INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION

ABSTRACTS FOR THE HANOI CONFERENCE, SURNAMES FROM A TO E

These abstracts are listed by first author surname/family name, preceded by the relevant session code

C17 Acabado, Stephen

University of Hawai’i, Manoa

TARO BEFORE RICE TERRACES: IMPLICATIONS OF RADIOCARBON DATES, ETHNOHISTORIC RECONSTRUCTIONS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY IN DATING THE IFUGAO TERRACES

Dating their construction through conventional radiocarbon determination will not settle debates on the antiquity of the Ifugao rice terraces, northern Luzon, Philippines. It is a fact that the nature of agricultural terracing technology would generate chaotic stratigraphy, and thus, intermixing of datable materials. This paper presents a Bayesian model that addresses this difficulty in determining the construction chronology of Bocos, Banaue, Ifugao terrace system. This paper also discusses the probability that taro terraces could have preceded rice terraces, at least in Banaue, Ifugao.

C11 Addison, David J.

Samoan Studies Institute, American Samoa Community College

THE ORIGIN OF THE POLYNESIANS: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW

This paper discusses the last 1000 years in Samoa and Samoa’s influence in the region during this period. Archaeological, linguistic, and oral historical data are used to explore the idea that “Polynesians” arose in Samoa’s Manu’a Islands ~1500 years ago and spread over the next centuries into West Polynesia profoundly changing the region with more limited influence on islands farther west.

C17 Addison, David J.

RISK MANAGEMENT AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION IN POLYNESIA: THE CONTRASTIVE WET TARO (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) SYSTEMS OF SAMOA AND THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS

This paper contrasts the wet taro (Colocasia esculenta) systems of the Marquesas Islands and Samoa. On Nuku Hiva Island in the Marquesas, wet taro was traditionally grown in pondfield terraces and its primary role appears to have been for daily consumption and risk management during droughts. In Samoa, documented wet taro cultivation systems are limited to the eastern islands (Tutuila, Aunu’u, and the Manu’a Group). In these systems modified wetlands are used to grow taro in raised beds surrounded by networks of reticulate water channels. Food from these systems was traditionally used for daily consumption and for socio-political and cultural events. This paper describes the systems of the Marquesas and Samoa, their productive potential as components within larger production systems and the socio-political and cultural ramifications of their divergent developmental paths.

B19 Ahsan, Syed Mohammad Kamrul

Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

FOSSIL WOOD ARTIFACTS OF BANGLADESH AND THEIR LOCATIONS: AN INQUIRY INTO DIFFICULTIES, CORRELATIONS AND PREDICTIONS

The prehistoric records unearthed from the locations of Lalmai Hills in Comilla region and Chakalpunji in Sylhet region are exceptional and noteworthy, as they are made of Fossil Wood. These regional fossil wood industries (locations are restricted to the surrounding northern and northeastern part of present India and southwest part of present Myanmar) are unique in South Asia. The uniqueness lies, first, in the raw materials from which the tools were manufactured. Large chunks of fossilized wood were used to make both core and flake tools. The second aspect of its distinctiveness lies in its contextual association. No primary contextual association of artifact occurrence has yet been recognized. This particular feature of the prehistoric cultural tradition requires a different analytical framework that will take into account the impacts of different agencies (water, rain, gravity and human) on these fossil wood artifacts and their associations. On a typological basis alone, it is difficult to build a sound chronological framework, especially without the justification of dated stratified context. Therefore, there are debates regarding the ascription of cultural and temporal boundaries on these fossil wood tools. In this paper, an attempt will be made to expose the nature and chronology of the fossil wood cultural tradition of Bangladesh to a greater audience with various aspects of debates. Moreover, a regional cross-cultural comparative framework will be applied to examine and test the validity of all the arguments. Of course, these endeavors would be complemented by the detail typology and predicted technology of the manufacture and use of the tools. Simultaneously, an effort will be made to suggest the possible solution of the on going disputes. Along with the previous data collected by the researchers from different levels, a formidable amount of data recently collected and interpreted by the post-graduate research students and the present researcher will be incorporated in the paper. The method of data collection and interpretation involves explorations conducted in different seasons over the past two years. The possible outcome of this paper will be a major contribution to Bangladesh prehistoric research, as it will try to seek answer to specific problems regarding chronology typology, regional co-relates and socioeconomic context of use. Moreover, the essentiality of incorporating the study of impacts of different agencies in the prehistoric research field will be highlighted.

B8 Ajithprasad. P,

Department of Archaeology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India

ASPECTS OF HARAPPAN ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AT BAGASRA AND SHIKARPUR IN GUJARAT

Surplus economic production leading to the creation of wealth played an important role in the emergence of urban centres of the Indus civilization. This is apparent from the kind of evidence showing great importance the Harappans attached to the craft production and other economic activities in most of the Urban Harappan sites. The Urban Harappan economic model based on trade and exchange envisages a vast network of sites complementing each other in different ways for the efficient production and distribution of tradable craft items through out the Harappan cultural domain. The network in due course had a wider reach extending to the contemporary Bronze Age sites in the Persian Gulf and in Mesopotamia. Establishment of many Harappan sites close to the source of raw material, like Nageshwar in the Arabian sea coast of Jamnagar district in Gujarat or Shortugai in Badakshan in southern Afghanistan, may suggest the above basic structure of the Harappan economic set up. This may also suggest indirectly that the role of two sites in the economic production, irrespective of their geographic proximity, need not be the same; they can in fact perform divergent role for improving the efficiency of overall economic activities. This paper examines if this can actually be demonstrated by looking at the role of two closely located Harappan sites – Bagasra and Shikarpur – in Gujarat.

Located on either side at the eastern margin of the Gulf of Kachchh, Bagasra and Shikarpur are two Classical Harappan sites in Gujarat. The site at Bagasra measuring 1.9hectare is comparatively smaller than Shikarpur which is about 3.40hectares. Although relatively small in over all size, both are protected by massive fortification walls. The sequence of cultural development in these two sites is also very similar. One would therefore expect to come across similarity in economic production too. But, that indeed is not demonstrated by the evidence unearthed from the sites. In spite of being small Bagasra was a major centre for the production of semiprecious stone beads, faience and shell items. In contrast, the volume of evidence so far unearthed at Shikarpur does not warrant extensive mass production of the above craft items. However, economically speaking, Shikarpur was equally strong or stronger than Bagasra. The fortified area at Shikarpur is almost three times bigger suggesting that the economic commitment certainly was better than Bagasra. This indirectly suggests that the site played an effective role, a role different from Bagasra, towards building up the Harappan economic set up at large. Could there be any other vigorous craft production that was the mainstay of the economic prowess of the site? Evidence unearthed in the excavation at the site does not suggest the practice of any such vigorous activity. Or, did the site play an effective conduit for the transfer of technology and materials to Saurashtra on one side and resource materials to the Harappan sites in Kachchh and further north into the Indus valley? Could that be the reason for their economic prowess? While it will be difficult to answer these questions fully some directions for understanding the issues involved here can be highlighted by looking at the features of sites and the nature of economic production.

B9 AKAI, Fumito

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

LITHIC RAW MATERIAL ECONOMY OF MICROBLADE ASSEMBLAGES IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN

Microblade assemblages existed from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Terminal Pleistocene in Hokkaido. It is generally accepted that microblade assemblages in Hokkaido can be divided into two periods, early and late. In central Hokkaido, the early microblade assemblages (Sakkotsu microblade core type) and the late assemblages (Oshorokko microblade core type) differ widely from each other with respect to obsidian sources and reduction sequences. In the former microblade assemblages, much of the obsidian is from the Shirataki source and bifacial cores were used for the manufacture of flake blanks and microblade cores. In the latter assemblages, most of the obsidian may have been procured from the Akaigawa source. Most of the tools were made on blades which were detached from prismatic blade cores; bifacial cores were the blanks for micoblade cores. Nevertheless, it is assumed that both of these microblade assemblages belong to the last glacial period. Throughout the existence of microblade assemblages in Hokkaido, behavioral adaptations of hunter-gatherers changed, including obsidian procurement patterns and reduction strategies.

C16 AKIMICHI, Tomoya

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan

HISTORICAL USE AND CONTEMPORARY CONSERVATION OF CORAL IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

This paper describes the extensive use of coral in the Indo-Pacific region and examines how responsible relations between human and coral may be established. Coral has been used extensively throughout the tropical and sub-tropical waters of the world. It has been transformed into building materials, made into weir and other fish shelters, and used for temporary storage of clams and lobsters caught in the sea. Burned coral branches were often used to make lime used for betel-chewing and white dye. Fossilized coral was also used as a building material．On the other hand, recent investigations suggest that destructive fishing practices such as blasting, cyanide fishing, and bubu trapping, as well as the collection of live soft coral as an aquarium species, have negative impacts on coral reefs. There have been a number of ornamental and other cultural uses of coral. Red, pink and white gem coral have used as jewelry and other ornaments since olden times. Gem coral is a source of medicine in Tibetan and Chinese cultures, while black coral is used as a talisman in Indonesia and elsewhere. Conservation measures for such gem coral are also under consideration. .Are such cultural uses of coral still legitimate in the context of contemporary conservation ethics? The author argues that the answer to this question should depend on whether specific and regional use of coral has been historically sustainable, or not.

B16 Akbar, Ali

Department of Archaeology, University of Indonesia

THE TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF BADUY AND KAMPUNG KUTA, WESTERN JAVA: AN ETHNO-ARCHEOLOGY STUDY

The artifacts of the late prehistoric time, Neolithic period and bronze-iron age, in Western Java are abundant and in various forms, from pottery, rectangular adzes, stone rings, bronze rings, bronze adzes, gold masks, beads, to statues and megalithic buildings. One of the difficult questions which need to be revealed regarding the life of the ancient societies regards their settlement patterns. This paper aims at the discussion on the traditional settlement patterns in Western Java, exactly located in Baduy and Kampung Kuta. The community of Baduy in Banten Province separated the locations for housing, ladang (dry fields), and sacred sites. The society of Kampung Kuta in West Java Province, in particular, did not allow having a cemetery in their village. The housing location lies following a certain natural range, for example jungles, rivers, and land slope and these facts are also discussed in this paper. This ethno-archeology study on these both traditional settlement patterns can be as analogical data to interpret the settlements in the prehistoric time.

D2 Akbar, Ali

MUSEUM DI TENGAH KEBUN: CONSERVATION AND EDUCATION OF THE WORLD CIVILIZATION COLLECTION

Museum di Tengah Kebun (The Museum in the Middle of the Garden) is a museum officially opened in early 2009. This museum is different from others in Indonesia, as it was actually the house of the antique goods collector who was interested in undertaking conservation and education projects in regards to his collection, utilizing both traditional and modern methods. The educational aspects provided by this museum deal with both the Indonesian collections, and those from elsewhere. The world civilization aspect of the museum is reflected in the fact that the collection originates from various countries around the world, for example Egypt, Libya, Greece, Italy, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, India, China, Japan, America, Colombia and Australia. This presentation will argue that this museum can serve as a model of the ethical procurement of collections in accordance to national and international laws and regulations.

B2 Allard, Francis

Indiana University of Pennsylvania

THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEPOSITIONAL CONTEXTS OF EARLY BRONZES IN SOUTH CHINA

The appearance of Shang and Zhou style bronze vessels and musical instruments in southern China points to the existence of contacts with regions north of it. Importantly, the stylistic and technical study of these bronzes provides essential information on the place of manufacture, the movement of the objects, as well as local metallurgical traditions. Taking these studies as a starting point, this paper reviews and summarizes the data on two features of the bronzes that have to date received less attention, namely their spatial distribution and depositional context. It considers what such information may tell us about the nature of inter-regional communication, the size of cultural units, and the long-term maintenance of remembered local traditions in southern China.

B3 Allard, Francis

HAN EXPANSION IN YUNNAN

This paper examines the impact of the Han on eastern Yunnan following its defeat of the Dian kingdom in 109 BCE. Although post-conquest graves contained some Han artifacts (e.g. mirrors, coins, bronze vessels, and a jade funerary suit), such artifacts and practices were superimposed on burial practices that remained, especially at first, fundamentally Dian in nature (with graves yielding highly distinctive artifacts such as bronze drums and cowry shell containers). The (later) Eastern Han period did witness the incorporation of Han funerary customs (e.g. brick tombs containing Han style vessels and ceramic models), although the maintenance of regional variants (e.g. cliff and mounded tombs) points to the continued adherence to traditional ways and a process of sinicization that can only be described as halting and incomplete.

B12 Allen, Jane

International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu

KHAO SAM KAEO’S SOILS AND SEDIMENTS: SITE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN A CHALLENGING LANDSCAPE

Eleven soil and sediment sequences were studied at Khao Sam Kaeo in 2008 and 2009, in part to try to understand why so many walls and berms were built in the area – whether they might have been necessary because of environmental conditions. Stable, now-buried soils that may have been cultivable are present at one location protected by walls from damaging sedimentation, and in another outlying area of gently sloping land. Elsewhere in the steeply sloped and river-dominated terrain, sediments up to boulder sizes have rushed down steep slopes during floods, eroding and burying hill and valley areas and cultural deposits. During stream floods, the Tha Tapao has buried cultural deposits under accumulated silts and sands now 1–3 m deep. Overall, the evidence suggests an ever-changing environmental regime in which constant management was critically needed in order to avoid damage by two main forces – gravity, including overland sheetwash, and streams. Either of these could bury site areas quickly under new sediments, or could alternatively – and often in sequence – erode them entirely away.

