the history of rice agriculture in Southeast Asia as it does in China. Some possible implications of this are briefly reviewed.

C21 Hiragori, Tatsuya

Pusan National University Museum, Republic of Korea

THE FEATURES OF DOLMENS IN JAPAN OF NORTHEAST ASIA

The paper aims to examine the features of the dolmens in Japan located in the southernmost part of distribution of dolmens in northeast Asia. Dolmens in Japan were diffused from the Korean peninsula to the northern Kyusyu region in early Yayoi Period when the agrarian society was formed in the Japanese Archipelago with the spread of rice farming culture. In other words, it is a new cultural factor which simultaneously appeared with the emergence of Yayoi culture. For this reason, there is a deep community relation in the dolmens between the Korean peninsula and the northern Kyusyu region. The culture of an agrarian society as well as the structure of the grave were diffused at the same time. It is evident in the burial customs of burnished red pottery and tubular green jade beads.

There are three different factors which constitute dolmens in Japan. 1. Factors which have the beginnings in the Korean Peninsula - burial customs of ground stone arrowhead, tubular green jade bead and pottery; 2. Factors which were not diffused to Japan like the stone dagger; 3. Factors which are not found in the dolmens in the Korean Peninsula - Jar-coffin type. These had the regional character from the emergence in northern Kyusyu region. It is obvious that it was not diffused unilaterally from a specific region in the Korean Peninsula, but diffused plurally in temporal and spatial reference. Several spots in the south coastal region of the Korean Peninsula could be presumed because there are compositive factors of the Korean Peninsula as the origin of dolmens in Japan. It is a feature that considerable acculturation was shown from the time when it emerged in Japan first in the form of dolmens as main part of burial custom. It is a fine case which shows an acculturation form of the dolmen culture which crossed the waters. Legend and tradition related to dolmens put down roots and they became a subject of worship as well.

B5 Hirano, Yuko

Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University, Japan

THE STUDY OF THE CULTURAL EXCHANGE OF OC EO CULTURAL SITES IN THE MEKONG DELTA: FROM ROOF TILES AND POTTERIES FOUND FROM GO TU TRAM SITE (2005-2006)

The southern Mekong delta housed the site of Oc Eo, which connected with World Trade network between Rome and China as a sea port of Funan. Scholars believe that the Oc Eo culture developed as early as the 2nd century B.C. and lasted to the 12th century A.D. This paper examines cultural interactions involving Oc Eo by focusing on terracotta roof tiles and pottery recovered during excavations at the Go Tu Tram site from 2005-2006. Flat tiles with grooves and perforations recovered from the lower layers resemble South Asian styles, but differed in having leaf-shapes. Archaeological deposits from the 3rd to 4th century AD include well-fired, fine-paste vessels and also kendi (spouted vessels); this fine-paste ware (and the kendi) is found in sites across the Mekong delta. Shape and forms in the fine paste ware are basically similar from one site to the next, with some variation in technique and decoration. In this paper, I argue that the fine-paste ware reflects the selective acceptance of foreign culture and the development of indigenous culture in this region.

B16 Ho Chuan Kun

Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan

POTTERY-MAKING TRADITIONS OF TAIWAN AUSTRONESIANS: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Pottery is vehicle for the expression of cultural patterns. Since pots and potsherds commonly occur in great quantity at many archaeological sites, archaeologists find them useful as indices of the cultural affiliations of the potters. Most ethnographic descriptions deal with techniques and process of manufacture, and with design elements. But beyond telling which sex makes pots, most accounts reveal little about such things as the status of potter in his or her society, or how potters look upon their work artistically and economically, or standards of workmanship and the range of variation within a community. In addition to the 22 million Han Chinese, there are, on the island of Taiwan, many Austronesian-speaking ethnic groups. Among them, approximately 300,000, known as Taiwan aborigines, inhabit the central mountain range and the eastern coast. From 1896, when the first stone tools were collected in Taiwan, to the present, several prehistoric cultures were distinguished in the island’s stone age remains. Both Kano and Miyamoto have pointed out the fact that some prehistoric pottery vessels have counterparts among the work of more contemporary ethnic groups. The significance of this fact is that it enables us to speculate upon the culture and society of the prehistoric inhabitants by means of a direct ethnographic approach. The ethnoarchaeological study suggested here is to examine several cases of pottery-making among different ethnic groups, observing how this is related to the social organization, on the one hand; and from this to work backwards to see what can be said about and from the pottery of the past.

D3 Hoontrakul, Udomluck

Department of Social Development, Faculty of Social Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

MUSEUM DIALOGUE: THE MULTIVOCALITY OF COMMUNITY

I am particularly interested in the differences in perception and meaning of the past. The “same” past could be interpreted by the archaeologist on the one hand, and the community on the other. The former claims the knowledge of history based on scientific evidence, whereas the latter rely on traditional knowledge based on stories transmitted over generations. I am not however interested in the verification problems as much as the impact on community participation in archaeological work. Moreover the difference between the two perceptions is not necessarily incompatible, but could even be mutually enriching.

This paper is a part of my MA thesis at the Department of Social Development. I intend to understand the perception of the past by Lamphun people through the local museum displays. My question is not to find what is the ‘real past’ of Lamphum but how the narratives in the local museums of Lamphum present the perception of the past of Lamphun people. I will then try to find what is the underlying rationale of local museums’ displays in Lamphun. I realize that each local museum will not present the same past or the same narrative, and I wish to suggest that each narrative in local museums is like the dialogue about ‘Lamphunness’ arising from the different groups of Lamphun people. Finally, I suggest the local museums should be more a space of meanings and perceptions of the past than the place to display/collect objects of the past.

C15 Hope, Geoffrey

Australian National University, Canberra

C15 Van der Kaars, Sander

University of Göttingen

SWAMP IMPACTS: TWO CASE STUDIES FROM KUTAI, INDONESIA, AND LAKE INLE, MYANMAR

Archaeological site interpretation is difficult where rapid peat growth may conceal evidence for prehistoric settlement. The Kutai lowland, a large equatorial peatland in east Kalimantan (Borneo) that burnt substantially in the 1997-98 El Nino, provided an opportunity to extract cores and charcoal needed to date past occurrences of fire. The peat, which is generally 4-10m thick but can exceed 16m, began to form ca. 8000 BP, after shallow flooding of the basin by the Mahakam River. The earliest vegetation, a Pandanus swamp, grades upwards to peat forest dominated by dipterocarps. As the peat expanded laterally, rivers maintained narrow courses through the swamp, which grew vertically in balance with river accretion. Fire was rare in areas remote from rivers until 3000 BP and only became common ca. 1000 BP., while, in areas near waterways, floodplains burnt to the water table or below, forming extensive lakes, before 5000 BP. The disparity suggests that human agency is important, acting in concert with periodic droughts.

The palaeoenvironments in which early human or hominid settlement took place are integral to the human history of another key region – Myanmar, where prehistory is just commencing. Inle Lake occupies a large sedimentary basin at 885m altitude on the east margin of the Shan Plateau in central Myanmar. Surrounding slopes are cleared but should support evergreen mixed oak and montane rain forests. A 5m core from the lake margin, spanning ca 12,000 years, records early burning under shallow lake conditions, followed by development of oak and pine forest with little charcoal or clay reaching the lake. Circa 2600 BP fires increased and the forest became more disturbed; clearance was advanced by ca. 1000 BP, and a reed bed began to build out from the side of the lake. These preliminary results indicate that intensive settlement and agriculture started rather late in this part of Myanmar, in contrast with higher-altitude areas in Yunnan, where disturbance began by 6000 BP and widespread clearance took place ca. 1500 BP .

B1 Hosoya, Aoi

Research Institute of Humanity and Nature, Kyoto

HOUSE FOR YUMMY YUM: ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON STORAGE, AGRICULTURE AND SOCIETY IN MILNE BAY, PNG

‘Yam Houses’ in Papua New Guinea are known as a status symbol and the storage facilities concerned with the big Yam Festival, mainly based on examples of Trobriand Islands. However, in fact the nature of Yam Houses is characteristic to each area, and is mostly quite different from the Trobriand examples. In this paper, Yam Houses of Milne Bay islands and the eastern Highlands are compared and discussed. The study will show the characteristic nature of the Yam House as a storage facility, with more emphasis on storing festive food or seeds rather than daily food.

C11 Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind L.

Anthropology Dept, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

LAST MILLENNIUM CLIMATE CHANGES AND EVOLUTION OF ANCESTRAL CHAMORRO

CULTURE IN THE MARIANA ISLANDS, MICRONESIA

Evolution of Ancestral Chamorro culture is associated with a century-scale climate oscillation from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA). Over the Last Millennium, seasonal tropical western Pacific climates shifted from wetter to drier, and typhoons became more frequent. These climatic changes had dramatic implications for agricultural populations in small islands such as the Marianas. Generally favorable agricultural conditions during the MWP (c. 1100-650 BP) resulted in relatively reliable harvests and a rise in human population size and social complexity. Less favorable climate for growing tropical crops during the LIA (c. 650-100 BP) made harvests less reliable and provoked technical and social changes reflected in the archaeological record. These include settlement expansion from coastal to upland settings, more food and water storage capacity (subterranean pits and larger ceramic vessels), and contraction of social networks within the archipelago. A case study from Guam and comparative settlement data from Rota, as well as compositional analyses of ceramic data from the southern Marianas, illustrate or manifest these adaptive responses.