C15 Allen, Jane

International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., and University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu

CONTINUING GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES AND EVIDENCE FOR SIGNIFICANT COASTAL CHANGE AT EARLY PENINSULAR THAI AND MALAYSIAN TRADE SITES

The results of ongoing soil and geomorphological field and laboratory studies has suggested for some time that many segments of the west Peninsular Malaysian and east Peninsular Thai coastlines have built outward dramatically since early sites involved in oceangoing trade flourished there. Trade sites as far south as the Muar River mouth in Malaysia and as far north as Chumphon, Thailand, all land-bound today, were very likely coastal or estuarial between 500 B.C.E. and C.E. 1500, when the sites were most active.

C9 Allen, Melinda S.

University of Auckland

VARIABILITY IN MEGALITHIC DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AS A PROXY FOR SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGE, MARQUESAS ISLANDS

Variability in domestic architecture offers an opportunity to track changing status and power relations within and across communities. Domestic architecture in the Marquesas Islands is particularly well suited to this endeavour, as stone pavements, terraces, and platforms were used for house foundations by both elites and non-elites, with considerable variation in structure size, raw materials, internal complexity, and spatial attributes. Of particular interest in the Marquesan case is transformation from the ancestral hereditary chiefdom to the contact-period situation, where the importance of genealogical associations were reduced, leadership rights in varied realms contested amongst elites at large, and the role of individual achievements elevated. The argument is made that domestic structures should be particularly sensitive markers of individual attempts to exert control over resources, other community members, and more generally ideology. Specifically, changes in the character and frequency of status markers in house foundations, and the character, abundance and distribution of elite domestic sites within communities, are anticipated to inform on when and

why the socio-political structures observed at western contact emerged.

C16 Amesbury, Judith R.

Micronesian Archaeological Research Services, Guam, USA

PELAGIC FISHING IN THE MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO: FROM THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD TO THE PRESENT

Analysis of fish bones from archaeological sites in the Mariana Archipelago has revealed that the original inhabitants, known as the Chamorro, fished not only for reef fishes but also for large open-ocean fishes, such as mahimahi and marlin. Pelagic fishing continued throughout the 3,000-year long Prehistoric Period (c 1500 BC to AD 1521) and for nearly 150 years after European Contact in 1521. Early Spanish Period writers praised the sailing and fishing skills of the Chamorro. However shortly after Spanish colonization in 1668, the Spanish put a stop to open-ocean fishing by waging war against the Chamorro, burning their villages and canoes, and forbidding them to go offshore. By about 1750, the Chamorro people no longer built the ‘flying proa.’ In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Refaluwasch people from the Caroline Islands to the south took over the responsibility for inter-island travel in the Marianas. The Chamorro people did not engage in pelagic fishing for about two hundred years (c. 1750-1950). In the early twentieth century, the Japanese in Saipan and Americans in Guam became involved in fishing. After World War II, the availability of boats brought about a renaissance in pelagic fishing in the Marianas.

B10 Anderson, Douglas

Department of Anthropology, Brown University, USA

PREHISTORIC POTTERY COMPLEXES FROM PENINSULAR SOUTHEAST ASIA

This paper is a discussion of ongoing questions about the age and context of earthenware complexes in Peninsular Southeast Asia. There appears to be at least 3 temporally distinct middle Holocene pottery complexes on the western side of the peninsula, each with regional variants: tripod pottery and the later pedestaled pottery and earthenware cord-marked cup-dish-pot complexes. Tripod pottery occurs in both non-burial and burial contexts, but thus far, pedestal pots are primarily (if not exclusively) from burial contexts, which suggests that they were made especially for mortuary ritual. While the cord-marked cup-bowl-pot complex definitely occurs in burial contexts, the presence of numerous unidentified cord-marked sherds from mixed occupational and burial sites suggests that like the tripod pottery the complex includes pottery used both in everyday and mortuary contexts. The major problem in developing a precise chronology and detailed context for Peninsular Southeast Asia pottery is that nearly all of the sites thus far excavated have long been mined by soil collectors.

C1 Andjarwati Sri Sajekti

Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris

AN INDICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE BASED ON PALYNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN TELAGA CEBONG, DIENG, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA.

The study of the ancient vegetation of Quaternary Period in Java still needs further research in order to gain a better understanding about minor climatic and environment changes, especially after and before the big even of Last Glacial Period (LGP) which constitute a major factor of the global climate cycles. This phenomenon impacted on the global environment and subsistence aspect on other system such as flora, fauna and human. The vivant were able to survive by adapting to this condition with the altered features in local and global ecosystem. The vegetation is the resistant object to record these phenomena, which brunt to global alteration environment cycle. This research explores the preservation of the pollen during the Holocene Period using samples from the Dieng Plateau area in the Central of Java. Biomass burning and resulting fire regimes are major drivers of vegetation changes and the ecosystem dynamics. Although there is unbalance frequencies between the charcoal and the ash based on the stratigraphical record, the present of charcoal and ash suggest there were fire activities. This phenomenon raises the question whether human activity could cause the fire, although there is also a possibility of natural causes.

Big quantities of charcoal on level 2 correlated with the high quantities of pollen record and suggest human activities on the pre-agricultural such as burning of semi arid vegetation for extension of land extension that could lead to the deforestation. Also, the Monsoon gave long drier season as the collapse condition on the lowland makes human cannot conduct cultivation thus force the human to leave the area and moved to highland. The purpose of this research is to understand the climatic changes and the impact of the anthropic activities to the environment based on quaternary vegetation record from Dieng highland. The vegetation from Telaga Cebong proposes a correlation of human cultivation activities in Dieng Plateau around 2540 BP. The presence of Poaceae in the highland is an indication of deforestation which was done by human to fulfill their subsistence. Aside from natural event (such as fire caused by the long drier season and the volcanic explosion), human activity was one of the major factors that influenced environmental change.

C1 Anggraeni

School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ON THE KARAMA RIVER, WEST SULAWESI

The result of survey and excavations along the Karama River supports the role of this river as one of important arterial routes for human migration and interaction since the Neolithic period onward. This has been demonstrated by the establishment of Austronesian characteristics of Neolithic settlement at Minanga Sipakko and Kamassi, Kalumpang district, about 90 km upstream, and currently by the existence of pre-Neolithic through Paleometallic sites closer to the river mouth. Such evidence suggest that the sequence and the development of occupation among those sites was quite complex. These problems, which relate to explanations for the direction of movement to the Kalumpang sites (whether via the river mouth or inland) will be discussed based on the characteristics of the finds and geomorphology of the region.

A4 Anoykin, A.A.

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE OLDEST LOWER PALEOLITHIC MICRO-INDUSTRIES OF EURASIA: NEW DATA

The Rubas-1 site is situated on the right bank of the Rubas River in Dagestan (Russia) where in 2006-2009 artifacts were found in a gravel-pebble layer (layer 5). This layer appears to have formed in the breaker zone of the ancient beach during the initial stage of sea transgression (Upper Pliocene). Gravel-pebble material from the lower layer consists mainly of limestone, sandstone, and (rare) angular flint fragments. Some of those flint fragments were defined as artifacts. In general, the Lower Paleolithic technocomplex of the Rubas 1 site is characterized by small artifact size (<4 cm), poorly expressed typological features, and variability of tool shapes. The preliminary age estimate of the sediments and specific features of major categories of typologically distinct artifacts makes it possible to attribute the Rubas 1 collection to the small tool industry of the early Lower Paleolithic, potentially one of the oldest in Russia. The Rubas-1 artifacts testify to a long coexistence and development of Lower Paleolithic micro-industries in Eurasia. They provide new data to the discussion on the existence of cultural differences at the earliest stages of human prehistory, of early human occupation processes in Eurasia and the origin and development of the earliest small tool industries. These industries seem to have originated as early as 2 million years ago in Africa, later spreading into the Levant, Central Asia and China. Generally, these technocomplexes have a wide chronological range from 2.3 to 0.3 million years ago. Given the chronological estimate for the origin of small tool industries in the Caucasus, the Lower Paleolithic artifacts from the Rubas-1 site can be linked to one of the earliest human migrations from Africa to Eurasia and further dissemination of this cultural tradition into China via the territories of Central Asia and Siberia.

C3 Arif, Johan

Kapid, Rubyanto

Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia

SECULAR DENTAL REDUCTION OF PREHISTORIC JAVANESE POPULATIONS

The secular dental reduction of prehistoric Javanese populations is reviewed. The samples consist of prehistoric human molars from various caves in Java, consisting of R3 Pawon from Pawon cave in West Java and Wajak, Sampung, Hoekgrot, and Jimbe that are all different caves in East Java. The specimens are divided into Early and Middle Holocene samples. The result of our study identifies a diminution in molar size in prehistoric Javanese populations. The Early Holocene assemblage has relatively larger tooth dimensions than that of the Middle Holocene in length, breadth, and area measures. But, we have difficulties in elucidating the reason for this change because of the limited supplemental data. One of the difficulties is in determining the status of the specimens from Pawon cave. Nevertheless, based on the date and cultural remains, we suggest that the Pawon culture might be comparable to Sampung bone culture.

However, the diminution in molar size seen in the samples from Wajak to Hoekgrot-Jimbe might be caused by a cultural change from hunter-gatherer to semi-sedentary societies, or because of isolation of a human population, especially for Wajak. The big molar size of the Wajak specimen is linked to Wajak’s strong masticatory system. The strong masticatory system has been interpreted as an adaptation to high chewing stress.

B7 Arriola, Donna

University of the Philippines

FROM OPEN FIRING TO KILNS: THE CASE OF MANILA WARE AND OTHER PHILIPPINE CERAMICS OF CHINESE ANCESTRY

Today, the Chinese are firmly established in the Philippines, where they are called ‘Tsinoy’, a politically correct and widely accepted term which is a play on words combining the colloquial words for Chinese, ‘Tsino’, and Filipino, Pinoy’. The Chinese actively traded with the Philippines long before Spanish Colonization. Some chose to settle in the islands, bringing with them a host of new customs and traditions. One of the most remarkable of these is the introduction of kiln technology, believed to have started in the 1500s, producing new kinds of pottery that are more durable and at the same time showi a hybridization of local and foreign forms and decorations.

The research will tackle the role of the Chinese in the formation of material culture in the Philippines in order to introduce the subject of ceramics. The focus is on a certain type of pottery called Manila Ware, produced during the Spanish Period, yet said to trace back its origins to the tradition of Yixing pottery-making. Other kinds of Philippine pottery that were very much influenced by the Chinese in terms of technology and design will also be discussed such as the ‘burnay’ from Northern Luzon. Through this paper, the researcher would like to show how kiln technology was introduced and is still practised, compare it to that of Mainland China, describe the new products, and show how kiln technology became an integral part of the Philippine pottery industry and Philippine culture in general.

B10 Arriola, Donna

MANILA ‘WHERE’: A PETROGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE SOURCE OF MANILA WARE

Petrography remains underutilized in Philippine archaeology despite its manifold benefits. To illustrate the utility of this otherwise old fashioned technique, specimens of Manila Ware have been studied for mineralogical characterisation. Manila Ware is a kind of pottery made from the 16th to 19th centuries at what has been widely accepted as a sole source which is a production site in Makati , Metro Manila, Philippines that made use of kilns (Beyer 1946). Despite the lack of sediment samples from excavations, the author attempted to examine whether Manila Ware samples from various sites all over the country have the same petrographic profile which is theoretically indicative of a similar source. Based on the results, we may argue for a source belonging to a confined geographic and geologic area for the red Manila Ware while there is evidence of mixing different clays for the darker types. This paper hopes to gain a closer look at this poorly understood ceramic, whose origins are still indefinite seventy years after its first ‘discovery’ in archaeology by Henry Otley Beyer in the 1920s.

B4 Athfield, Nancy Beavan

Rafter Radiocardbon, GNS Science, New Zealand

Miksic, John

National University of Singapore, Singapore

Chhem, Rethy

University of Western Ontario, Canada

Shewan, Louise

O’Reilly, Dougald

University of Sydney, Australia

Latinus, Kyle

Somreth Siphouen

15^TH-17^TH CENTURY JAR BURIALS IN THE CARDAMOM MOUNTAINS, KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY BURIALS

In March 2003 an initial investigation was made of secondary burials of human bone packed into stoneware jars at four rock ledge sites in the Cardamom Mountains, Kingdom of Cambodia. Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis have been completed on three bone samples (one rib bone and two separate skulls) representing three individuals from one stoneware jar at Site 4.

A Ward & Wilson T' test (Ward and Wilson 1978) indicates that all three dates are not significantly different (df 2, T'=1.7). If the assumption is made that the individuals all died and their remains were placed in the jar at the same time, then the dates can be combined (Combine function, OXCAL v3.10; Bronk Ramsey 2001, 2005) to give a combined calibrated radiocarbon age of 374±18 years BP. Due to the wiggle in the calibration curve at this time, the calendar age ranges diverge into two possible periods of 1440 to 1530 AD plus 1570 to 1630 AD.

The associated 15th century Chinese and Sisatchanalai ceramics in the site support the conclusion that the radiocarbon ages give an accurate range for the deposition of the objects in the overhangs where they were found. Stable isotope evidence also suggests the radiocarbon ages are not affected by marine influences. We also report EDXRF analysis of glass beads found within the jars and CT-scans of skeletal elements and placement of the bones within the jars. There are outstanding questions about the funerary practice, the selection of these remote sites, and the cultural affinity of the remains, as the sites are unique in the Cambodian cultural-historical context.

D1 Atthasit Sukkham

Department of archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand

PREHISTORIC ROCK PAINTING AT YALA HILL AND SILPA CAVES, YALA PROVINCE, SOUTHERN THAILAND

In comparison to northeast Thailand, there are very few rock painting found in the rainforest environment of the southern region. Two recent rock painting sites, Yala Hill and Silpa Caves, are located in Yala province, Southern Thailand. The prehistoric rock paintings of Silpa cave were found in 1990 whereas Yala hill was documented between 1998 and 2001 as part of rescue work. In 2006, I conducted surveys around the sites and found a few artifacts, such as polished adzes, roughouts of adzes, and ceramics, associated with the rock paintings. The paintings depict human and animal and symbolic figures such as males, an elephant, etc. Based on comparative dating, the sites approximately date 4000–3000 B.P. This paper aims to present a comparative analysis of rock painting in relation the landscape and economic activities.

B.15 Aussavamas, Duangkamol

Rajabhat Suan Dusit University, Bangkok

TECHNOLOGY OF DVARAVATI POTTERY: A VIEW FROM PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

This study focus on and examines aspects of the carinated pottery of the Dvaravati period. This pottery is the most prominent type, found in a large number from most Dvaravati sites in Thailand. These samples were from excavations of archaeological sites before 2008 in Northern, Northeastern and Central Thailand. The carinated potteries were investigated by using a range of analytical techniques including Petrographic Analysis. The objective of this work was to examine the pottery fabric. Petrography consists of the mineralogical description and analysis of stone and soil by utilizing the techniques of optical mineralogy and petrology. This methods is used to establish, where raw materials originated from, techniques, decorations, and firing temperature of vessels and to reconstruct the main technological properties of these manufactures .– how they were fabricated. It was possible to reconstruct the production technology of the vessels, knowing the origins of raw materials and understanding the patterns of manufacturing processes and distribution system in Dvaravati period

The results showed that in earthenware pottery, the raw material came from both Primary and Secondary clay and used temper such as organic matter (rice chaff), grog. Evidence of wheel-turning technique was found in the different decorated style and surface techniques such as plain, polishing, incising, cord mark, red slip, black burnishing. The firing temperature of the samples were the same as by open firing and low temperature (range 400-550 °C). These samples show and confirm the homogeneity and relation reference of groups of pottery and indicate a regional pattern.

C9 Ayres, William

University of Oregon

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE FROM POHNPEI, MICRONESIA

As a venue for political action deeply embedded in hierarchical social status differences, Nan Madol, Pohnpei, represents perhaps Micronesia’s most complex ritually-focused administrative place, both in the distant and the recent past. One purpose of archaeological research there has been to define changing site function through archaeological survey and excavation programs. A goal has been to establish how variation in monumental architecture and related archaeological data can be used to understand interaction at the local, community, and regional scales. Provenance of building materials, and other artifactual remains, at Nan Madol indicates something of the social and political catchment of early Pohnpeian leadership and community. As well, evidence from Nan Madol and related sites provides a way to test the hypothesis that the forms and the scale of mortuary expressions are positively related to the social and political scale of ritual and social marking. A combination of data from petrographic analysis of stone building materials, site distributions, portable artifact types and styles, and architectural forms provides a basis for testing hypotheses about the status of the site and its evolution over time as a central place in Pohnpeian and eastern Micronesia. At the same time, the archaeological and oral historical records provide another perspective of heterarchical arrangements of political and social interaction.

B10 Balbaligo Yvette

Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK

TECHNOLOGY AND STYLE OF EARTHENWARE POTTERY FROM ILLE CAVE, PALAWAN, THE PHILIPPINES

Ille Cave is a multi-period burial and occupation site and one of several cave complexes in northern Palawan, the Philippines, which dates from c.11,000 calBP. Excavations have been ongoing at the site since 1998 and it is currently being excavated by the Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, with international collaboration. Earthenware, stoneware and porcelain pottery sherds have been found at the site. The majority of the pottery is undecorated earthenware, while the decorated pottery has a variety of surface treatments, and some of the designs can be traced back to time depths of 4500 to 3000 years ago. Pottery forms show vessels for ritual use such as offerings and human jar burials. This paper will present the earthenware pottery found at the site and focus on technology and style, as well as form, types and variation in the assemblage, and discuss the implications and connections to other pottery in the wider region.

B18 Barker, Graeme

University of Cambridge

Rabett, Ryan

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge

LATE PLEISTOCENE AND EARLY HOLOCENE FORAGER MOBILITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

In the last decade new excavations and reassessments of older studies have been revealing surprising variability in late Pleistocene and early Holocene subsistence practices in Southeast Asia. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to placing these studies in broader models of forager mobility and landscape use. What factors drew mobile foragers to particular locations in tropical landscapes given that these were environments renowned for their biological diversity? Here we assess emerging evidence for the mobility strategies of late Pleistocene and early Holocene foragers in Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia.

C4 Barretto-Tesoro, Grace

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

MIXED BURIAL PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES

This paper is preliminary research on Philippine sites which yielded a variety of burial practices. To date, no comprehensive analysis has been done to investigate the reasons for the presence of diverse burial manners. I will survey burial sites, describe the burial practices, examine related evidence, and offer interpretations that could affect the disposal of corpses. I will try to explain the diversity of burials by using local perspectives.

C6 Barton, Huw

School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

LEARNING TO FORGET ON THE PATH TO THE PADI FARM.

Abstract: The production of sago – the starch derived from the interior pith of several species of palm – appears to have a long history in Borneo. Historic records indicate that sago was still utilized on a regular basis well into the twentieth century by many groups that are now considered to only produce and eat rice. There are several indigenous sago producing palms in Borneo (Eugeissona; Arenga; Caryota) and one major introduction from New Guinea (Metroxylon). Amongst the Penan of Borneo, sago is still a key food resource, but amongst many farming communities, it has been relegated to the margins; an inferior food for inferior people, though the plant remains a useful timber for craft and the fronds for thatching. Some farming communities, such as the Kelabit of the uplands of interior Borneo now claim that they have never eaten sago – ever, while their own history suggests otherwise. This paper explores the role of sago amongst farming communities and in particular the importance of ‘forgetting’ sago to in order to farm rice.

B14 Basak, Bishnupriya

Suchandra Ghosh

Sayantani Pal

LOOKING AT THE EARLY HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF CENTRAL VIETNAM

Interactions and exchange between India and south east Asia during the early historical and early medieval periods has been an area of substantial research. While the older view of ‘Indianization’ is no longer held as tenable, scholars unanimously agree on acculturation in this region, linking this to maritime trade networks. There has been a spate of research on isolating various items—which according to these scholars show an unmistakably ‘Indian’ influence— such as coins, seals, semiprecious stone beads, glass, bronze vessels, ceramics found in archaeological sites and attributing them to long-distance trade. Taking cue from these works we are narrowing our focus to a particular region in south east Asia, i.e., the central parts of Vietnam and concentrating on an in-depth study of the archaeological evidence, thereby defining the phenomenon of ‘Indian influence’. The present paper is based on preliminary investigations carried out in the course of one month of field work in central Vietnam along with corresponding visits to museums in northern Vietnam. These investigations have provoked certain queries which we intend to highlight with particular reference to late stages of the Sa Huynh culture and the transition to Early Champa as reflected in the archaeological records datable to 2^nd century BCE to 1^st-2^nd century CE.

B16 Basu, Durga

Department of Archaeology, Department University of Calcutta

TRADITION AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE TERRACOTTA DECORATIVE AND RITUAL OBJECTS AT PANCHMURA VILLAGE AN ETHNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH

Panchmura is a small village in Bishnupur sub division in Bankura district of West Bengal. Located in the eastern most side of India and blessed with a great alluvial cover and water resource, the land of West Bengal is famous for her clay crafts. From very ancient time Bengal’s potter-artists have produced a prolific amount of terracotta objects and a casual glance at the entire repository of terracotta art forms will be enough to convince one that Bengal had a rich potter’s craft through ages. The region still retains a wide reputation as a living centre of terracotta folk craft.

Panchmura is one such village of West Bengal where a living terracotta tradition still exists. The terracotta art in this region has a continuous history over almost four hundred years. From the 16^th century onwards the region witnessed the growth of the temples with great splendor and magnificence. These temples are found richly decorated with terracotta plaques. Interestingly modern potters even today have to make both the decorative plaques and the ritualistic objects to cater the need of the modern society but more interestingly the antiquity of this region goes back to the prehistoric chalcolithic phase and archaeological excavations have revealed terracotta ritualistic objects from both the chalcolithic and early historic period. Panchmura terracotta theriomorphic specimens are mainly used for ritualistic purposes and the rituals are associated with local village Gods and folk festivals connected with tribal, semi tribal and folk deities. The stylized and simple forms are the chief components of Panchmura style. The region has revealed both hand made and wheel made terracotta objects. The hand made terracotta art objects show a crude near-primitive form. The present paper will highlight the modern terracotta tradition of Panchmura village in one hand and on the other hand, on the basis of the materials current in this village, an ethno archaeological survey will be done.

D3 Bautista, Giovanni G.

National Museum of the Philippines

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CALATAGAN,BATANGAS: AN EVALUATION FOR THE INSTITUTION OF A CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IN THE LOCALITY.

The current Cultural Resource Management (CRM) practice in the Philippines has not been able to fully answer the question on the protection, preservation, and conservation of the archaeological resources of Calatagan, Batangas – a very prominent archaeological area in the country. This municipality contains a vast archaeological base and this could be gleaned from the various archaeological researches undertaken way back from the 1930’s until the present notwithstanding the widespread looting and pothunting that has taken place in the 1960’s which has triggered the antique rush in the country. Presently, the destruction of archaeological sites in Calatagan continues due to infrastructure development, earth-moving activities, treasure hunting, and pothunting which still occur in the area and its vicinities.

Based on the archaeological resources recovered and potential of the locality, the researcher formulates and embarks on a CRM Programme that is seen as a preventive and sustainable program to safeguard the archaeological resources of Calatagan. This research also aims to consolidate and evaluate the archaeological history of the locality in order to generate a clearer picture of the archaeology of Calatagan.

C17 Bayliss-Smith, Tim

University of Cambridge, England

C17 Hviding, Edvard

University of Bergen, Norway

TERRACED TARO AND THE INTENSIFICATION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS IN SOLOMON ISLANDS: INSIGHTS FROM RUTA CULTIVATION, PAST AND PRESENT, IN MAROVO, NEW GEORGIA

In the context of the Sahlins (1958) model of social stratification in Polynesia, which Kirch (1989) later supported from archaeological data, the Melanesian islands present a paradox. The larger Melanesian islands appear to have had all the pre-conditions for large-scale social stratification and the emergence of centralized chiefdoms, but despite having similar origins in Lapita culture, their social development over the longue durée has been strikingly different from that of equivalent Polynesian or Fijian island groups. In the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu the reconstructions of prehistory suggest persistent, perhaps even growing, cultural diversity, intricate regional exchange systems, the co-existence of big-men and small-scale chiefs (sensu Sahlins), and agricultural intensification as a rather localized phenomenon. For example, in the New Georgia group of the western Solomons many of the ingredients were in place for the development of large, centralized Polynesian-type chiefdoms, but over three millennia this was not the outcome. In this paper we explore the evidence from the Marovo Lagoon area for the emergence in prehistory of intensified exchange relations of considerable scale based on taro production from irrigated terraces (ruta). We can reconstruct ruta from archaeological, botanical and ethnographic sources (Hviding & Bayliss-Smith 2000; Bayliss-Smith et al. 2003). We interpret the inland agricultural populations that developed ruta cultivation as being connected in somewhat hierarchical ways with coastal populations practicing predatory inter-island warfare and headhunting. These interactions involved an exchange system through which fish and shell valuables moved inland in exchange for taro, nuts and meat that were derived from ruta terraces, groves of Canarium trees and hunting, respectively, as well as seasonal tribute whereby inland people provided taro for large feasts on the coast. We identify constraints on the expansion of this system, which might have escalated towards the formation of expanded chiefdoms and radically transformed landscapes (as in Fiji or Polynesia), but instead seems to have undergone a constrained and perhaps unsustainable development path. We discuss various factors that may explain the paradox of large islands, high potential for expanded surplus taro production, but no evidence for strong political centralization. These are (1) epidemiological constraints (particularly endemic malaria); (2) environmental problems (the hyper-humid climate); (3) persistent inter- and intra-island warfare; and perhaps (4) a pre-Lapita heritage that encouraged the co-existence of diverse Papuan and Austronesian languages and cultures.

B1 Beardsley, Felicia

University of La Verne, California

STONE CARVING ON KOSRAE, MICRONESIA: A FORGOTTEN INDUSTRY

Traditional culture on Kosrae, Micronesia, was described historically as ‘noteworthy for its lack of a figurative tradition’. That changed when an entire figurative industry—complete with finished and unfinished freestanding figures, stone tools, paint pigments, and baked clay embellishments—was identified during the 2005 and 2006 archaeological field seasons. Reassembling a lost industry and its place within the context of the traditional social, political, and economic system, as well as the possible interpretations and symbolic meanings attached to the imagery, has involved deep inquiry into the oral histories and figurative industries of western Pacific cultural traditions. Presented here are a background of the field investigations and a summary of the findings to date.