C3 Huffer, Damien

Australian National University

POPULATION MOBILITY AND FAMILY STRUCTURE DURING THE NORTHERN VIETNAMESE HOLOCENE

The skeletal sequences from the sites of Man Bac (Ninh Binh Province, c. 3800 BP) and Con Co Ngua (Thanh Hoa Province, c. 5000 BP) represent the largest and, in the case of Man Bac, best preserved osteological assemblages from the Neolithic period of northern Vietnam. Furthermore, they chronologically represent both the beginning and end of the Neolithic, a time period which witnessed marked change in burial ritual, social organization, and the frequency and range of trade for foreign goods, even though the adoption of agriculture had yet to occur. These transitions have so far been documented primarily through archaeological lines of evidence, yet diachronic bioarchaeological investigations can also prove valuable. Investigations of large-scale mobility (via nonmetric biodistance and Sr/O¹⁸ isotopic analysis), and the biomechanics of lower body use (via musculoskeletal stress markers, bilateral asymmetry, squatting facet frequency, and cross-sectional geometry), can theoretically be correlated to better understand how these changes affected migration between communities at the population, sex, age, or subgroup level, and the physical effort exerted in this hypothesized travel, especially if lower body use increased with long distance trade during the later Neolithic. Correlations between the biomechanical, isotopic, nonmetric and mortuary data could, in the case of Man Bac, provide insight into the nature of kinship networks in this community, and the larger socio-economic conditions that may have influenced their formation. This presentation will give an overview of the questions at the heart of my currently in-progress dissertation research, as well as present an initial exploration of preliminary data, the limitations inherent in this research, and remaining work.

D2 Huffer, Damien

Australian National University

THE LOOTER! EDUCATIONAL GAMING PROJECT: A PROGRESS REPORT

Current looting activities in Cambodia primarily involve Bronze Age and Iron Age (c. 3500-1500 BP) burial mounds located in northeastern provinces. Perceived economic incentive and coercion of local villagers by duplicitous “middle-men” seeking inflated profits from the black market, and an overall lack of awareness of the significance of these sites amongst both locals and foreign visitors, furthered by a lack of appreciation of the importance of accurate archaeological excavations for understanding the prehistoric past, fuel an active antiquities trade. Due to the need for continued innovation in response to this crisis, construction of an educational computer game was begun in 2006, uniting an international (Cambodian, American, Canadian, Australian) team of artists, programmers, and archaeologists. It will be made available in both Khmer and English, and will integrate 2D and 3D art, photography, and animation, up-to-date archaeological knowledge, and easily accessible game play formats, bringing to life two levels of game play focusing on different aspects of the looting/heritage conservation issue. This presentation will briefly address the background and context of this project, but focus more on providing examples of those components currently in development, as well as highlighting the difficulties and complexities faced by all who engage in such work.

C1 Hung, Hsiao-chun

Academia Sinica, Taipei & Australian National University, Canberra

THE FIRST SETTLEMENT OF REMOTE OCEANIA: LUZON TO THE MARIANAS

While all of the other languages of Micronesia belong to the Oceanic subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian, the indigenous languages Chamorro in the Marianas and Palauan in the Palau islands, appear to belong to Western Malayo-Polynesian. A number of archaeologists have suggested that there were close cultural relations between the Marianas and the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic, such as western Sulawesi, the Sulu archipelago, Masbate, and the Cagayan Valley shell middens in northern Luzon. This paper examined available carbon-14 dates, and details of pottery decoration and shell artifacts, and suggested that many similar cultural traits were shared between the Neolithic cultures of southern Taiwan, Batanes, Luzon, Masbate and the Marianas. The settlement of the Marianas from the northern Philippines would have involved an open ocean crossing of about 2600 kilometres.

C12 Hung, Ling-yu

Washington University in St. Louis

Jianfeng Cui

Peking University

POTTERY PRODUCTION AND EMERGING SOCIAL HIERARCHY AT THE LATE NEOLITHIC LIUWAN SITE, QINGHAI, NW CHINA.

The Liuwan cemetery is a large and well-preserved prehistoric site located in the upper Yellow River region. Great quantities of painted pottery vessels have been unearthed from this cemetery; however, some graves were furnished with many more vessels than the others. Based on new evidence attained from our firsthand observations and chemical analyses, this paper addresses how the increasing demand for vessel quantity from commoners and emerging elites was fulfilled in terms of pottery production and exchange.

C1 Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko

Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Canada

WHAT IS ‘THE NEOLITHIC’ IN THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO?

The words ‘Neolithic’ and ‘Aneolithic’ have sometimes been used by biological anthropologists in Japan describing the cultural contexts of skeletal remains, but seldom by archaeologists, who preferred Japan-specific terms like ‘Jomon’, ‘Yayoi’, etc. In the Japanese Archipelago, partially ground stone tools appear during the Late Pleistocene around 35,000 years ago, and the Jomon Period begins with the addition of pottery to the diversified tool assemblages of Final Pleistocene around 16,500 years ago. Sedentism is suggested by many Early Jomon settlements by about 6000 years ago, when the manipulation of some plant species may also have begun. Even though rice was known in Jomon Japan, the way of life based on its cultivation marks the beginning of the Yayoi period, which is now dated to about 1000 BC in Kyushu. Soon afterwards, however, Yayoi farmers acquired iron tools and ritual bronzes. Otherwise, the concept of ‘Neolithic Revolution’ would have been applicable, even with the early radiometric dates, to the Yayoi adoption of rice agriculture, as the Yayoi society went through a rapid transformation towards state formation during the few centuries BC and AD.

C7 Im, Sokrithy

APSARA

A Study of Village Structures in the Angkor Area: Were they applying the Indian Treatise of Urbanization when Indianization covered Ancient Cambodia?

This paper will demonstrate an approach of a study on the structure of villages, where are known as prehistoric sites by scholars for years, situated within Angkor area. These villages classified as circular mound moat by their pattern. Based on research work done by Professor Bruno Dagens on the Indian Treatise Mayamata (Dagens 1970) and the research of Professor Jacques Gaucher on Angkor Thom (Gaucher 2005), we examined the structure of ancient villages in the Angkor area. The findings show continuing occupation on sites from the early in Cambodian history to the present. Villages are spatially concentrated around a central point represented by wooden posts. Two main roads, East-West and North-South, crossed each other at the central point thus dividing the village into four quadrants. The paper will examine the origin of this concept of spatial organization.

A3 Imamura, Keiji

Department of Archaeology, University of Tokyo

PITFALL HUNTING IN THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC AND JOMON PERIODS IN JAPAN

The use of pitfalls for hunting in the Jomon period has been proposed as a result of my excavation of many deep pits at Kirigoka, Yokohama City, in 1971. Soon after my discovery, I entered into a controversy with those who would not accept the proposed function of the pits. These dissenting opinions have since disappeared. The basic background of the settlement of the debate is the surprise increase in the number such pits unearthed and in the amount of information related thereto. At least 100,000 pits from several thousand sites have been excavated and reported all over Japan, with the exception of Okinawa. More than 10,000 pits have been excavated in only one housing development area: Tama New Town, in the suburbs of Tokyo. Jomon pitfalls are characterized by an oval shape and traces of many kinds of devices to deprive the fallen animals of their mobility. Judging from the topography around the pits, we can conclude that the aim was to make the animals trip and fall into the pits. The Jomon people must have patrolled the areas around the pits and checked the game therein. There are many cases in which pits were dug in a row, possibly with interval fences. Examination of the topography and ethnographic literatures suggest that such pit systems were also designed to make the animals trip and fall into the pits when they tried to pass through the intermittent fences. This method was eminently suitable for the sedentary life of the Jomon people. The main types of game are thought to have been wild boar and deer.

Pitfalls of the earlier period, i.e., the Upper Palaeolithic, were first unearthed during the 1990s. Their locations and dates are remarkably restricted. So far, a large number of pits have been discovered in the geological formations, dating back around 28,000 years, on the slopes of Mt. Hakone and Mt. Ashitaka in central Japan. Several archaeologists have expressed the opinion that the purpose of these pits was, like those of the Jomon period, to trip the wild boars and deer. Palaeolithic pitfalls, however, have many features which are quite different from those of the Jomon period. The supposedly highly mobile lifestyle of the Palaeolithic people is also contradictory to that hypothesis. There is only one site, Hatsunegahara on Mt. Hakone, where a whole pitfall system from the Palaeolithic has been successfully reconstructed. This pitfall system is composed of 100 pits arranged into three rows traversing a narrow part of a mountain ridge, which is the gentle volcanic slope remaining after erosion by parallel valleys. This pitfall system is far greater than any Jomon system. The three-row configuration must have been designed to catch in the latter rows those animals which managed to pass through the first rows. So, there were probably no fences between the pits, because the animals being driven by hunters would not run toward visible obstacles. Other than this feature, Palaeolithic pitfalls differ from Jomon pits in the bigger sizes, round forms, and lack of any device to fix the fallen game. The concept behind Paleolithic pitfalls must have been quite different.

Recently, the second Tou-Mei speed highway was constructed across the foot of Mt. Ashitaka. Prior to this, the Institute of Buried Cultural Properties of Shizuoka Prefecture carried out archaeological researches along the planned route of the road. The possible existence of archaeological sites was checked at many locations down to layers as old as 30,000 years. This investigation ascertained that different landforms were selected for the Palaeolithic and the Jomon pitfalls. The results clearly indicated that the Jomon pitfalls were constructed on widely varying landforms such as gently sloping hills and narrow steep ridges. On the other hand, all Palaeolithic pitfalls were dug on top of flat and gently inclined ridges, both sides of which were steep cliffs eroded by valleys. The pits were arranged in one or several rows across the width of the ridge. This means that Jomon pitfalls were made in any location, as long as animals would come there. Palaeolithic pitfalls, however, were made only in places where drive hunting down on the ridge could be done. Palaeolithic pitfalls were used for drive hunting by humans who, while normally leading a nomadic life in small groups, would sometimes gather into a large group to participate in collaborative drive hunting. So-called ‘circular blocks’, in which clusters of stone tools and flakes are distributed in a circle, are known from only 35,000 to 28,000 years ago out of Palaeolithic Japan. They are thought to be the remains of places where many groups gathered into a large circle. Obsidian flakes from several different sources have been found distributed in separate portions of the circle. It is believed that, while such groups normally circulated along their own routes, they gathered regularly at one place, seasonally. One of the purposes of these gatherings must have been collaborative drive hunting. In this type of hunting, people were divided into several groups: one to drive down the animals, one to prevent the animals from running astray, and one to hide near the pit system or other kind of terminal device. The last group probably killed the animals immediately after they stumbled into the pits and before they escaped. If this conjecture is accurate, the game could have consisted of many different kinds of animals, including large ones such as elephants and bison.

C14 Ishida, Tomoko

Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Japan

INTER-COMMUNAL RELATIONS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION AS SEEN FROM THE YAYOI POTTERY OF THE NORTHERN KYUSHU REGION, JAPAN

The Middle and Late Yayoi periods of the northern Kyushu region of Japan is widely thought to have witnessed the transition from tribal to chiefdom social formation. The process has been investigated mainly in terms of political and economic implications, and the role played by material culture in the process has not been given sufficient attention. The purpose of this paper is to firmly incorporate material culture studies into the analysis of the process of transformation from the tribal to the chiefdom stage in northern Kyushu by examining variations in pottery and the social relations they represented and mediated. The examination of the differentiation between fine- and coarse-ware categories, their colors and the manners of their use revealed that various differences in the pottery assemblage were strategically utilized to mark distinct social contexts in which increasingly stratified intra- and inter-communal relations were displayed and reproduced.

C8 Ishimura, Tomo

Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

LOSS OF POTTERY IN OKINAWA AND OCEANIA

Prehistoric loss of pottery has been of interest to archaeologists for decades, and this process has been observed both in some parts of Oceania and the southern part of Okinawa (Sakishima Islands), Japan. These two regions have many common features in physical environment and material culture. The research of aceramic sites in the Sakishima Islands (2500-800 BP) showed some evidences of a great mobility of the people, in the light of the settlement setting and the material culture. This contradicts the notion that a breakdown of exchange and interaction lead to a decline of pottery industry. The example of the Sakishima Islands has some implication for understanding the same issue in Oceania.

D1 Issarawan, Yoopom

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

ANCIENT IRON-SMELTING FURNACES AT BAN KHAO DIN TAI, BAN KRUAD DISTRICT, BURRIRUM PROVINCE, NORTHEAST THAILAND

Archaeological evidence found at the Ban Khao Din Tai, Ban Kruad district, Burrirum province, northeast Thailand has revealed new information about ancient metallurgy in the Khmer period, including smelting furnaces, slag, clay fragments, stoppers and tuyère fragments. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study of iron-smelting furnaces dated to the 12^th-13^th centuries A.D. The excavated materials show that the iron smelting technique was a direct process, using a bloomery furnace in shaft with bellows; this type is commonly found in sites from the late prehistoric period onwards. This study suggests there was no difference between the smelting technology of the late prehistoric and the early historic periods in Thailand.

B19 Jamir, Tiatoshi

Department of History & Archaeology, Nagaland University, Kohima, Nagaland India

CULTURAL RESOURCES, LOCAL COMMUNITY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN NAGALAND: A CASE STUDY FROM CHUNGLIYIMTI, AN EARLY NAGA ANCESTRAL SITE

Too often, archaeological literature on Northeast India dubs the region as an area which is still less known archaeologically as compared to the scale of archaeological, research undertaken in Mainland India. Few authorities have even referred to the Northeast region as a very significant and potential area for archaeological research, particularly on Post-Pleistocene adaptations and early domestications. Within this given status of Northeast Indian archaeology, there is a more cumbersome problem that lies much ahead. In the face of various developmental activities taking place in the Northeast region today thus obliterating archaeological sites from the landscape, the future and the hope to know more of the region’s past is bleak until some drastic measures are undertaken to protect these heritage sites. But to what extent are archaeologists of the region, local bodies, State Institutions and lay public truly concerned to combat these challenges in order that a region that is rich in archaeological resources, yet poor in archaeological knowledge it has yielded thus far, be protected and managed so that a meaningful archaeological past of the Northeastern region may be represented in the future?

The present paper situates this problem in Nagaland, one of the Northeastern States of India, neighbouring Assam. The paper is an attempt to evaluate not only the status of archaeological heritage preservation initiated by Government Departments in Nagaland but also to explore the scope of a ‘community-based archaeology’ in the region by employing a case study in one of the author’s recent excavation of a Naga ancestral site identified in the oral tradition as Chungliyimti, in the Tuensang District of Nagaland.

B19 Jamir, Watijungshi

Department of Anthropology, Kohima Science College, Nagaland

A NOTE ON THE ORIGIN, AFFINITIES AND CHRONOLOGY OF NAGA MEGALITHS: AN ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY

Nagaland is considered to be a place of world wide fame for its megalithic culture, which is of prehistoric origin in other parts of the world where it became extinct long ago. In Nagaland this prehistoric cultural tradition still persists as a living tradition and offers a very rare scope to archaeologists and anthropologists to study the evolution of Naga society.

In order to understand this most interesting living prehistoric tradition among the Nagas, the present writer made an attempt to carry on a megalithic monument survey in the districts namely Kohima and Phek. The megalithic remains found in Nagaland are mostly menhirs, alignment, avenues, dolmen, cist or burial chambers, cairns, stone and platforms over burial pits, both ancient and modern. Nagaland offers an opportunity to the archaeologists to study a prehistoric cultural tradition dating about 2000-1000 BC in other parts of the world, including south India, whereas such traditions still exists as a living tradition among the Nagas. This unique tradition will be of a great interest to the social scientists for the reconstruction of the evolution of human society from prehistoric to modern times.

D3 Jayaswal, Vidula

Banaras Hindu University

STONE-CARVING IN VARANASI (INDIA): PAST & PRESENT PRACTICES

One of the oldest cities and also a rich cultural centre of India, Varanasi provides a good opportunity to study traditional crafts. Stone chiseling in Varanasi had glorious past, and is still practiced. Descriptions in ancient texts and archaeological findings corroborate the antiquity, while the carving centres of today evince the utility of this craft in the modern society. The two prevalent traditions which stand distinctively apart from each other fulfill quite divergent needs of the society, and are performed by two different set of chiselers. The one with undisrupted continuity and wide practice is confined to the making of daily utility articles, like pestles, querns, simple lithic components of architecture (patia), etc, while the other is a specialized chiseling art through which icons and decorative compositions are produced. It is this category which forms the subject of the present theme, since it goes hand in hand with the changing customs, conventions, and economy of the society on one hand and quantum based mastery of craft skills on the other.

The field studies carried out by me, both at the archaeological sites, and at the main sculpture-making centres of modern times, in Varanasi region, bring forth various important aspects of this craft. Starting from the acquisition of raw material — suitable stone for carving, for instance, is an important factor governing both the execution skills and price of the finished product. Similarly, technological knowhow and mastery is another aspect of craftsmanship, which is primarily a family skill transmitted from father to son. However, individual artistic temperament also plays a significant role in earning reputation in a sculpture making centre. Needless to mention, the socio-economic status of the craftsmen, as well as the customers, adds substantially to the makeup of any craft, and lithic chiseling is no exception. The needs based growth of craft centres if joined together with techno-artistic mastery does help a craft earn a high reputation. This results in lifting the economic status of the craftsmen, who in turn can further enrich their skills and imaginations. Policies which could promote a need for the craft and produce and sustain artistic development of craftsmen with economic packages may put a barrier to the erosion of traditional crafts of South and Southeast Asia.