B1 Bedford, Stuart

Spriggs, Matthew

The Australian National University

THE TEOUMA LAPITA CEMETERY: CEREMONY AND RITUAL ASSOCIATED WITH A COLONISING POPULATION IN VANUATU, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC.

The 3000 year old Teouma Lapita site was found by chance in 2004. Following excavations there in the same year it was established that the site was initially used as a cemetery, the oldest thus far discovered in the Pacific. This paper provides a broad summary of the five field seasons (2004-2006; 2008-2009) undertaken at the site and outlines some of the analytical results that have been gleaned from the skeletal and artefactual remains. The site provides new information on a range of substantive issues associated with Lapita, including chronology, settlement pattern, levels of interaction, and social and ritual practice.

C5 Bedford, Stuart

Spriggs, Matthew

The Australian National University

ISLANDS OF ASH AND CORAL: 3000 YEARS OF HUMAN ADAPTATION TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN VANUATU, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC.

Of all the Pacific islands, Vanuatu has been recently assessed as the archipelago most frequently affected by a range of natural catastrophes. One that is a constant threat is that of volcanic activity and eruptions. Currently active volcanoes are present in the north, centre and south of the archipelago. Archaeological research that has been carried out across Vanuatu indicates that ash-fall, both catastrophic and more benign, features regularly in the composition of the stratigraphy of sites. A number of excavated sites are discussed here which demonstrate both the hazardous and beneficial nature of these volcanic eruptions and how ni-Vanuatu have adapted to their ever present threat.

B12 Bellina, Bérénice

CNRS, France

CULTURAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FROM THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE AND THE INCEPTION OF SOCIOCULTURAL TRANSNATIONAL PROCESSES

The excavation of the upper peninsular site of Khao Sam Kaeo located in Upper Thai-Malay peninsula (Chumphon province), has revealed an early urban settlement and industrial site encircled by a series of massive earthen walls. Dating from the 4th to the 1st c. BCE, its connections extend to South Asia in the west and Taiwan in the East. Bringing together different lines of evidence from the anthropogenic landscape and the social interpretation of the different types of productions evidenced onsite, I argue that Khao Sam Kaeo is the earliest coastal cosmopolitan urban node so far identified in the South China Sea integrating sea peoples from the eastern part of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea from the second half of the mid-first millennium BCE. I also argue that Khao Sam Kaeo was the cradle of an early form of “indianisation” and urbanisation bearing Indian traits but also heralding the later Modern form of City-States of the South China Sea such as Malacca.

C4 Bersales, Jose Eleazar R.

University of San Carlos, Cebu

LATE PRE-COLONIAL MORTUARY PRACTICES IN CENTRAL PHILIPPINES: DATA FROM BURIALS RECOVERED IN BOLJOON, CEBU

Between February 2007 and March 2009, four month-long excavations have been conducted on the grounds of the nearly 250-year old Patrocinio de Sta. Maria Church, a Philippine National Cultural Treasure located in the coastal town of Boljoon, 101 km. southeast of the capital city of Cebu, in central Philippines. The site has so far yielded 39 burials, four of which have been AMS-dated to between 1529 and 1619±40 years.

Boljoon first enters recorded history when it was established as an Augustinian vicaria in 1599, although in it was not until 1692 that a permanent parish priest was assigned there. Based on the burial assemblage, the site exhibits pre-colonial burial practices which may also provide some insights into the graduated character of the Hispanization of Cebu. Four different burial orientations have been observed (generally accruing to the four cardinal points), together with three burial positions (supine, lateral, and crouched/flexed). Thirty-six of the 39 burials are primary inhumations although over half were recovered in varying stages of disarticulation and fragmentation due to the subsequent use of the same location for later burials or due to much later intrusions as the area became the site of the church and its plaza. Three others were recovered as reburials, with two of them showing a remarkable level of treatment in that even the accompanying grave goods were also reburied. A double burial, one buried in crouched position “neatly” over another in extended position was also recovered.

The site offers opportunities to understand the dimensions of mortuary practices in pre-Hispanic and early colonial period Cebuano populations, especially with regard to the manipulation of ritual and symbol for representing social identities, as well as cultural practices that may indicate differential treatment of burials on the basis of gender as well as accompanying burial goods. Whether the latter can be considered prestige goods is also a subject of this study.

C12 Bestel, Sheahan

Monash University, Australia

RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF PEILIGANG (8500-7000 BP) STONE SICKLES FROM NORTH CHINA

A selection of the characteristic stone sickles from three Peiligang (8500-7000 BP) sites in central Henan of the Middle Yellow River region were examined for plant residues. The sickles have always been assumed to have been used as cereal harvesting tools, however no use-wear studies have previously been carried out on this type of tool to confirm this hypothesis. An examination of the residues from the tools has shed light on this debated topic.

B16 Bhattacharyya, Banani

Research Fellow, The Asiatic Society

DOCRA - A TRADITIONAL ART FORM IN BENGAL :AN ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY IN BIKNA GROUP OF PEOPLE

Dokra is a brass casting folk art, which is very distinct and unmistakable in its style, and is the artistic hallmark of people from the tribal belt of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal. The Dokra craftsmen have latter on settled down in some areas of Burdwan, Bankura and Midapur districts of West Bengal leaving their nomadic character. Most of such craftsmen had left the craft leaving only a few families in the trade. Dokra system of metal casting is said to be oldest form of metal casting and is technically known as ‘cire per due’ or lost wax process. The technique of casting revolves round replacement of wax with molten metal by the traditional hollow casting method. Brass scrap in generally used as raw material. The Dokra group of tribal craftsmen who range through the landscapes of Bengal give us a timeless heritage of beautifuully shaped and ornamented products of cast metals. The Bikna group of Dokra artisans of Bankura is one of them. These people were rehabilitated in the sixties. These ancient hereditary metal smiths (Kumara) of eastern India are generally known as Dokra-Kamar.

C1 Blench, Roger

Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, Cambridge

WAS THERE AN AUSTROASIATIC PRESENCE IN ISLAND SE ASIA PRIOR TO THE AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION?

No Austroasiatic languages are spoken in island SE Asia today, although we know from the Chamic languages of Vietnam and the SA Huynh culture that contact was extensive between the mainland and the islands. However, the diversity of Neolithic materials in various island sites has led some archaeologists to question the Austronesian ‘Neolithic package’ model, without advancing a positive alternative. This paper suggests that Austroasiatic speakers had reached the islands of SE Asia (Borneo?) prior to the AB expansion and that this can be detected in both the archaeology, the languages and the synchronic material culture. The paper will focus in part on the transfer of taro cultivation as part of this process.

C8 Blench, Roger

Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, Cambridge

SEIZING BACK ART HISTORY FROM THE ART HISTORIANS: SOME CASE STUDIES

The amount of material on sculptural styles in the Indo-Pacific region and our understanding of their distribution has increased markedly in recent years, but their interpretation in terms of prehistory has apparently not kept pace. The paper suggests that we should be able to correlate both iconic objects and broad stylistic patterns with the language phyla of the region, especially in the Pacific, where external interaction has been limited compared with mainland SE Asia. To exemplify this idea, the paper looks at two case studies, the art styles of New Guinea and the bulul, the seated figure with arms crossed, which is found at least from the Philippines to the Aru islands and possibly further. In the case of New Guinea, the similarities between art styles across the whole island suggest a type of convergence analogous to the Papuan languages which are noted for their lexical diversity and phonological uniformity. The bulul are co-associated with the Austronesian expansion and can probably be mapped against individual subgroups. The object is to suggest that we can use the detailed studies of art historians to build a broader regional prehistory.

D3 Blundell, David

National Chengchi University, Taiwan

CONSERVING LOCAL HERITAGE WITH A SENSE OF PLACE AND TIME: MAPPING PACIFIC AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES

This presentation features cultural resource management utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) formats of the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) Language Atlas of the Pacific and mapping of languages in Taiwan, Orchid Island, and Batanes of the Philippines. Also I will speak briefly on my new fieldwork on the extensions of Malay in Sri Lanka. From our earlier research, this study aims to provide digital documentation methods for local community and scholarly interactive use.

B11 Boer-Mah, Tessa

Australian Museum, Sydney

AN ADZE TO GRIND: NEW INSIGHTS FROM BAN NON WAT, NORTHEAST THAILAND

Ground stone adzes have often been cited as trade goods in Neolithic exchange networks. However, evidence from the Ban Non Wat adze assemblage in Thailand suggests that long distance exchange of adzes may not have been as common as previously thought. Borrowing from Torrence’s (1986) systemic model for exchange, a number of new models, and associated predictions, were developed to analyse adze procurement. The results demonstrate that systemic models are suitable for analysing assemblages recovered from single-site contexts; this represents a significant departure from previous approaches which rely on distributional data for investigating adze procurement.

B6 Boonlop, Korakot

Department of Research, The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre – SAC, Bangkok, Thailand
Bubpha, Sureeratana

Cultural Management Programme, College of Innovation, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

MEKONG RIVER:CONNECTING CULTURES AND PEOPLE ON MIDDLE MEKONG ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT – MMAP

The Mekong River originates on the Tibatan plateau, its flow connecting China and Southeast Asia physically and archaeologically. So, this river is considered as one of the most important and as the twelfth longest river of the world. Each span of the river basin supports a unique part of the Mekong culture. However, even It has also long been considered as an ancient crossroad for peoples and cultures, but very little is known about its prehistoric human, especially, along the middle range of the river. The Middle Mekong Archaeological Project (MMAP), conceived in 2001, aim to investigate human settlement of the Mekong Valley with a research program beginning in high land Luang Prabang, northern Laos. Since 2005, MMAP has conducted a groundbreaking collaborative research program of international researchers from both oriental and occidental parts of the world, including surveys and excavations that have identified 69 archaeological sites and excavations at three cave/rock shelter sites. This archaeological fieldwork has yielded numerous kinds of artifact, e.g. thousands of stone, ceramic, human skeletal remains, faunal remains, as well as other evidence from over 11,000 years of human habitation in this region. Initial descriptions of this paper from the Late Pleistocene archaeological/geological context have emphasized its mosaic cultural aspects, based on a comparison between the artifacts uncovered from both left and right river banks(in particular of the boundaries of Laos and Thailand) along the middle span of the Mekong.

C3 Boonlop, Korakot

Department of Research, The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre – SAC, Bangkok, Thailand

DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREHISTORIC POPULATION IN THE SAKON NAKHON BASIN, NORTHEAST THAILAND: A REFERENCE CASE FROM DENTAL REMAINS AT BAN CHIANG

Dental anthropology is a vital part of bioarchaeology, which is the study of human remains in archaeological contexts. Dental enamel (the hard, white outer covering of the tooth) is the hardest material in the human body, and teeth are often preserved even when bones are not. They are one of the most informative parts of the human skeleton, and are incredibly well preserved archaeologically. Not only are they durable, but they are also a treasure trove of information. They provide insight into various issues anthropologists, archaeologists and historians are concerned with, e.g. reconstruct age-at-death, diet changes, health, general stress, how closely groups were related, ancestry, and markers of social identity. This information greatly increases our knowledge of people and their society in ancient times. This paper is a quick introduction to what teeth can tell us about the prehistoric people at Ban Chiang, based on the result of dental morphometric and morphoscopic analyses, focuses on the dental remains discovered in 2003-2004 from an excavation at Wat Pho Sri Nai cemetery.

B4 Borell, Brigitte

Germany

THE HAN PERIOD GLASS DISH FROM LAO CAI, VIETNAM

Five groups of artefacts, mainly consisting of Dong Son bronze drums and other bronze objects, were discovered in Lao Cai during construction work in 1993. A date from the first century BCE to the first century CE has been assigned to these find groups. The nineteen Dong Son drums found in these five groups date from the first century BCE to the first century CE. Among the artefacts of one of the groups was a fragmentary shallow bowl made of translucent pale greenish glass. In shape and other characteristics of its appearance it is very similar to glass vessels found in Han period tombs in Guangxi. Some of the Guangxi glass vessels have been analysed: they are made of a potash glass and are to be considered as regional products. The shallow glass bowl from Cao Lai clearly belongs to this group of rare and precious glass vessels.

D2 BOUASISENGPASEUTH, Bounheuang

National Museum, Vientiane, Laos

HOW DOES THE MIDDLE MEKONG ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT WORK WITH LAO CULTURE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION? NATIONAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES

The Middle Mekong Archaeological Project in Laos is a joint research and training program between the Department of Heritage, Ministry of Information and Culture and the University of Pennsylvania Museum. MMAP brings together an international team with a variety of backgrounds and interests. We are archaeologists, students, culture heritage managers, and volunteers, some of whom participate for several years. We work under a national legal framework that prioritizes national capacity building along with culture heritage management. This paper explains how the Middle Mekong Archaeological Project is an example of a long-term western organized research program that complies well with Lao law and government objectives to manage, develop, and protect cuiltural heritage resources.