B9 JIA, Peter Weiming

University of Sydney

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF USING A PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (PXRF) TRACE ELEMENT DETECTOR FOR ANALYSING OBSIDIAN ARTEFACTS IN NORTHEAST CHINA

The obsidian study in northeast China is using PXRF to trace the original sources and its distribution in prehistory. Nearly 500 artefacts from different sites along the Chanbaishan region have been tested by PXRF. The result has shown the advantage of using PXRF for obsidian study which allows non-destructive examination to test large number of artefacts in a short period. In our practice testing 100 artefacts per day is reasonable. The result of ‘principal component factor analysis’ shows that ancient people have selected different sources of obsidian for their tools. Some sources have been transferred across over 700 km from their original locations implicating early long distance trading and possible migration.

C1 JIA, Peter Weiming

University of Sydney

INITIAL RESULT FROM THE EXCAVATION OF THE LUANZAGANGZI SITE, XINJIANG, CHINA

The excavation at the Luanzagangzi site (1300BC-900BC) has achieved promising results. First, the material culture has been clearly identified and scientifically dated which is a significant improvement in cultural identification and chronology in local regional archaeology. Second, the analysis of charred seeds recovered by flotation indicates that early farming occurred during the Bronze Age on the northern Tianshan slope of Zhungerer Basin. The variety of crop seeds found during flotation shows this farming was a form of multi-cropping which possibly contained wheat, millet and barley. As a parallel reference, crop seeds were also found at Wupu, Harmi, and Xiaohe cemetery dating around 2000 BC. These crops came into Xinjiang from different areas during the early Bronze Age; wheat and barley were possibly brought here from further west in Central Asia and West Asia. Through the transitional zone of the Zhunggerer Basin in Xinjiang these crops were brought to the upper Yellow River and central China. Millet followed the same route in the opposite direction, from central China to Xinjiang and further west. This reflects the early connections between east and west. However, the crop seeds found at Luanzagangzi are the first scientifically identified domestic plants in this region. Finally, the results of starch residue analysis suggests that besides the crops, stone tools were used for processing a variety of plants. Based on initial starch identifications, some starch granules on the stone tools are possibly herbal medicines. The starch residue analysis suggests that this method should be encouraged in future archaeological fieldwork.

B7 Jian zhu,

C.S Wang ,

Lihua Wang,

Chen yue

Chinese Academy of Science

TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ABOUT EXPORT BLUE-AND-WHITE PORCELAIN OF CHINA IN 15-18 CENTURY

China has a very long history of maritime trade, as early as the Tang dynasty. For build a systematic provenance identification criterion for export blue-and-white porcelain in 15-18 century, samples with definite provenance is the important key. Collect and determine amount shred, we got finger elements and physical character to distinguish Zhangzhou kiln with Jingdezhen kiln by ICP-ms/DIL/XRD. The result will support technology evidence to research provenance of trade porcelain and outline of China trade porcelain in 15-18 century

B2 Jiao, Tianlong

Bishop Museum & UHM

POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND SOCIAL CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC SOUTHEAST CHINA

This presentation examines the applicability of the concept of “migration” in the Chinese archaeology, and investigates the impact of population migrations upon the dissolving process of the Liangzhu Culture (c. 5200-4300 BP). Newly excavated materials in the Yangtze River delta demonstrate that the intrusive Guangfulin culture from the north was likely responsible for the final collapse of the Liangzhu societies as well as culture. This new finding challenges the orthodox perspectives which view the collapse of Liangzhu either as a result of an inevitable internal social process or external natural disasters.

C13 Jin, Zhengyao

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui Province, China

Yan, Lifeng

Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui Province, China

Tian, Jianhua

Li, Ruiliang

Department of History of Science and Technology and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui Province, China

Cui, Jianyong

Isotope Laboratory, Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China

A COMPARETIVE STUDY ON ALLOY AND LEAD ISOTOPY DATA OF BRONZES FROM ROYAL AND NOBLE TOMBS IN YIN RUINS

It is no doubt that the Yin Ruins bronzes is very important for the study of bronze metallurgy during the Shang dynasty (16th - 11th century BC). The royal and the noble bronzes unearthed from the metropolitan region of the Shang Kingdom show us a unique beauty and power, and reveal that ancient metal casting has reached its first high stage in the Anyang era. Lead isotope and element composition analyses have been carried out on bronze artifacts from the royal tomb No.1004, the Fuhao tomb and a noble tomb No.160 at Yin Ruins by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), we will attempt to discuss the results by comparison in this paper.

A3 JI Xueping

Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

MA Juan

Lincang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

ROCK ART SITES ALONG LANCANG RIVER (UPPER TRIBUTARY OF THE MEKONG RIVER), SOUTHWEST YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA.

The rock art sites were first discovered in 1965 in Cangyuan County. 16 sites have been found, extending 25 km east–west and 10 km south–north, at altitudes of 1000–1700 m. They are mainly distributed in Mengsheng, Menglai and Nuoliang in Cangyuan (Wa People Autonomous County), and in Xiaoheijiang and its branches Mengdonghe and Yong’anhe, as well as in Gengma and Simao. The art is often painted in limestone rock shelters, most often in shelters with underlying platforms, although some Neolithic sites are also found in the rockshelter sediments. The area of the previously known rock art sites is more than 470 sq m, with over 1100 figures. Humans and animals (especially cow, sheep, monkey and dog) are the main figures depicted, along with plants, sun images, abstract signs, mountains and rivers – reflecting stock grazing, witchcraft, wars, dances, and geographic features respectively. The paintings are always wine-coloured, with pigment mixed with hematite and the blood of animals. The human figures are mainly painted in frontal view and gendered. The shape of men appears to be the Chinese character “文”, or del operator; the shape of women is either oval or gives prominence to the breast profile. Neither men’s nor women’s facial features or other details are shown. Animals are shown only in profile

In September 2007, a team led by Professor JI Xueping (Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology) discovered the Lixin site, a cave with rock art, while conducting a salvage survey in Lincang. The art is located on the south and north walls of the mouth of Lixin Cave’s south branch, on the south bank of Xiaogan River, a branch of Langcang River. It covers approximately 62 sq m and has 107 figures. On artistic grounds, the art on the south wall can be divided into four parts, while the scattering of images on the north wall falls into three parts, separated by natural gaps in the rock. The biggest figure (a witch) is 65 cm high and 50 cm wide. The average size of figures is larger than in other Cangyuan sites.

The rock art sites along Lancang River appear to commence in the Neolithic and to extend into the Bronze Age, and even later.

C12 Jones, Duncan

La Trobe University, Australia

CORRELATING EXPERIMENTAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL USE-WEAR PATTERNS ON GROUND STONE TOOLS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE EARLY HOLOCENE SITE OF SHANGSHAN, CHINA.

Excavations at the site of Shangshan, Zhejiang province, have produced abundant ground stone tools whose function has been postulated as potentially either or both cereal and nut processing activities. In order to test these hypotheses, experimental use-wear studies have been undertaken on replicated ground stone tools, and patterns of wear produced in these controlled experiments compared with those recorded from archaeological ground stone tool samples. These comparative results are then discussed as part of a larger microresidue and use-wear analytical collaborative project on early Holocene tool use in south China.

C20 Junker, Laura Lee

Debra Green

Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago)

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE AND CONFLICT IN MAINLAND AND ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Historians of Southeast Asia have produced a number of significant works on the politics, social aspects, ideological underpinnings, economic ramifications, technological developments, and demographic consequences of warfare and maritime raiding in the pre-colonial kingdoms and chiefdoms of Southeast Asia. However, archaeologists have lagged behind in examining warfare in the region from a material perspective that can add evolutionary depth, provide details of social and cultural context and human agency that are often missing in the political propaganda of historical accounts, and tie conflict to landscape use, trade, population movements, and other behaviors materialized in the archaeological record. The paper provides a general overview of the ways in which archaeologists recognize and contextualize evidence of warfare, using methods ranging from regional settlement analysis, to studies of fortification construction techniques, forensic analysis of skeletons, innovation in weaponry, and material emblems as a means of warrior group integration. We also emphasize that social conflict arises and develops out of differing political, social, and ecological conditions in different regions of Southeast Asia, and that differing strategies of warfare in mainland and island Southeast Asia produce varying archaeological signatures.

C9 Kahn, Jennifer G.