B5 Bourdonneau, Eric

EFEO Phnom Penh

Canals, “Landscape Forms” and “Network of Forms”: New Research on the Ancient Hydraulic System around the Site of Oc Eo

New archaeological excavations on the ancient city of Oc Eo have been carried out by a Vietnamese and French team from 1997 to 2002. At the same time and in connection with the work in the field, a research program on the ancient network of canals around Oc Eo and, more broadly, in the western part of the Mekong delta has been started. This paper will present the recent results of this study, focusing on the complementarities between the different approaches required to tackle the complexity of such a canal system. Besides the archeology and the excavations in the field, we think mainly about the sedimentology, the palynology and what is called now in Europe the “archaeo-morphology” or “archeo-geography”. The latter proposes a new way of looking at “landscape forms” and invite us to define our canal system as part of a “network of forms” and to think of it as such.

B14 Brabänder, Karsten

Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften - Ur-und Frühgeschichte, Ruhr-Universität Bochum

THE GLASS OF THE SA HUYNH CULTURE

The early technology and provenance of the Vietnamese glass is yet still unknown. Using scientific methods, analysing glass from several Iron Age sites of Middle Vietnamese Quang Nam-Da Nang Province, I wish to study where this glass has been made. Several studies on glass showed that the glass found in the Southeast Asian region probably was made there. Furthermore, in Southeast Asia there appears a very high-lead glass in Iron Age which cannot be connected to the Han dynasty glass, which is a Pb-Ba glass. I propose a technological connection to Southern China, which will be discussed by comparing analytical results from several South Chinese and Southeast Asian sites.

B14 Brabänder, Karsten

Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften - Ur-und Frühgeschichte, Ruhr-Universität Bochum

SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF GLASS FROM GO O CHUA, LONG AN PROVINCE, VIETNAM.

The site of Go O Chua was excavated in the years 2003-2007. The site is dated to the Iron Age and yielded structures of an early salt-making site. Several burials could also be observed, yielding some glass objects. These burials date to a later phase, from the 6th to 9th century AD. The glass objects, mostly fragments of bracelets, were examined by SEM and EDS at the German Mining Museum Bochum. In this paper I wish to present the results and discuss them in the regional and cultural context, comparing these results with similar glass from Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia to get more information on where this glass has been made and how it was traded.

B16 BUBPHA, Sureeratana

Cultural Management Programme, College of Innovation, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

APPLYING THE PRESENT TO THE PAST: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CERAMIC ECOLOGY IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND

The main purpose of this ethnoarchaeological research is to develop models for guiding archaeologists in the interpretation of ceramic ecology of the late prehistoric farming villages in the region of the Northeast Thailand, which were the simple complex society. This paper has two parts: the first part aim is to present ethnographic data collected by the author during 1999-2000 in the village of Hua Bueng, Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand. The principal aspect of this study was “Ceramic Ecology,” which is included the relationship between ceramic production and the natural as well as social ecology. Ceramic Ecology is the aspect which try to understand how the climate system; raw material resources, distances to raw material resources, ceramic producing, labour allocation, and spatial arrangement of ceramic manufacturing can be viewed as a system of interrelated parts. In the second part, the paper will then explore how these data can help us understand variability in ceramics and culture in the archaeological record of late prehistoric farming village in the Northeastern Thailand.

C3 Buckley, Hallie R

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, New Zealand

THE PEOPLE OF TEOUMA, VANUATU: QUALITY OF LIFE IN A 3000 YEAR OLD COMMUNITY FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

The Lapita-associated cemetery site of Teouma, Efate Island, Vanuatu, has provided researchers with a unique opportunity to begin to understand aspects of the quality of life of these people at a community level. There have been excavations of the cemetery site in 2004–2006 and 2008–2009. To date, a total of 60 inhumations consisting of both adults and subadults have been excavated. This presentation will outline the findings on health and disease from the human skeletal remains excavated in the first three field seasons. Field observations of health and disease from the recent excavation in 2008–09 are also discussed. The macroscopic findings on health and disease on the first three field seasons skeletal remains indicate some chronic stress during childhood affecting growth, poor dental health, and heavy work loads in both sexes. Existing dietary isotope data and variation in burial treatment within the cemetery will also be considered in relation to the macroscopic data on health and disease.

B14 Bui Chi Hoang

Southern Institute of Sustainable Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Yamagata Mariko

Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Nguyen Kim Dung

Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam

THOUGHTS ON A DIFFERENT JAR BURIAL TRADITION IN CENTRAL VIETNAM: THE 2007 EXCAVATION OF HOA DIEM

The practice of burying adults in jars with lids seems to have been prevalent in Southeast Asia throughout the Iron Age. The Sa Huynh culture in central Vietnam is well known for its ancient funeral cemeteries with numbers of jar burials found clustered on sand dunes or on river terraces. Typical Sa Huynh burial jars have cylindrical or egg-shaped bodies with hat-shaped lids. These jars often contain funeral goods such as ceramic vessels, iron or bronze artifacts, beads and earrings. The excavation at Hoa Diem, situated west of the Cam Ranh Bay in Khanh Hoa Province, has brought to light another jar burial tradition located just south of the cultural sphere of the Sa Huynh culture. The cemetery of Hoa Diem, probably dating to the 2^nd century CE, has produced different styles of burial jars to those of the Sa Huynh culture. Interestingly, the Hoa Diem funeral accessory ceramics show a striking similarity to the Kalanay Pottery Complex in central Philippines. In this paper, the significance of the Hoa Diem results is discussed in comparison to the Sa Huynh culture, and other sites with jar burials in Vietnam and in Southeast Asia, particularly the Kalanay Pottery Complex.

D1 Bui Huu Tien

Museum of Anthropology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities,

Vietnamese National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

THE WEAPONS OF THE DONG DAU CULTURE

The Dong Dau culture (ca. 3500 – 2900/3000BP) belongs to the middle bronze age in the north of Viet Nam. During this time bronze weapons, which were sharper and more reliable, gradually replaced those made of stone and bone. There are four main types of Dong Dau weapons: spearhead, harpoon, arrow head, halberd. Each main type has a series of sub-types. Some the types of the bronze weapons of the Dong Dau culture were the origin of the weapons in the later cultures such as Go Mun, Dong Son, showing the indigenous origin of the Dong Son weapons. My paper will present the role, type, material and development of the weapons of the Dong Dau culture, so that we can understand more about the characteristics of the Dong Dau culture.

C3 Bui Thi Mai

Michel Girard

Centre d'Etudes Prehistoire Antiquite Moyen Age, France

Nguyen Thi Mai Huong

The Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi

THE CONTRIBUTION OF PALYNOLOGY IN FUNERAL CONTEXTS: APPLICATION AT THE TRAN PHU SITE (HANOI).

Pollens identified in archaeological sediments are often the only witnesses to vegetation and environment in the past. They can also reflect ritual activities. Traces of funerary ceremonies can be discerned, as pollen can be indicative of the attention of living people to the deceased. During funerary ceremonies, to show respect to the dead or as a ritual, people frequently put various plants into burials, as a bouquet of flowers, or as medications, cosmetics, honey and its by-products, or textiles. Pollen analysis results from graves may therefore lead to better knowledge of the local environment and allow us to find evidence of funeral rites. To illustrate this subject, some samples were selected from the Tran Phu site (Hanoi) with the aim of using pollen and spore analysis results to reveal burial ritual activity. This is the first study applying this kind of research in Vietnam.

D1 Bujeng, Velat

Center of Global Archaeological Research, University of Science Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia

ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM BUKIT SARANG, ULU KAKUS, SARAWAK.

In 2002 and 2003, The Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang and the Sarawak Museum jointly undertook archaeological research at Bukit Sarang, Ulu Kakus, Sarawak. Systematic excavations conducted at Lobang Makuta and Lobang Batu Puteh, Bukit Sarang revealed evidence of prehistoric habitation radiocarbon dated from 2,710 BP to 530 BP. Analyses of the faunal remains shows that prehistoric communities has exploited food resources from the surrounding forest, river and mangrove areas. Anatomical and taxonomical analyses of faunal remains revealed mammals (Chiroptera, Rodentia, Primates, Carnivora and Artiodactyla), reptiles (Chelonia and Squamata), freshwater fishes and molluscs (gastropoda and bivalvia) were exploited. The zooarchaeological evidence also suggested that various method of hunting, fishing and gathering were practiced and that the faunal and paleo-environment were similar as the present day.

C10 Bulbeck, David

Department of Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University

Ian Caldwell

University of Leeds, UK

THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF INDIGENOUS FORTS IN SIXTEENTH TO NINETEENTH CENTURY SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

In the early twentieth century the Netherlands Indies government imposed full colonial rule over southwest Sulawesi, more than 350 years after the first European visit to the region. Indigenous fortresses were constructed throughout these years, in response to at least three identifiable factors. These were: (1) population density, (2) competition for supremacy, and (3) military technology. (1) Towns and cities of up to 50,000 inhabitants arose throughout the lowlands in critical locations for controlling agriculture and trade, mainly of rice and slaves. The Macassar port was a cosmopolitan city throughout most of the period, and many smaller centres experienced a similar stability; elsewhere there were major population shifts in response to economic and political changes. (2) Possession of Macassar – the peninsula’s main port – was the key to controlling the rice-growing lowlands by virtue of its excellent harbour and fertile hinterland. In the seventeenth century, possession switched hands from the indigenous Makasars to the Dutch, who controlled the export trade, in partnership with the Bugis, South Sulawesi’s main ethnic group, who dominated the rice growing regions of the peninsula. In Luwu, a broad coastal region north of the Dutch-Bugis sphere of control, local rivalries continued unabated until the early twentieth century. (3) The most solid fortresses and defensive walls of brick and masonry were erected in Macassar and its environs, due to the introduction of technological expertise, the city’s exposure to cannon fire, and the focused massing of troops. Elsewhere, indigenous construction of forts (varying in complexity from single walls to quadrangular enceintes) continued to rely largely on earthen embankments and timber/bamboo palisades.

A1 Bulmer, Susan

Bulmer and Associates 10 Tansley Avenue, Epsom Auckland 1023, New Zealand

LATE PLEISTOCENE STONE TOOL TECHNOLOGY IN NEW GUINEA AND ITS POSSIBLE ORIGINS

Many people think that New Guinea had only one type of formal stone tool in the Late Pleistocene, the waisted axe, the only other artefacts being utilised flakes. The waisted axe was first described from dated pre-Holocene deposits in 1964, and can now be seen as the commonest artefact in the Late Pleistocene. It is a relatively long flaked axe-like tool that has notches on either side of its middle generally thought to be a device related to hafting, and it has a curved flaked cutting edge at one end. Over the years other axe-like artefacts with different forms of “butt modification” have also been found in 5 Late Pleistocene sites in the Highlands, Yuku, Kuk, Nombe, Kafiavana, and Kosipe, and at only one site in the Lowlands, Bobongara.

This paper reviews a restudy of these early artefact types that found 3 parallel technological traditions of stone axes, based on their form of butt modification: 1) “waisted”, 3 types; 2) “unwaisted” axes (without side notching), 2 types, hafted and unhafted, the former with flaked working edges and the latter with ground working edges; 3) 2 types of “stemmed” artefacts, one a stemmed wide bladed spade, the other a stemmed formal flake tool.

The Highland sites were occupied during at least part of the period from before 30,000 BP to the end of the Pleistocene at 10,000 BP. The montane sites in New Guinea each contained from 2 to 4 of the 7 artefact types defined and their dating indicates they were present in the Highlands throughout the Pleistocene, and at Bobongars, 4 of the montane types of the montane types are present, although only 3 waisted axes are dated to before 40,600 BP. However, these are all unifacially flaked rather than bifacially flaked like the montane waisted axes, and the have different forms of waist. This may indicate Bobongara represents an earlier phase of a widespread New Guinea Pleistocene stone technology.

B1 Bulmer, Susan

Bulmer and Associates 10 Tansley Avenue, Epsom Auckland 1023, New Zealand

LATE PLEISTOCENE STONE ARTEFACTS FROM KOSIPE, A HUNTING AND FORAGING SITE IN MONTANE PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Kosipe is an open site in the Papuan mountains north of Port Moresby at ca 2000 metres a.s.l. It was occupied as early as >30,600 and revisited until the early to mid Holocene. The site was first excavated by Peter White in 1964 and has recently been further investigated and is the subject of several other papers in this section. White described 37 artefacts from his excavations in 1970, with two main types of artefact, waisted blades and axe-adzes, as well as flakes, probable artefacts, and manuports. These artefacts and 33 others found at the site were stored in the early 1970s at the University of Papua New Guinea, where I had the opportunity to study them, including photographs, actual size line drawings and detailed measurements and descriptions. This data has been recently compared with Pleistocene stone axes and axe-like tools from 5 Central Highlands sites and with the waisted axes from Bobongara, a coastal site on the Huon Peninsula to the north of Kosipe.

B3 Bunker, Emma C

Asian Department, Denver Art Museum

THE DONGSON DILEMMA: CULTURAL CAUTION VS COMMERCIAL CONFUSION AND MORE!

Numerous bronze artifacts looted from early Southeast Asian grave-sites have appeared on the international art market during the last decade, primarily in Bangkok, and were quickly acquired by collectors and major museums in the West. Such artifacts are archaeological orphans without provenance or cultural context, but are often wrongly attributed to the Dongson Culture as an aid to their sale. Misattributing these bronzes to the Dongson Culture robs them of their true heritage, and suggests that the Dongson Culture extended to many Southeast Asian Iron Age groups that had contact with Dongson, but did not belong to the Dongson Culture. The origins of such bronzes must be accurately acknowledged in articles and museum labels, otherwise, we will have a Dongson Dilemma, resulting in commercially initiated confusion leading to damaging misconceptions. We must not allow commercial goals to trump the pursuit of historical accuracy. Further confusion has been created by the ongoing debate concerning the transmission of exotic Indic Hindu and Buddhist beliefs into post–Iron Age Pre-Angkor Cambodia and the sophisticated metallurgy needed to create the necessary sacred imagery. Was this metallurgy a continuation of the Iron Age casting traditions associated with the Dongson culture, or was it something new? Here again, an inappropriate reference to the Dongson culture appears to be another Dongson Dilemma which has obscured the actual transmission process by which Indic images and their casting features appeared in the Khmer world during the post-Iron Age period.

C17 Caillon, Sophie

CNRS, Montpellier

WHY SO MUCH TARO? PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA IN A MELANESIAN VILLAGE (VANUATU)

Taro in the village of Vêtuboso (Vanua Lava Island, Banks group) is at the same time the staple and the main cultural food. Each person eats a mean of 0.43 kg of dry matter every day, which represents an annual village consumption of 95.7 t (for 610 inhabitants). The hill village of Vêtuboso is surrounded by taro pondfields (20.6 ha, of which 13.6 ha are cultivated), that range between 40 and 240 meters above sea level. Four of them were set up by their cultural hero, Lakakêris, who also brought different types of taro and related plants, such as medicinal and magical plants (e.g. Cordyline). Two other pondfields have been created by the elders and are therefore “man-made”. As the population increases, more and more abandoned pondfields are restored: ponds are flattened, channels are cleaned, and dams are rebuilt. Whether they work on the hero’s, elders’ or contemporary pondfields, farmers use the same knowledge, practices and planting materials. Thanks to unique practices of the Pacific, such as alternations of dry and wet periods of ponds, the whole village is able to produce 66 t of dry matter per year (7.1 t/ha for 9.3 ha). Taros cultivated in swamps and managed rivers are even more productive (respectively 10.2 and 20.1 t/ha) but are less abundant (0.6 and 3.7 ha). Cultivated in ponds, swamps or rivers, 146.5 t of taros are produced each year in Vêtuboso. Knowing what people need to fulfill their annual consumption and what they can produce, farmers from Vêtuboso cultivate an excess of 48.8 t every year. Why do they plant so much taro? A large amount of it is meant to “feed” a complex and rich exchange network which could be either “official” (birth, wedding and death ceremonies, etc) or “unofficial,” as people exchange cooked and uncooked food on a daily basis. Exchanges occur both inside and in between villages, especially with those that cannot cultivate taro because of a lack of rivers. By producing large quantities of big taro corms, inhabitants of Vêtuboso are also thanking their cultural hero.

C15 Calugay, Cyril

University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Peterson, John A.

Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam

NEW EVIDENCE FOR LATE HOLOCENE COASTAL CHANGE IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES

Buried paleosols discovered along the coast in Cebu suggest environmental effects that coincide with Pacific-wide sea-level changes related to the transition period from the Little Climatic Optimum to the Little Ice Age. The short-lived Tropaquept soils reveal a mangrove environment between the 11th and 13th centuries A.D. that was abbreviated by global temperature and sea-level fall at around AD 1300. This paper reports on recent dates for late Holocene environmental changes in Cebu and implications for associated archaeological artifacts.

C16 Campos, Fredeliza

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippine

INVESTIGATION OF EARLY FISHING PRACTICES IN BATANES, NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

The analysis of fish bones from Batanes, northern Philippines expounds on the broadening research in early marine subsistence and strategies. This is highlighted by the presence of the dolphinfish (Coryphaenidae), a taxon rarely found in archaeology. The recovery propels investigation on possible correlations with neighboring regions, particularly Taiwan and the Pacific, where its occurrence has also been observed.

C8 Carlos, Jane

University of the Philippines

CANARIUM HIRSUTUM W. IN TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE PHILIPPINES: IMPLICATIONS OF ANCIENT PLANT USE

Carbonized nut fragments were recovered from the archaeological sites of Eme Cave in Cagayan, Northern Philippines and Ille Cave in Palawan, Southwestern Philippines. Determined as Canarium hirsutum, W., these were found in layers radiocarbon dated from 10,000 to 1600 years ago. The presence of this nut in the terminal Pleistocene to the Holocene at two different areas of the Philippines is indicative of its importance as a food resource in ancient times. It also suggests the forested and warm palaeo-environment around the two cave sites and the reliance of early people on forest resources.

C7 Carò, Federico

Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Janet G. Douglas

Department of Conservation and Scientific Research, Freer Gallery of Art/Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

SCULPTURAL MATERIALS OF THE ANGKOR PERIOD: PETROGRAPHY OF KHMER STONE USED FROM THE 9TH TO THE 14TH CENTURY

Our research focuses on the stone materials used by the Khmer in the production of sculptures during the Angkor period, which ranges from the 9h to 14th centuries AD. At the beginning, Mesozoic sandstone formations in Cambodia were employed principally a source for cladding material, and these materials were subsequently extended to use for sculpture in the round. Koh Ker sculptural production, confined in time in the second quarter of the 10th century, appears to have been the first in the Angkor period where the use of a new and distinctive stone material emerged. About two centuries later during the Bayon period, we see the appearance of another distinctive type of stone used for sculpture. In order to illustrate changes in the sculptural artistic medium through time and across geographical areas of Cambodia, petrographic data on over a hundred provenanced and unprovenanced sculptures from the National Museum of Cambodia, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, and the Musée Guimet are herein presented. A comprehensive petrographic and geochemical study of stones used by the Khmers for sculptural purposes would be a helpful tool for archaeologists, museum curators, and others who are investigating the context and provenance of Khmer stone sculptures from various perspectives.

C7 Carter, Alison

University of Wisconsin

Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age and Early Historic Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Study of Stone and Glass Beads

Iron Age and Early Historic Cambodia has often been left out of discussions regarding trade, exchange and socio-political development in Southeast Asia. This study seeks to fill these gaps by studying stone and glass beads from several Iron Age and Early Historic periodites in Cambodia. Beads are excellent indicators of regional and international trade, of socio-economic and technological organization, as well as ideology and status. Compositional analysis of beads can add another level of understanding to the production and distribution of beads across a broad landscape. This study will present preliminary results of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) compositional analysis from Iron Age and Early Historic site across Cambodia and discuss the implications this research has for our understanding of trade and interaction networks in Cambodia and across Southeast Asia more broadly during this period.

B1 Carter, Melissa

University of Sydney

INVESTIGATIONS ON SANTA ISABEL – NEW INSIGHTS INTO SOLOMON ISLANDS PREHISTORY

Recent archaeological investigations in northwestern Santa Isabel have provided new insights into the timing and nature of human settlement in the central Solomon Islands. Excavations at several hilltop settlement complexes have revealed initial occupation of these elevated sites commenced around 2000 years BP. These midden deposits also reveal changing marine resource gathering strategies over time, as well as the presence of earthenware pottery sherds in an area with no ethnographic tradition of ceramic production or use. As the first archeological excavations conducted in Santa Isabel, these preliminary outcomes offer an important contribution to current models proposed for the human settlement of the Solomon Islands. In particular, the emerging late-Holocene archaeological signature of northwestern Santa Isabel evokes new considerations of changing regional settlement patterns in the Solomon Islands and the mechanisms, processes and causes of such transformations.

C16 Carter, Melissa

THE PROBLEM WITH POLYMESODAS: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY OF SUBSISTENCE SHELLFISHING IN NW SANTA ISABEL AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE POLYMESODAS (GELONIA) SUBGENUS

Malacologists have long struggled with accurately distinguishing between Polymesoda erosa and Polymesoda expansa – the two most profilic species of the Polymesoda (Gelonia) sub-genus in the Indo-Pacific. The apparent high degree of similarity between shells and the failure of scientists to establish consistent criteria for species identification are apparently responsible for this problem. Through recent ethnoarchaeological investigations of contemporary shellfishing in northwestern Santa Isabel in the Solomon Islands, new information on Polymesoda spp. shell morphology and distribution within the mangrove habitat has come to light. It is suggested that the longterm archaeological deposition of Polymesoda spp. shell in NW Isabel combined with the substantial body of traditional ecological knowledge available for the species provide a valuable resource for improving the identification and sustainable management of the poorly understood, heavily exploited Polymesoda (Gelonia) subgenus.

C9 Cauchois, Hinanui

University of Hawaii at Manoa

MONUMENTALITY, INTERIOR SETTLEMENT, AND DEFENSIVE PRACTICES IN PAPETOAI VALLEY, MO’OREA, SOCIETY ISLANDS

This paper presents the first results of an archaeological project conducted in the main valley of Papetoai, Mo‘orea, in the Society Islands (French Polynesia). This research project, as part of a PhD supervised by Dr. Michael Graves (University of New Mexico), looks at the development of inland settlement patterns in relation to expansion of agricultural systems and defensive practices. Built upon archaeological and historical materials as well as oral traditions, its goal is to develop a general model that will explain how inland areas of the Society Islands developed from remote uninhabited zones into areas where agricultural resources were established and possibly defended, and ultimately used as refuge areas for groups, seeking independence from political integration in the archipelago. This model will also be compared with other regions of Polynesia (Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, New Zealand and Hawaii) to look at different trajectories.

B11 Cawte, Hayden J.

University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Bongsasilp, Bhadravarna

Thai Fine Arts Department, Bangkok

AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF HOUSEHOLD SALT MAKING IN NORTHEAST THAILAND: A SCALAR HYPOTHESIS FOR PREHISTORIC PRODUCTION.

From prehistory to history, salt making (and/or salt mining) has played a central role in the development of many complex socio-political economies. For Northeast Thailand this production is thought to have begun in the Iron Age with its associated increase in socio-political complexity. However, in taking an ethnoarchaeological approach to contemporary Northeast Thai salt making, we suggest that the archaeological visibility of salt making is scalar in nature, with household production being almost completely invisible archaeologically, village or tambon production somewhat visible, and industrial/export production easily visible. In this paper we propose that Iron Age evidence in the Mun River valley of northeast Thailand represents the very visible industrial/export production stage, with concomitant household and village production occurring contemporarily but away from major sites. Further, we propose that in any area where such industrial visibility exists, there must have been earlier household and village production meaning salt making in the northeast could well be pushed back into the Bronze Age. We suggest that researchers investigating archaeological contexts in northeast Thailand should consider the presence of salt, and the implications of its use, in both domestic and commercial settings during the northeast Thai Bronze Age.

B12 Chaisuwan, Boonyarit

The 15th Regional Office of Fine Art, Phuket, Thailand

THE ANCIENT PORT OF PHUKHAO THONG

The Phukhao Thong archaeological site is situated in the South of Thailand on the Andaman coast in Ranong province. This site is significant for its role as an ancient port in the early Christian era. An archaeological excavation in 2005-2006 revealed a large amount of glass and stone beads as well as raw materials, such as glass and stone, and unfinished beads in different production stages. These show that the Phukhao Thong site was an important beadmaking site in Southeast Asia. However, archaeological evidences show that there was also an import of mosaic glass vessels. According to scientific analysis, some were Roman mosaic glass. Apart from gold ornaments, which constitute the name Phukhao Thong or “the Golden Mountain”, important finds from surveys and excavations, as well as from collectors and the local people, are imported items such as granulated gold beads, cornelian intaglios, and different kinds of wares such as rouletted ware and potteries inscribed with Tamil- Brahmi scripts. The Tamil scripts found are the oldest one in Southeast Asia. Other finds include lion pendants similar to those found in Taxila, India, as well as auspicious symbols such as conch shell, Srivatsa, Svastika, and most importantly, Triratna, made into gold and stone beads. These auspicious symbols signify an expansion of Buddhism into Suwannaphumi about 2,000 years ago. These archaeological evidences portray various trade and cultural relationships between the Phukhao Thong site and other places, which change the belief that there were no serious trading activities from the India Ocean to the Bay of Bengal at the beginning of the Christian era.

D3 Chakrabarty, Falguni

Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India.

DECORATIVE TERRACOTTA OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA: A STUDY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES

In West Bengal, particularly in rural areas, there are clusters of pottery units. Pottery tradition in the country dates as far back as prehistoric times. The potters are primarily and traditionally engaged in manufacturing objects of domestic utility. Most of the items are of use and throw variety. In addition to these the potters also make decorative clay objects, such as, toys, idols and other ritualistic items. At present metal and plastic have replaced clay made potteries of domestic use. There is a growing demand, especially among the urban people, for decorative terracotta pieces. A large section of potters have given up their traditional caste bound occupation. Those who are still carrying on with pottery tradition are trying to cope with the situation by manufacturing various types of decorative terracotta items. There are some clusters of pottery units which have become famous for making such decorative clay objects. The paper aims at highlighting technological, economic and social aspects of such terracotta items. Standard anthropological methodology is followed for the study. The objective is to explore sustainability of the craft and craftsmen under the changed situation due to modernization.

D3 Chakrabarty, Mita

Anthropology Section, Indian Museum, Kolkata, India.