Bishop Museum, Hawaii

THE CONSTRUCTION, DEDICATION, AND FUNCTION OF AGGREGATE MARAE SITE COMPLEXES IN THE WINDWARD SOCIETY ISLANDS

Multi-marae or Aggregate Marae site complexes are ubiquitous in the ‘Opunohu Valley, Mo‘orea (Society Islands) but have not yet been dated at a fine scale. Such concentrations of temple sites are considered material equivalents of kin-congregations, where lineages proliferated and segmented through time. I report on new mapping, excavations, and dating of ‘Opunohu Valley aggregate site complexes to link marae construction sequences to temple typologies, most notably, to date the occurrence of ahu (altar)-bearing marae and the advent of aggregate site complex construction. In many cases the nature of the temple construction fill deposits indicate feasting events that took place at the time of temple construction, allowing for precise construction events/ritual commemoration events to be dated. Contextualizing the spatio-temporal sequence of temple construction in relation to house construction allows for a more holistic view of Society Island marae function to be offered in two prehistoric socio-political districts in the ‘Opunohu Valley. These data are then related to community and regional wide shifts in socio-political organization, land tenure, and territoriality, most notably occupational specialization and mechanisms for elites to establish and affirm social difference and political domination.

A5 Kaifu, Y.

National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo

HOMO ERECTUS FROM NGANDONG (JAVA): IMMIGRANTS FROM THE MAINLAND OR DESCENDANTS OF AN INSULAR ENDEMIC SPECIES?

Homo erectus was undoubtedly present in the wide area of mainland and island Southeast Asia, but currently a substantial collection of their fossils are known only from Java, Indonesia. Then, what does the evidence from the latter tell us about the former? Homo erectus fossils from the late Pleistocene site of Ngandong, Java, are directly relevant to this question. There are two major hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic position of Ngandong Homo erectus. One supposes that they were descendants of earlier Javanese Homo erectus known from Sangiran, Trinil, and other sites, which evolved under a relatively isolated geographic location. The other claims that the population represented by Ngandong belongs to a different clade or evolutionary lineage from chronologically earlier Javanese Homo erectus, and is thus emigrants from outside Java. This paper reviews recent cladistic and craniometric studies of Javenese Homo erectus, and addresses the reasons why the latter hypothesis is not supported.

B4 Kanjanajuntorn, Podjanok

Sociology and Anthropology Faculty, Thammasat University, Thailand

THE PRACTICE OF SECONDARY BURIAL IN WEST-CENTRAL THAILAND: IS IT AN INDICATION OF POPULATION MOVEMENT IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA?

This paper will present results from the recent excavations in Kanchanaburi and Ratchaburi Provinces in West-Central Thailand. The fieldwork in the areas yielded the contrasting materials cultures and burial practices of the Metal Age. The test excavation at Ban Nam Daeng, Kanchanaburi province unearthed primary burials with various types of grave goods. However at the Nong Kwang site in Ratchaburi secondary burials were found. The practice was to bury human remains elsewhere, or cremate them, before re-burying them with some grave goods. This burial practice was common in prehistoric Ratchaburi but appeared to be in contrast to the rest of Central Thailand. Secondary burials were known in various regions of prehistoric Southeast Asia, however the diffusion of this ancient practice and the relationships among these secondary burial people are still obscure. This paper explores the distribution of secondary burial in mainland Southeast Asia and its implications. The evidence of this cultural practice might indicate population movement during the Metal Age, a period of diverse exchange and new technologies.

B12 Kanjanajuntorn, Podjanok

Sociology and Anthropology Faculty, Thammasat University, Thailand

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN METAL AGE WEST-CENTRAL THAILAND: RESULTS FROM RECENT SURVEYS AND EXCAVATIONS

The aim of this research is to understand the Metal Age people in West-Central Thailand and their cultures during their transitions from chiefdoms into statehood. The study region has environmental advantages such as vase arable lands, minerals and an extensive transport network which are believed to have contributed to their socio-economic development. Social complexity, which can be seen from the Metal Age, developed to an urbanised society during the Dvaravati’s time in the seven century AD. However it is not known how complicated their prehistoric socio-economic structures might have been. This paper presents the results of the fieldworks undertaken in 2003-7. The focus of the paper is on the long-distance trade that had a major impact upon the prehistoric societies in the region. Archaeological evidence found in this area indicates diverse contacts with outsiders. The distribution of prestige goods within the prehistoric landscape will be discussed. It is believed that a reconstruction may reflect the pattern of redistribution controls and trade of the region. The social aspects of the Metal Age such as their settlement patterns, material cultures, social relationships and the role of the prestige goods in the cultural landscape will also be examined.

D2 Kanthasri, Siriluck

Archaeological Exploration and Heritage Managements in Pai-Pang Mapha and Khun Yuam Project

PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY AT BAN RAI AND THAM LOD ROCKSHELTERS, PANG MAPHA DISTRICT, MAE HONG SON PROVINCE

After the excavation and analysis of the evidence from the Ban Rai - Tham Lod archaeological sites, Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province (2001-2003), researchers published a series of books and articles. The Highland Archaeology Project in Pang Mapha District, in Mae Hong Son province (Phase II) was aware of the importance of archaeological knowledge to the local community and thus shared this knowledge with them through various activities.

This paper presents information on the activities conducted by the Highland Archaeology Project for the community’s youths during 2003-2008; these activities became a major part of the 'public archeology' in this area. The main aim of the activities was to distribute the results of archaeological knowledge to the communities and to increase each ethnic communitys’ valuing of their cultural resources. The activities which will be examined in this paper included: 'Puppet Workshop'; 'Detective of the Past Workshop'; 'Youth Local Guide at Ban Rai Workshop'; 'Youth Local Guide at Tham Lod Workshop'; and 'Children Guides for Archaeological and Cultural Tourism at Ban Rai Village.

C4 Kanungo, Alok Kumar

Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post Graduate & Research Institute

BURIAL PRACTICES AMONG THE NAGAS IN TRANSITION: SURVIVAL OF ONE OF THE MOST ELABORATE FUNERAL CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD

India being a country of many communities it is natural to have various types of methods of disposal of the dead. Indian kings did not build pyramids for themselves but the indigenous people living in hilly terrain of northeast India practice one of the most elaborate burials and their grave goods have been the richest. Unfortunately less work has been carried out on the burial practices of the Nagas than on the megaliths of the past.

The unique practice of burial and rituals related to the same among the Nagas is fast disappearing. Nagas living in Nagaland from Angamis and Aos to Konyaks have given up practicing their ancestral way of burial in the last few decades as Christianity made inroads among them. Nagas living in Arunachal Pradesh have only recently been forced to abandon many of their burial practices. We know nothing about the Nagas living in Myanmar. The Nagas were extraordinarily sensitive to everything connected with the subject of post-death ceremonies and practices. They believe that the spirits of the dead have power over the living, that they can ruin the harvest and kill infants in the womb. It is therefore important not to incur the displeasure of the spirits by failing to perform the prescribed rituals. The Ninu massacre of 1874-75 when more than 80 British soldiers were killed is an eloquent proof of how the Wanchos reacted violently when there was an interference in their burial practices.

However, this practice has been entirely abandoned a few years ago. From keeping the body for six months in the house in 1839 (first reported by M. Bronson), present day Aos do not keep the dead body even for the distant relatives to pay their last respects. Exposed burial among the Nagas of the Arunachal Pradesh was abandoned by the converted Christians in 1990s and made to stop in 2002 at gunpoint by one of the Naga insurgency groups. For the same reason the practice of secondary burial has also disappeared. This may be good hygiene but without Wanchos’ history being written and their origin being known we are lacking important evidence which is vital to understand their past. However, there still remains much evidence related to burial practices among the Wanchos which should be recorded either now or it never will be. For example, no smoking of the dead is done inside the house anymore though the body is kept in the kitchen till the relatives and friends arrive from nearby villages, if not for weeks, at least for a few days. Exposed burial is just being stopped, so relics of this and secondary burials are still standing. Most of the cist/pot burials are covered by earth but still there are villages where these exist in abandoned condition. However the last generation of people is alive who practiced secondary burial. There still are old people who processed the skulls for secondary burial. However, dating of the chamber/cist containing multiple heads of several generations and identification of the cause of death is a serious problem as different methods are employed by people of different villages for detaching the skull from the body. Also the skulls are nailed/drilled haphazardly for ornamentation. Still the practices of post-burial feast and offering of very elaborate and expensive grave goods are prevalent. This paper is an attempt at recording the history of changes in burial practices and surviving customs.

A2 Kapid, Rubiyanto

Arif, Johan

Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia

SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS WITH HOMINID FOSSILS IN JAVA, INDONESIA

The East Java northern basin, which is located between 110° 30' and 113° East; 6° 22' and 7° 41' South, has become a consideration by earth scientists because of three main objects that are oil and gas resource, the occurrence of continuous sedimentary layers from Mid-Miocene up to Pleistocene, and the existence of vertebrate as well as hominid fossils in some quaternary sediments. Based on its physiographical expression, there are four zones in this basin that are (from north to south) the North Java sea platform, Rembang, the Randublatung depression, and Kendeng. So far, hominid and vertebrate fossils have been discovered in the Kendeng zone, which has eight stratigraphic units extending from Lower Miocene to Late Pleistocene. Apparently, the lithological and tectonical settings within the Kendeng zone are varied. Therefore, some scientists consider there are three sub-zones in Kendeng, namely West, Middle and East. Within the Kendeng zone, the hominid and vertebrate fossils mostly come from the Pucangan and Kabuh formations, the former older than the latter. Lithological features of these formations are different across Central and East Java. In this paper, we will discuss the appearance of the Pucangan and Kabuh formations in Sangiran (Central Java), Ngawi and Mojokerto (East Java).

D2 Karlström, Anna

Department of Archaeology, Uppsala University, Sweden

RESTORING SACRED SPACE: HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN VIENTIANE, LAOS

This paper explores the role of Buddhism in current heritage preservation discussions and practice. Buddhism deals to a great extent with materiality, but the notion of the impermanence of matter implies that the decay of a material world is inevitable and necessary for the continuation of life, and rebirth. Departing from fieldwork experience in connection to my newly finished PhD research project in Vientiane, these presumptions form the platform for a critique of contemporary conservation strategies, that privilege originality and the idea that our common heritage and archaeological resources should be preserved for the future and preferably forever. The result is a demand for broader outlook among the scholars involved in heritage studies and research concerning archaeological resource management.

D3 Kasiannan, Senthilpavai

Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney

HERITAGE CONUNDRUM: THE CASE OF ANGKOR

Postcolonial research on colonial constructions of the east has identified some fundamental problems. The early colonial research has affected the ways in which eastern religion and culture have been studied. These studies have great implications for the field of heritage management where local communities are continuing to be excluded in decision-making processes and cultural heritage management continues to freeze landscapes, not reflecting the continuing traditions and living cultural heritage that has continued to exist despite the imposition of such rigid management regimes. Angkor World Heritage is one such example where the local community has been constantly disconnected from the landscape since the French colonial times. This early conservation practices in preserving the tangible remains has dictated the heritage management practices that exist today. The local communities living around the temples exhibit fragile connections with the Angkorian remains which may become extinct if appropriate measures are not undertaken by the managing bodies. It is as important to safeguard the intangible connections with these tangible remains as it is to safeguard the temples themselves.

A3 KATO, Hirofumi

Hokkaido University

MEDVEDEV, G.I.

LIPNINA, E.A.

Irkutsk state University

SATO, Takao

Keio University

YOSHIDA, Kunio

Tokyo University

WANG, XiaoKun

Chinese Renmin University

TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, ADAPTATION AND EMERGENCE OF UPPER PALEOLITHIC IN NORTHEAST ASIA.

In this presentation, we will discuss the circumstances Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) in the Northeast Asia. Specially, I will focus on EUP in East Siberia and Hokkaido Island, and compare with techno-complex of EUP in the both area. The emergence of EUP in NE Asia is characterized by the blade reduction technique from prismatic core. We can find widely this techno-complex from Siberia-Mongol zone to Northern China, Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago. On the other hand, preceding Middle Paleolithic (MP) complex in this area are shown diversified situations, except for West part of South Siberia and Mongolian plateau. This situation is more characterized in the east side of coastal area of North Pacific. As West part of Eurasia, Blade reduction techno-complex was widely spread across the Northeast Asia in the Upper Pleistocene. And this archaeological phenomenon was related with the emergence and dispersal of anatomically modern human and colonization to the Northeast Asia and New World. Although, it is difficult to recognize this technological change from MP to EUP as the simplistic unilinear technological change or replacement. In recent year, we have seen various type techno-complex in the period 40 to 30 ka ¹⁴C BP, the Baikal zone of Eastern Siberia and Hokkaido island. Many archaeological collection from both area shows the gradual adaptation process to the terrestrial environment and fauna．We can consider this situation as technological selection and application by a population in NE Asian EUP.

　

A4 Keates, Susan G.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL RELATIVITY OF EASTERN ASIAN HOMO

The past two decades have witnessed an increasing number of absolute dates for Palaeolithic sites in Eastern Asia. This applies especially to China, the most site-rich region in the East. The dates and interpretations of the Pleistocene chronology directly affect hypotheses of the initial hominid colonisation of Eastern Asia. In this respect, the earliest sites, including Goudi in northern China, Yuanmou and Bose in southern China, and Sangiran and Modjokerto in Java, are among sites crucial for an understanding of hominid chronology and settlement pattern. Dates generated for modern human sites in East and Southeast Asia are also examined in order to trace the interrelationship between time of settlement and geographic spread.

C20 Keeley, Lawrence

Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago

FORTIFICATIONS AND WARFARE TACTICS: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND APPROACHES

Comparative, cross-cultural studies of pre-modern fortifications suggest that analysis of the scale and complexity of fortifications and their construction techniques can tell us a great deal about warfare tactics, mobilization and organization of labor, and ultimately the nature of political landscapes in ancient societies. In the recent excavations at Co-Loa by a joint Vietnam Institute of Archaeology-UIC archaeological team, reconstruction of the building sequence and the forms of the fortifications are revealing in terms of not only military strategies and the nature of the “enemy” force and technology, but also how leaders used monumental works as statements about political authority.

D2 KEOPHANHYA, Sengphone

National Museum, Luang Prabang

HOW DOES THE MIDDLE MEKONG ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT (MMAP) WORK WITH LAO CULTURE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT? MUSEUM, CONSERVATION, AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVES

My paper will discuss what MMAP has done with Lao cultural heritage management at the local level in Luang Prabang, Laos. There are two main points: (1) Training of local government officials who are involved in cultural heritage conservation and management. (2) Public communication to promote the idea of cultural heritage conservation and management, and to indicate the importance of prehistoric culture to the local people.

B8 Kharakwal, J.S.

Institute of Rajasthan Studies, JRN Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur, India

Rawat, Y.S.

State Department of Archaeology, Gujarat, India

Osada, Toshiki

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto. Japan

EXCAVATION AT KANMER, GUJARAT, INDIA

Kanmer (Bakarkot), a multicultural site, is located in Rapar tehsil of Kachchh district of Gujarat, India. Our controlled excavations have yielded five-stage cultural sequence at the site. Period I (i.e. Kanmer I) was marked by coarse and fine varieties of Red Ware, the latter often painted in bichrome. The charactristic Anarta material of course appears in the upper levels of this brown sandy clay deposit. Kanmer II (or Period II) is characterised by residential structures and a strong fortification associated with the Harappan material similar to the urban phase of Dholavira. The bichrome and monochrome pottery of Kanmer I, particularly one with a greyish or blackish surface, gradually disappears in these levels whereas Anarta types continue. A large variety of Red Ware (e.g., Red Slipped, Black Slipped, Cream, Buff, Reserve Slipped, Coarse Red Ware and Local Ware) is predominant in this phase. Apart from these, Black-and-Red Ware and Reserve Slipped ware have also been found. This deposit is further divided into Kanmer II A and II B on the basis of appearance of new material, i.e.,Ahar type white painted Black-and-Red and Gritty Red Ware in Kanmer II B. Besides pottery, a variety of beads of semi precious stones, drill bits, rough outs and raw material, beads of faience, terracotta and paste, gold and shell and weights, seals, seal impressions, terracotta cakes and dices also mark the Harappan deposit. The remains of Kanmer III were identified as Late Harappan, which were found resting directly upon the urban phase settlement without any distinct cultural break. It appears that during this post-urban phase people did not maintain the fort wall, though several pottery types continue with some change in shape and surface treatment. The site was reoccupied by the Early Historic (Iron Age) people after the desertion of the Harappans. Their deposit has been identified as cultural period Kanmer IV. During this period a variety of Red Ware including Red Polished Ware, Rang Mahal type Red Ware, Roman Amphorae and some West Asian pottery has been found at the site. A number of potter's kilns belonging to this period were discovered in the south central part of the mound. The last cultural level i.e., Kanmer V belonging to the Mediaeval period, was marked by residential structures and large numbers of storage pits.

The site has yielded varied faunal and floral remains. Cereals such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum), dwarf-wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum), rice (Oryza sativa), field-pea (Pisum arvense), and green-gram (Vigna radiata) besides cotton (Gossypium arboretum/herbaceum) are in the collection. Perhaps rice appeared at the site during the Late Harappan phase. The site has yielded evidence of both winter and summer crops. The faunal remains include mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and molluscan species. Among the domestic animals, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and horse were identified. More than a dozen wild animals were identified in the collection, including the nilgai, antelopes, deer, carnivores, rodents and elephant.

C20 Kieu, Chan Q.

HEADHUNTING IN THE DONG SON CULTURE

Headhunting has been widely reported throughout South East Asia especially during colonial times. However none of the writings refer to Vietnam. The author reviews headhunting as practiced in many populations and its meaning. On Dong Son artifacts – drums, situlae, and weapons - unearthed during the last 15 years, there is clear evidence of warriors in various stages of headhunting. Besides the archeological findings, the Katu ethnic minority of Central Vietnam who engaged in headhunting as a powerful ritual until the 1960’s, provides further anthropological support. Yet there is no relevant mention in the Vietnam mythology nor popular literature, except for recent brief references to the custom. The article seeks to explain the silence shrouding the headhunting custom among the Dong Sonian tribes.