MASK MAKERS OF PURULIA DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Mask is a medium for transformation. It is used for impersonating the others, namely, a person, a deity, animal or cosmic character. Masks form a very significant mode of creative expression in all cultures. Mask dance as a media of entertainment is popular in various rural areas of India and they are called by different names.. Present work is carried out in the district of Purulia, West Bengal, India. Masks are generally made out of paper machier. The mask makers belong to a caste group called Sutradhar, who are traditionally carpenters. Primary occupation of the mask makers are agriculture. Market for masks is seasonal. Although there is a state level policy, both at the Government and non government levels, for the revival of the ancient craft in the area but the craftsmen are struggling to save their skill and make it profitable. The present paper aims at highlighting the condition of those mask makers who are virtually on the verge of giving up their age old craft. The paper also aims to explore the avenues for sustainability of the crafts among majority of the mask makers.

C7 Chan, Sovichetra

Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia

Cultural potential of Basak, Svay Rieng

Svay Rieng is a province located along the Khmero-Vietnamese border in the Mekong Delta. Previous inventory catalogued by French scholars indicated a relatively sparse archaeological sites distribution in the area. However, current inventory has documented over 300 archaeological sites in this province. The sites registered are mostly remnants of brick religious monuments with the largest concentration of remains found at Basak, located along the Vaico River. Excavation by Jean Commaille in 1902 revealed the original layout of a brick temple complex surrounded by wall and moat, as well as statues and inscriptions that were attributed to the Angkor period. In addition to pre-Angkorian artifacts including lintel and inscriptions were also uncovered. This evidence demonstrates the long-term occupation of Basak from the pre-Angkor to Angkor period. This paper will discuss the following topics: a) description of sites along the Vaico River and Bassak; b) the influence of the irrigation system from the Angkor region based on inscription; and finally, c) a proposed cultural resources management of the area.

C15 Chandra, Reemal

de Biran, Antoine

University of the South Pacific, Suva

ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON FIJI’S RIVER DELTAS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO PREHISTORIC HUMAN IMPACT ON ISLAND LANDSCAPES

Two of the largest river deltas on Viti Levu (the largest island in the Fiji Group) are the Ba River delta on the northwest coast and the Sigatoka River delta on the southwest coast. Although both deltas existed long before people first arrived in Fiji (about 1100 BC), these deltas underwent significant change subsequently, far more than has been generally realized. A climate-driven food crisis around AD 1300 led to the inhabitants of Fiji’s coasts moving inland for the first time in large numbers. The sea no longer remained their primary source of food; they became upland agriculturalists, which resulted in large areas of forest being burnt and cleared. In the Sigatoka Valley, this process gave rise to the development of the deltaic sand-dune field, while in the Ba Valley it caused sediment accumulation on offshore reef platforms like that of Tavuca Island. The Ba Valley project is continuing as part of a wider research effort funded by the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation.

B9 Chang Yongjoon

National Museum of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

OBSIDIAN LITHIC TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTH KOREA

Obsidian tools have been found at many Upper Paleolithic sites in Korea. In the early Upper Paleolithic, blade assemblages lacking obsidian specimens are known. The use of obsidian as a raw material began in Korea at ca. 25,000 BP, and sites with obsidian artifacts are characterized by the presence of microblades and microcores. Tools made of obsidian include microcores, microblades, endscrapers, and burins. The main features of obsidian tools from South Korea are as follows. First, bifacial microcore blanks are unknown in Korea. It is for this reason that raw material like obsidian is rare. It is necessary to keep in mind that no obsidian sources have so far been found in South Korea. The importance of size of obsidian raw material cannot be overemphasized. The size of stone tools has a direct connection to the size and quantity of raw material such as obsidian. Second, the decline of the wedge-shaped technique is noticeable when obsidian microcore blanks were made. Third, the oldest bifacial points in the Korean Peninsula were found at sites dated to ca. 20,000 BP but obsidian bifacial points are not known in the Upper Palaeolithic. Fourth, tanged points made from obsidian blades are not numerous. Most blades were made of local raw material which can be easily found around the sites.

C4 Chang Kuang-Jen

Independent Scholar, Taiwan

VARIETIES OF DISPOSAL TYPES IN CALATAGAN CEMETERIES, SW LUZON: A PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

The co-existence of various types of interments in a cemetery is a common phenomenon in Calatagan sites, Southwest Luzon. A group of the 15^th-16^th CE cemeteries comprises nearly 1100 interments, also represents more than 20 various types of disposals. Since Fox’s excavation and brief report, which were more than 50 years ago, our understanding of those mortuary practices is still poor. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the detailed information of those interments, as well as to examine multiple levels of comparisons among them. Based on the investigation, thus, this paper also discusses the relevant issues of the varieties of disposal types in Southeast Asian archaeology

B11 Chang, Nigel

Domett, Kate

James Cook University, Australia

Kijngam, A.

Thai Fine Arts Department,

Wiriyaromp, W.

Kasetsart University

Boyd, W.

Southern Cross University, Australia

THE UPPER MUN RIVER CATCHMENT: A RESILIENT – AND CONNECTED – CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?

In December 2007 a new phase of archaeological research was begun at the site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand. The focus of this project is to build on the detailed excavations already completed in order to develop a broader picture of life at the site and its place in the regional social and environmental contexts. Investigating the utility of a ‘Resilience’ theory approach to understanding change will also be important. We will briefly discuss how the evidence, such as environmental and bioarchaeological results from this site, will be interpreted in the light of ‘Resilience’ theory. Practically, we will briefly report on the two field seasons that have been completed and discuss plans for the upcoming third season.

C10 Chao Chin-yung

Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Lape, Peter V.

University of Washington, USA

THE APPEARANCE AND PERSISTENCE OF LATE PREHISTORIC DEFENSIVE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN MANATUTO, TIMOR LESTE

A number of recent archaeological researches have proposed diverse models to the origins of defensive settlement patterns in this region. This paper suggests that causes for the initial appearance of defensive sites could have largely varied from the persistent ultilization of these sites.

D3 Chaudhuri, Sarit K.

Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India

TRIBAL ART IN TRANSITION: CHANGING FACE OF WOODCARVINGS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

Arunachal, the erstwhile NEFA, is the largest state in North East India, having 26 tribes, and it is surrounded by China, Tibet, Myanmar and Bhutan. In the context of the whole region tribal people of this state have created a special niche because of their fascinating art heritage reflected in variegated art forms. Woodcarving is one of the prime art forms practiced by the Wanchos, Noktes and some of the Buddhist tribes, such as, Monpas, Sherdukpens, Khamptis, etc. In the case of the Buddhist tribes the art of woodcarving is traditionally associated with the Buddhist religious beliefs and practices and to some extent linked with various utilitarian goods related to their material culture. However, in the context of Wanchos and even Noktes, such art forms were traditionally associated with their practice of headhunting, the institution of male dormitory and mortuary rites. The practice of head hunting is no longer a reality with the emergence of formal administration. The dormitories as well as carving of traditional funeral wooden effigies are also disappearing fast, not because of Christianity alone but also from multiple other factors of change with which these tribes are negotiating. However, all these tribes, Buddhists as well as non-Buddhists, consider this art form as one of their prime identity markers and are trying to move ahead beyond their traditional domains. Based on extensive field work, the present paper is an attempt to underscore the traditional contexts within which such wood carving art emerged. And then it will try to explore what is happening to this art form across the contextual divides which are now receiving state patronage in a market driven world, and is especially problematic when these frontier tribes are also in a crucial phase of transition.

D3 Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen

Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India

FROM CULTURAL TO GLOBAL: PLANNING FOR A JOURNEY OF TRADITION WITH SIGNATURE

Journeys of tangible and intangible traditions are an age-old phenomenon. Diffusion, Modernization, Westernization, colonization are academic dimensions through which they have been studied. In the process of Industrialization, many local tangible traditions reached to markets of other parts of world in the brand names of industries since colonial times. Aesthetics as yardstick for judgment created space of those products as well as for users. Sellers or mediators discovered new commercial opportunities in the concepts ‘tribal’ and ‘ethnic’ during post-colonial times. These concepts had opened up new opportunities for the business world to promote trades in the popular guise of ‘Multiculturism’. The networks of urban centers (Metropolis, cities, etc.) popularize products as ethnic or tribal (similar to indigenous) to add cultural roots in urban situations.

Socio-political transformations during post-colonial situations had given different shape of ‘ethnic’, ‘tribal’, traditions during nationalist era. In this way western icon oriented tangible traditions branch out in the given name of tribal/local, ethnic/indigenous (peoples meanings) during post colonial situation, and market had taken responsibilities to popularize those concepts. Thus the products have become disassociated from their culture: producers have produced it for marketing. The barrier between local and global is disappearing quickly and at the same time cultural traditions as industrial. Culture in its functional dimension is an adaptive mechanism for survival. It is learned, shared, innovated, at intergenerational levels and means of subsistence to people, who sometime referred as indigenous/ tribal / ethnic / folk people at grass-root level. Transformation of tradition in the India has not yet had devastating effects on the people due to welfare policies of nation state though these policies require scrutiny and provoke dialogue that to define the slow growth rate. Nationalist policies identified some home-based productions as part of cottage industries and under ‘Art and Craft’ those industries received patronage of national government.

After half a century those cottage industrial products only could fulfill cultural demands remained as part of the designs / symbols to maintain community’s cultural identity had contributed to accomplish ‘loss of culture is loss of identity’ but beyond that point the production systems could not be able to make a strong base for economic progress linking up local market to the global despite of availability of natural resources, and home grown technology to use the resources locally. Local cultural knowledge became global in the big industrial adventure and ignored the human resources in it, who sustained the knowledge system. Nature and Culture relation ideate, innovate, and transmit culture traits and complex that bind people, traditionally. That relation cannot be ignored for the adaptive development of culture. Therefore, this is an attempt for developing guiding principle that will be pivoted on cultural mapping and characterize eco-chain of culture and determines people’s closeness at subsistence level.

A4 Chauhan, Parth

Stone Age Institute, USA

RECONSIDERING LOWER PALEOLITHIC DISPERSALS FROM AFRICA TO ASIA

While we have made much progress in Old World paleoanthropology in recent decades, there is much that still eludes us. Instead of making headway with current issues, in some cases such as early Homo dispersals, we may perhaps be asking the wrong questions. The invention of Acheulean or Mode 2 technology in Africa and its subsequent expansion into Eurasia have been one such major topic of study for several decades. This paper discusses broad comparative attributes of Acheulean and Acheulean-like sites both west and east of the Movius Line including Africa, Europe, the Levant, the Indian subcontinent and East Asia. Key issues regarding the geographic demarcation and validity of the Movius Line and its evolutionary and behavioral implications are reconsidered in the context of recent discoveries. The associated paleoanthropological evidence is chronologically compared from major sites and regions to understand the nature of early Homo dispersals, ecological adaptations and technological strategies. For example, geographic boundaries of Mode 2 expansions and possible technological convergence are examined in relation to resource constraints and distribution within diverse ecotones. Other models for the dichotomy are also discussed. Rather than being viewed as mysterious Paleolithic phenomenon, the seemingly abnormal pattern of the presence and absence of Acheulean technology is perhaps better interpreted simply, as reflecting a ‘normal’ behavioral system of conditionally required Mode 2 technology in relation to fluctuating populations, specific subsistence strategies and consistent habitat preference. This presentation demonstrates that the Movius Line need not be viewed as a dichotomy between the two Lower Paleolithic technological traditions. As a related topic, Lower Paleolithic dispersals are discussed in a general comparative context between Oldowan and Acheulean evidence and current assumptions are confronted with alternate possibilities.

C17 Chazine, Jean-Michel

CNRS/CREDO Marseille

WET TARO CULTIVATION ON ATOLLS: A TECHNICO-CULTURAL PARADOX?

Low islands are by themselves a natural paradox: a tiny surface of a mere few square kilometres floating up to 7 meters upon the ocean, a basic soil made of coral debris scattered upon a calcified beach rock, no visible fresh water resources and an exceptional isolation. They present nothing, on first appearance, which would support or incite any human settlement. This is probably the reason why the first European visitors, staggered by the aspect of the islanders, thought they were just lost survivors of wreckages or outcasts rejected from high islands. In fact, archaeological surveys in the Tuamotu atolls have revealed a rather complex distribution of holes and trenches dug into the coral sand and pebble substrate and spread over hectares. Oral tradition and collected memories, at least in the Tuamotus, have shown that these structures were cultivation pits in which different varieties of taro were grown. Then the reconstruction of cultivation techniques and social structures associated with these elementary food resources has been confirmed by observations of still-living systems in the Cook Islands and the atolls of Micronesia, especially Kiribati. They proved that a very considerable knowledge of the natural resources of low islands had been observed and used; for example, the practice of mulching with material from specific trees or creeping plants thus providing phosphates or other necessary nutrients. And most important, they had observed that a thin fresh water lens was present almost everywhere on any motu (islet), which provided moisture for cultivation pits and drinking water for the islanders. Therefore the origin of the very first settlers of atolls has still to be sought elsewhere than adjacent high islands and is more probably towards the most western islands of the Pacific.