C21 KIM, Byung Mo

Professor Emeritus, Hanyang University,

DOLMEN AND RICE CULTIVATION IN KOREA

There are more than 30,000 dolmens in the Korean peninsula and more than 90% of them are found in the area of the Youngsan River which is the southwestern part of the peninsula. This area is warmest in the country that is most suitable for rice cultivation. According to the C-14 dates, dolmen appeared in Korea in around 6-4th century BC. So it is assumed that the technique of rice cultivation in the paddy which originated from somewhere in tropical or subtropical zones in Asia appeared in Korea with the tradition of dolmen.

B9 Kim, Jong Chan

Seoul National University, Korea

STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR THE PROVENANCING OF OBSIDIAN FROM THE PAEKTUSAN SOURCE (NORTH KOREA/CHINA)

Although Paiktusan obsidians are excavated in the Paleolithic sites in Korea, there still remain problems associated with source identification. Recently Popov et al. have identified three different chemical groups of Paektusan obsidians by analysing geological specimens collected on field trips to Mt. Paiktusan, combined with archaeological obsidians from southern Primorye in Far East Russia: namely Paektusan volcano-1 (PNK1); Paektusan volcano-2 (PNK2) and Paektusan-volcano-3 (PNK3). In order to consolidate this finding, a Korea-Russia joint expedition has been conducted to Chinese side of Mt. Paektusan in August 2007. In this expedition we collected 31 pyroclastic rocks. As has been done in our previous work, we have carried out PIXE analysis to quantify elements Sr, Ru and Zr. Based on these measurrments, we could not only classify these geological rocks into the three distinguishable groups mentioned by Popov et al , but also we could identify an additional group ( which we assign as PNK4). To further confirm the geochemcal element, we selected a glassy ignimbrite piece from each group of geological rocks and subjected to ICP-MS analysis. The result of multi-element analysis for these rocks were in a good agreement with those of Popov et al. The present result lays one step further progress in Paiktusan obsidian provenance research..

C14 Kim, Jongil

Department of Archaeology, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

INDIVIDUALITY, MASCULINITY AND POWER

This paper aims at examining the significance of the use of bronze objects in terms of the emergence of individuality in the Korean Bronze Age. In particular, it is stressed that the emerging individuality associated with individual burials and various kinds of bronze objects including dagger, spearhead, etc., is closely related with masculinity and masculine body, and power itself. This paper attempts to explore the transitional process toward complex society based upon gender relationship and ideology rather than the ‘simplistic and naïve’ account of the emergence of class and elite.

C14 Kim, Minkoo

Yun, Hyena

Kwon, Kyongsuk

Department of Anthropology, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea

ARCHAEOBOTANY OF PYEONGGEO-DONG, JINJU, SOUTH KOREA

Agrarian settlements would inevitably exert influence on surrounding vegetation, but its tempo and intensity may vary in relation to agricultural practices and local environmental conditions. Analysis of wood charcoal that was conducted as a part of interdisciplinary project at Pyeonggeo-dong, Jinju, South Korea, indicates transition from a Quercus-dominant primary forest to a secondary forest in the vicinity of the site. However, this change postdates almost by a thousand years the earliest evidence of large-scale agriculture, which is visible in the form of a large extent of prehistoric agricultural fields. Alternative explanations are proposed as to why charcoal data bear relatively late sign of human impact on vegetation.

C20 Kim, Nam C.

University of Illinois at Chicago

FORTIFICATIONS AND SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AT THE CO LOA SITE

A recent collaborative investigation was undertaken by American and Vietnamese archaeologists at the site of Co Loa, Vietnam’s ancient capital. The project sought to examine the conditions associated with the emergence of a state-level polity centered at Co Loa sometime during the second half of the first millennium BC. Specifically, excavations were focused on understanding and dating the site’s monumental system of earthen ramparts, which would have required significant political centralization, labor, and materials for construction. Given ongoing debates regarding the cultural identity of the site’s builders, project results will have broad implications for Vietnamese history, as well as for anthropological theories on social evolution and state formation.

C19 Kimura, Jun

Flinders University

REMAINS OF THE YUAN/MONGOLIAN EXPANSIONISM IN TWO DIFFERENT MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

This presentation will show a linkage of thematic maritime archaeological project between the Bach Dang Site (Vietnam) and the Takashima Underwater Site (Japan) within the framework of the Mongolian invasion.

C3 Kinaston, Rebecca & Hallie Buckley

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago

Neal, Ken

Isolytix, Dunedin, New Zealand

HEALTH AND DIET AT NEBIRA: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PREHISTORIC LIFE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA

The prehistory of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is recognised for its cultural, biological and linguistic diversity. However, few prehistoric cemeteries have been found in PNG leading to gaps in our understanding of prehistoric health, disease and diet in this area of the world. The site of Nebira is one of the only large prehistoric settlements to be found in the region of the South Coast, PNG and the presence of a prehistoric (1000-400 BP) burial ground at Nebira makes this site exceptional. We use stable isotope analysis for dietary reconstruction in conjunction with paleopathological and growth evaluations of the individuals interred at Nebira to investigate:

1) dental evidence of diet (caries, periodontal disease, antemortem tooth loss and calculus);

2) non-specific stress indicators (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis);

3) growth (adult stature and subadult long bone lengths); and

4) the potential consequences of diet on skeletal and dental health and growth. Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope analysis of bone collagen suggested the diet of the inhabitants of Nebira was predominately terrestrial and low in protein with no statistically significant differences between males and females. The patterns of dental health and a high prevalence of non-specific stress indicators and short stature support the assumption that this diet could have affected the health and growth of these people. The lack of sexual differences in diet suggests that limited or no preferential food allocation to males or females occurred in this society, at least with regard to protein foods. Male and female health and growth patterns were also similar, suggesting the effect of diet and other potential stresses were comparable between these two groups.

C3 King, Charlotte

Tayles, Nancy.

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago

‘FOR DUST YOU ARE AND TO DUST YOU SHALL RETURN’ - WHY DOES DIAGENESIS MATTER?

Isotopic analysis of human bone is becoming an increasingly important tool for the archaeologist in divining past life-ways. The isotopic ratios within bone are often assumed to be preserved as in life, but diagenetic change can alter these, invalidating the results of isotopic analysis. Diagenesis, if evaluated at all, is usually quantified using a single method of chemical analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy. This study, based on the human remains from Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand, tested the value of FT-IR analysis, and highlighted its insufficiencies. Instead, the non-destructive technique of Raman spectroscopy was most useful in confirming high levels of diagenesis and secondary mineralisation at Ban Non Wat. This technique showed soil composition and groundwater flow are the conditions which most affect diagenesis, and have rendered the bones of Ban Non Wat entirely unsuitable for isotopic work. The findings of this study have implications for all isotopic work undertaken on bone in the region, and have proven tooth enamel to be less affected by diagenetic processes.

C17 King, Trevor

Vitokoni ni Vuci-Friends of Vuci, Fiji; and International Pacific College, NZ

FLUCTUATION IN COLOCASIA CULTIVATION AND LANDESQUE CAPITAL IN NAVOSA, FIJI

Navosa is a seasonally-dry leeward climate region of central Fiji. Doko (dalo, taro, Colocasia esculenta) has been grown there with the aid of landesque capital (terracing, pondfielding, aquaducting) as a principal crop for perhaps 1000 years, but slowly declined during the 20th C. The reasons for decline will be evaluated, with a focus on two previously overlooked processes: damage associated with the intrusion of ungulates and the accumulated effects of soil erosion in gully environments. Some of the degradation can be ameliorated and renewed development of landesque capital has occurred, now stimulated by the recent surge in food commodity prices and demand for doko.

B8 Krajaejun, Pipad

Independent Archaeologist

SLAB COFFINS IN TAK PROVINCE, WESTERN THAILAND

In 2006, I carried out an archaeological survey in Tak province, western Thailand and found 30 slab coffins. Only seven, from the Ban Wang Pra Chop and Nai Sien sites, were excavated. The slab coffins are made of phyllite, and their average size is 2.1 meter in length and 0.7 meter in width. No human skeletons or ashes were found; only earthenware and stone bracelets were found inside the slab coffins and around the sites. Polished stone axes and beads were also found around the slab coffins. The C-14 date [2 dates] for Ban Wang Pra Chop is approximately 2,520-2,350 BP [two sigma]. This paper will present: 1) an analysis of the data and interpretation of the past society, and 2) a comparison of the slab coffins at Tak province with other slab coffin sites in Asia. Preliminary results indicate that these slab coffins are similar in type to those found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and especially those from Taiwan. Therefore, this culture might relate to a migration route of Austroasiatic people through western Thailand.

B2 Krigbaum, John

University of Florida

Tianlong Jiao

Bishop Museum

ANCIENT HUMAN DIET IN PREHISTORIC SOUTHEAST CHINA: NEW STAPLE ISOTOPE DATA FROM TANSHISHAN

Using stable isotope ratio analysis, we conducted a study of Neolithic human paleodiet using bone collagen and bone apatite recovered from individuals who were buried at the Tanshishan site (4300-5000 cal. BP), Fujian Province, China. Located today on an inland river terrace, Tanshishan has long been perceived as a site where local people were dependent largely upon terrestrial food resources, as evidenced by the discovery of animals such as pigs and deer and carbonized rice grains. However, the result of our study challenges this observation. We analysed 27 samples including 24 human bones and 4 animal bones (2 pigs, 1 deer, 1 dog). Isotopic yields were excellent and our results suggest that marine food resources were a significant component in the Tanshishan diet, in contrast to a diet strictly based on terrestrial animals. Our data also suggest that carbohydrates, such as rice, were an important food resource. These new data offer direct evidence for an improved understanding of human maritime adaptations and the interrelationship of systems of food production both on land and along the coast. These isotopic data will contribute to current understanding of changing coastlines and subsistence strategies during the Neolithic in southeast China.

B4 Krigbaum, John

Tucker, Bryan

University of Florida

HOLOCENE DIET AND SEASONALITY: ISOTOPIC INSIGHTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL SOUTHEAST ASIA

Previous stable isotope studies analyzing bulk tooth enamel samples from archaeological sites in tropical Southeast Asia focused principally on stable carbon isotope variability as a product of both 'total' diet and the canopy effect, while stable oxygen isotope values contributed to the recognition of broad scale, climate-related trends. In this paper, light stable isotope data derived from serially sampled human tooth enamel from Niah Cave (Sarawak) and Gua Cha (Peninsular Malaysia) are presented that contribute to our understanding of the nature of human adaptation in diverse rainforest habitats during the Holocene epoch. Specifically, discrete stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from molar teeth, sampled incrementally, permit subannual patterns of seasonality and human paleodiet to be assessed. This fresh methodological approach to the isotopic study of human tooth enamel allows human behavior to be assessed for individual's recovered from archaeological sites in tropical Southeast Asia. Serially sampling human tooth enamel along growth layers offers new perspectives of human diet concomitant with environmental change and permits key questions to be addressed such as the ecological context associated with new modes of food production.

D2 Kusmartono, Vida Pervaya Rusianti

Centre for Archaeology, Banjarmasin, Department of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia

“MUATAN LOKAL” AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN KALIMANTAN

Indonesia as a nation was founded, and bound to, a national identity based on the Indonesian territory, people and language. However, since Indonesia also contains many ethnic groups and cultures, Indonesia has the obligation to preserve the uniqueness of each. Therefore, every governmental institution, especially the Department and District Offices of Education, established a program named “local contents” (muatan lokal) to provide the students in each district with education on local wisdom and local culture, including local language, dance, musical instruments, etc. Archaeology, both as a discipline and as one of the ‘cultural resources’ in Indonesia, is still not too popular among the teachers and students of elementary and secondary schools in Kalimantan. However, since archaeology is also an element of the cultural resources of Indonesia, via the Centre for Archaeology, Banjarmasin, I have the obligation to introduce and promote education on archaeology for teachers and students of elementary and secondary schools in Kalimantan. This archaeological education will also be a means to disseminate archaeological information and to encourage teachers, students, and the community to appreciate more, and become directly involved in, preserving their own cultural heritage.

B9 Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

LONG-DISTANCE OBSIDIAN TRANSPORT IN PREHISTORIC NORTHEAST ASIA

During the last two to three decades, significant progress has been achieved in the study of obsidian exchange patterns in Northeast Asia (Japan, Russia, and Korea) for the Palaeolithic and Neolithic time periods. Use of geochemical analytical methods (mostly X-ray fluorescence and Neutron Activation Analysis, and sometimes Proton-Induced X-ray Emission) allows us to determine with high precision (probability of at least 95%) the primary outcrops and secondary accumulations from where obsidian was acquired by ancient populations.

In the Russian Far East, research has confirmed earlier findings of primary sources of archaeological volcanic glass, such as the Basaltic Plateau in Primorye Province and on the Obluchie Plateau in the Amur River basin which can be called “local” sources. The distance between these sources and archaeological sites vary mostly from 20 km to 130 km, and sometimes up to about 700–800 km. The “remote” source is the Paektusan [Changbaishan] Volcano on the border of China and North Korea. The transportation distance for this source in terms of the far eastern Russian sites is 250–800 km.

The Paektusan source also supplied the whole of the Korean Peninsula with high quality volcanic glass. This obsidian was found up to the southern tip of the region, and the distance between the source and utilization sites is up to 800 km. The second source of obsidian for the southern part of the Korean Peninsula is Koshidake on Kyushu Island in Japan. Obsidian from the Koshidake source was brought to the mainland of Northeast Asia across the Tsushima Strait as early as ca. 25,000 BP; the distance between this source and sites in Korea is about 300 km.

In Japan, the sources of obsidian with the largest distribution networks are located on the northernmost (Hokkaido) and southernmost (Kyushu) islands. The Shirataki and Oketo sources of Hokkaido Island were widely used by local inhabitants and populations of neighbouring Sakhalin Island, with a maximum distance of about 1000 km between the sources and archaeological sites. The Koshidake source of Kyushu Island was extensively used by local communities and people of the Korean Peninsula and the Ryukyu Islands, with maximum distances of 800–900 km from source to utilization place. On Honshu Island, long-distance obsidian transport (up to 600 km) also existed in prehistory.

Therefore, several long-distance obsidian exchange networks functioned in Northeast Asia in the Paleolithic and Neolithic (ca. 25,000–3000 BP); the range of obsidian spread from source to place of utilization was up to 1000 km. People were able to cross natural obstacles, such as mountains, rivers, and even sea straits, to acquire valuable raw material. The most intensive use of obsidian and the longest transportation routes are known for the Neolithic (ca. 10,000–3000 BP), although in the Upper Palaeolithic they were also up to several hundred kilometres.

C1 Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE NEOLITHIC OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AND NEIGHBOURING EAST ASIA: DEFINITION, CHRONOLOGY, AND ORIGINS

Today there is no universal definition of the term “Neolithic” in world archaeology. Coined by John Lubbock in the 1860s, it included first of all the presence of polished tools (and to some extent pottery;see Lubbock 1878: 16). In the 1920s, the meaning of “Neolithic” became almost synonymous with the presence of productive economy (livestock breeding and cultivation of plants), after V. Gordon Child’s introduction of the “Neolithic Revolution” concept. However, as progress in the study of prehistoric archaeology and economy was made since the 1940s, it became clear that the Childean model of the Neolithic can be applied only to Europe and to some extent to the Middle East (here the term “pre-pottery Neolithic” was introduced to define the productive economy prior to the invention of pottery). In other parts of the Old World productive economy and pottery didn’t appear simultaneously, and this has caused significant difficulty in determining the meaning of the Neolithic, especially in East Asia with the oldest pottery complexes. The most conventional understanding of the Neolithic epoch in East Asia (mainly China, Japan, Korea, and the southern part of the Russian Far East) is that it comprises the pottery-containing cultural complexes (see works by Chester S. Chard, Gina L. Barnes and others). Today, the earliest pottery in East Asia is dated to ca. 15,000–13,500 BP. Agriculture (in the form of early millet and rice cultivation) appeared around 9000 BP, and in some regions significantly later. As for the agricultural component of the East Asian Neolithic, it appeared in Central China (millet) and in South China (rice) at around the same time, ca. 9000 BP. Millet cultivation spread mainly toward the north (Northern and Northeastern China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East), while rice horticulture was brought to the south, including Southeast Asia, and later on to the north (Korea and Japan).

Chronologically, the beginning of the Neolithic in East Asia coincides with the gradual warming in the Late Glacial, although there is no direct correspondence between the warm climatic episode(s) and the invention of pottery. It seems that pottery-making emerged in several places in continental (southern China and the Amur River basin of the Russian Far East) and insular (Japanese Archipelago) regions of East Asia approximately at the same time, after ca. 15,000 BP. The spread of pottery from the original core areas was a complex process, with significant delays in several regions of East Asia and neighbouring Southeast Asia. The spatiotemporal patterns of this process need more research, and the simple diffusion of knowledge for making the clay vessels from the place of origin to the adjacent territories contradicts current knowledge. The spread of the Neolithic in East Asia and neighbouring territories therefore was a quite “non-linear” process in time and space. The Jomon of Japan is one of the clearest examples of elaborate material culture and affluent economy without significant (if any) agriculture prior to the advent of rice cultivation about 2700–2500 BP.

It is clear that concepts of the Neolithic and Neolithisation require substantial revision in terms of their meaning. While pottery remains the most universal phenomenon associated with the Neolithic stage (with some reservations; for example, for Northwestern North America and Australia where pottery was absent before European contact), agriculture is not common in many early Neolithic complexes, especially in East Asia where the manufacture of utilitarian clay vessels definitely preceded plant cultivation by several millennia. Two major trajectories of the Neolithic can be distinguished in the Old World: 1) Levantine-European, with agriculture as the main criterion of the Neolithic; and 2) East Asian, with pottery as the first indicator of the new cultural epoch following the Palaeolithic. There are many “intermediate” archaeological complexes which do not belong to these general categories.