A3 Chen, Hong

Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University

CULTURAL ADAPTATIONS TO THE LATE PALEOLITHIC: REGIONAL VARIAVILITY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN SOUTHERN SHANXI, CHINA

This study will attempt to compare human responses to changing environments during the Late Paleolithic period in Southern Shanxi, China. Three Paleolithic entities, Xiachuan, Xueguan and Shizitan will be selected for the regional scale comparison from adaptation perspective. In order to figure out the patterns and the tendency of their tech-economy and subsistence, both typo-technological analysis and microwear analysis for lithic artifacts will be involved. We believe that such a comparison may reveal the adaptive strategies of different prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups, whether they were same or not, and may explore the possible factors including external and internal ones. More over, we also may evaluate the concept of adaptation for interpreting the human behavior.

C7 Chhay, Rachna

APSARA Authority, Cambodia

Heng, Piphal

University of Hawai’i at Manoa

The Crossdraft Kiln, an evaluation and THE use of Khmer kilns from late 9^th to 13^th centurIES.

During the last few years, many kiln sites in Angkor region have been excavated by national and international teams, such as Tani, Thnal Mrech (also known as Anglong Thom), Sor sie, Khnar Po, and Bangkong kiln sites. All these kilns used a crossdraft technique to produce glazed and unglazed ceramics. Depending on their dating, the productions and the evolution of the crossdraft’s use, provide some understanding of the characteristics of Crossdraft kiln from the late 9^th to the 13^th century of Angkor. This paper will focus on the difference between localization and the ideas of kiln construction. Then on the development of the kiln’s firewall and firing chamber, that show the potters’ concept of crossdraft kiln to produce ceramic. Some examples of their production will also be presented.

D2 Chhim Sokhan Dara

Department of Archaeology, Institute of Culture and Fine Arts, Royal Academy of Cambodia

THE APPRECIATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN CAMBODIA VILLAGERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE MKAK COMMUNE

Archaeological sites have much to contribute to Cambodia's future. They offer incomparable potential for economic and sociocultural prosperity, which can in turn provide a favorable climate and the means necessary for true protection of the Khmer heritage for the generations to come. In addition to this, Cambodians’ understanding of the contexts, sociocultural aspects and values of archaeological heritage sites is also a useful way for developing Cambodia.

This paper aims to present the important ideas of previous researchers, among interesting fields of study, focused on values of archaeological heritage sites. It also highlights villagers’ knowledge concerning preservation of archaeological sites and contexts. To this end, my research used methods, such as literature review, ground reconnaissance, site mapping, and interviews with 99 villagers and data analyzed by using SPSS. The paper is composed of six parts: introduction, followed by public knowledge of archaeological sites. The third section explains the complexity of archaeological site values. The fourth is concerned with the Cambodian landscape of archaeological settlement site areas as evidenced by village place-names. The fifth shows villagers’ understanding of archaeological site in the Mkak commune, followed by conclusion.

A result of my research is the determination that the two primary meta-categories of archaeological heritage site values are sociocultural and economic. Thanks to villagers’ appreciation of sites, more than 48 percent of interviewees imbue archaeological sites with sociocultural values. Only 10 percent of them recognize sites by economic values and more than 7 percent of the rest are acquainted with both values of heritage sites.

B10 Chia, Stephen

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

PREHISTORIC EARTHENWARE IN SEMPORNA, SABAH

This paper presents an overview of recent archaeological findings and research on prehistoric earthenware in the Semporna region of Southeastern Sabah, Malaysia. A considerable number of earthenware shards were found during archaeological surveys and excavations in the Semporna region from 2000 to 2007. These include earthenware found in several new sites such as Melanta Tutup and Bukit Kamiri as well as new areas in Bukit Tengkorak. The earthenware were dated about 3,000 to 1,000 bp and were found associated with human burials, microliths, flake tools, stone adzes, animal and fish bones, beads, metal tools, shell and stone ornaments.

B3 CHIANG Po-Yi

Australian National University

THE GE OF THE SHIZHAISHAN CULTURAL COMPLEX

The ge ‘halberd’ was one of the most widely used weapons during the Bronze and early Iron Age of China. It was common from the later second millennium BC until the end of the pre-Christian era in northern China, and remained in use until the late Western Han Dynasty in southwestern China. This paper discusses the chronological distribution, functions and possible stylistic origin of ge from the Shizhaishan cultural complex. The analysis indicates that the use of this weapon was adopted at the beginning of the Spring and Autumn period in northeastern Yunnan and then peaked during the late Warring States period and Western Han in the Lake Dian region. The ge of the Shizhaishan cultural complex may have had more functions than their northern counterparts, and they may have been changed in size, shape and decoration in order to meet local tastes. The typological evidence suggests that the stylistic origin of the Shizhaishan ge was Sichuan.

B3 CHIOU-PENG, Tzehuey

Spurlock Museum, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

NEW LIGHTS ON TYPOLOGICAL ISSUES OF YUNNAN DRUMS

Recently published archaeological and metallurgical data pertaining to Yunnan kettledrums have shed considerable lights on the main development and regional diversification of these artifacts. An analysis of a variety of scientifically excavated drum specimens indicates that their surface embellishments emerged separately and independently from the evolution of the hourglass-shaped drum structure, which was one of the key elements of the plain or sparsely decorated archaic drum prototype, made available around 700 BCE. Current studies attest that technical ideas for manufacturing archaic drums had a protracted span of life in western Yunnan and areas along the Yuan (upper Red) River. These data point to the possibility that drums with seemingly rudimentary features were produced as regional variations as well as export goods; some of these artifacts had existed in widely separate areas in parallel with the evolved, well-garnished Heger I drums, the signature items of the Dian and Dongson cultures.

B1 Chiu, Scarlett

Academia Sinica, Taipei

Yi-lin Chen, William R. Dickinson, Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Bridget Alex, Michael D. Glascock and Christophe Sand

FINDING POSSIBLE NEW CALEDONIAN LAPITA POTTERY SOURCES: EVIDENCES GATHERED FROM PETROGRAPHIC AND INAA CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES

The diversity observed from aspects of manufacture techniques, decoration motifs, and morphology of Lapita pottery has long been employed by Pacific archaeologists to identify social group boundaries and classify different cultural periods, as they investigate the spread of the Austronesian-speaking populations into the vast Oceania. This paper aims to discuss possible raw material procurement areas and pottery-making sources of New Caledonia, through identifying tempers originated from specific geological zones and site-specific patterns of paste preparation, in both petrographic and chemical compositions, in order to investigate possible prehistoric ceramic transfers and the inferred social and economic meanings of Lapita pottery. This paper summarizes results of the petrographic studies and INAA chemical analyses, and outlines a preliminary interpretation for the ceramic transfers occurred among these sites, in order to provide valuable information for future studies.

C14 Cho, Daeyoun

Jeong, Hyun

Lee, Kyeonghee

Department of Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea

POTTERY PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION DURING THE KOREAN NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE

The pottery production sites of the Korean Peninsula provide a rare opportunity for the detailed examination of changes in production technology from the Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age. This period, in particular, witnessed change in pit kiln structure: Neolithic pit kilns paved with small stones came to be replaced by simple pits without stones in the Bronze Age. In this paper we present the results of our study which examines diachronic change in the pottery-making process. Based on the archaeological evidence from production sites such as Kimcheon Songjookri (Neolithic) and Boryeong Kwanchangri (Bronze Age), we first examine the nature of change in firing structures. In addition, the results of experimental work in which the two types of pit kilns were reconstructed and vessels were fired in order to compare firing parameters, such as firing temperature and firing atmosphere, are presented. Based on this, we discuss the nature of diachronic change in pottery production techniques, which will enable a better understanding of how technological change may be linked with social and economic change.

C16 Christie, Annalisa C.

University of York

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF MARITIME EXPLOITATION ALONG THE EAST AFRICAN COAST FROM THE 12^TH-18^TH C. AD: RECENT RESEARCH IN THE MAFIA ARCHIPELAGO, TANZANIA

Existing archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the communities living on the East African coast were maritime societies, with the implication that the maritime nature of these societies was based on their role in long distance trading networks, and to a lesser extent the presence of a maritime based subsistence economy (e.g. Horton and Mudida; Msemwa; Kleppe). Although more recent studies (Pollard, Breen and Lane) have examined these communities within an explicitly maritime framework, situating them within a broader maritime cultural landscape (Westerdahl 1992), additional factors should be considered. Anthropological studies within maritime societies suggest that the question of what a maritime society entails is more complex and goes beyond mere proximity to the sea and the presence of a maritime-based subsistence economy (factors often implicitly used to define maritime societies within maritime archaeology). This paper evaluates the social context of maritime exploitation within the Mafia Archipelago, Tanzania, by examining the faunal assemblages recovered during recent excavations at the site of Kua Ruins on Juani Island within a maritime anthropological framework, to elucidate the influence of social status on resource accessibility, and to evaluate changing patterns of resource exploitation over time. As the site is situated within the Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP), established in 1995, this research has the potential to inform marine resource management strategies, by providing an historical perspective on the influence of the sea on the socio-cultural organisation of maritime interactions including exploitation.

B4 Chumdee, Nootnapang

Division of History, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University

LOCAL TRADE IN PAI, MAE HONGSON, NORTHWEST THAILAND DURING 14^TH – 19^TH CENTURIES

This paper focuses on the role of Pai as a town situated on a trade route between the ancient towns of the Lanna Kingdom during 14^th – 19^th centuries and indicates some factors that brought Pai importance as an economic town: location and natural resources. During 14^th – 19^th Centuries, the Lanna kingdom was a salient trading center of the northern part of South-east Asia. It gathered and redistributed goods from other countries both inside and outside the kingdom, for instance, from the northern area such as Shan, the group of southern towns of Yunnan and Lung Phrabang, and the southern countries of the Ayutthaya kingdom and Burma seaport group.

This study shows evidence that, besides Chiang Mai and Chiang Sean in northern Thailand, some small towns also had a significant role in trade for the Lanna Kingdom. For instance, Pai is located northwest of Chiang Mai, the capital city of the Lanna kingdom over that time. The archaeological evidence such as monuments and potsherds found in Pai shows its status as a contemporary community in the Lanna Kingdom. Furthermore, its location, which stands in the land trade route between Chiang Mai and the other towns in the north area, the Shan state (in the Burma area now), Chiang Sean and Fang gave it significance. Besides, Pai has valuable local resources which could be used to purchase goods.

B13 Ciarla, Roberto

Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient (IsIAO), Rome

KHAO SAI ON DISTRICT: IRON AGE METALLURGICAL INDICATORS IN LIFE AND DEATH.

A limestone outcrop –known as Khao Sai On (KSO)- with veins of copper-bearing ore was discovered in 1988 by the Thai-Italian Lopburi Regional Archaeological Project (LoRAP) on the eastern portion of the Lopburi plain. In 2006 LoRAP carried out sondages at two KSO localities – Khok Din and Noen Din- followed by stratigraphic excavation in 2007 and 2008. The data thus far collected are contributing to test the hypothesis that by the late 1st millennium BCE-early 1st millennium CE, there was a separation of living sites (e.g., moated-sites) from industrial sites (e.g., metallurgical sites), as well as of the living sites into areas functionally specialized. The data are also pointing out as the intensive mining and metallurgical activities in the Lopburi area might have been primed by long-distance trade contacts associated to an endogenous process of social complexity growth.

C3 Clark, Angela

Tayles, Nancy

Halcrow, Siân

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand

SEX ASSESSMENT: EVERYBODY TALKS ABOUT IT, BUT WHO IS DOING IT RIGHT?

The correct assessment of biological sex is crucial for identifying and understanding social identity in prehistory. The aim of identifying biological sex is not to directly infer gender, but to provide a means to integrate osteological evidence of health with archaeological evidence of burial treatment to assess gender as an aspect of social identity.

This paper presents a proposed research project that aims to determine whether sexual dimorphism can be used to indicate health change in Southeast Asian prehistoric societies during the adoption and intensification of rice agriculture. A bioarchaeological investigation of Neolithic and Bronze Age adult individuals from the prehistoric site at Ban Non Wat, Thailand, will allow a comparison between social identity and overall quality of life.

Sexual dimorphism, the difference between male and female physical body size and shape, varies between populations and influenced by the socio-cultural factors. Including, the adaptation to new foods, different food preparation methods, diet type, gender based preferential treatment and the sexual division of labour. Morphological characteristics of human remains are used to assess biological sex and the level of sexual dimorphism within a population can affect sex assessment. As sexual dimorphism is population specific, the descriptions of sex characteristics predominantly derived from European samples may prove inaccurate for the consequent sex assessment of a Southeast Asian population. The extent to which sexual dimorphism varies in prehistoric Southeast Asian populations is yet to be fully investigated. This paper will specially focus on providing a theoretical and methodological framework for investigating the level of sexual dimorphism in prehistoric Southeast Asia. Without an accurate assessment of sex, the consequent discussions of social identity are futile.

B15 Clarke, Wesley

Ohio University, Athens

A PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATION OF HUMAN REMAINS IN DVARAVATI RITUAL CONTEXTS.

The site of P’ong Tuk, situated on the Meklong River in Kanchanaburi Province, west-central Thailand, was one of the first sites to be labeled ‘Dvaravati’. A reevaluation of information previously recovered at the site in 1927 (George Coedes) and 1935 (H. W. G. Quaritch Wales), and the generation of new data during a field reconnaissance in 2008, permits the identification of new temporal components, ritual behaviors, and potential social connections. One phenomenon observed at P’ong Tuk is the repeated association of human remains with ritual structural features. Only briefly described in earlier reports, the discovery of Wales’ field notes adds significant detail to the record of this association at P’ong Tuk. Whether this ritual behavior is a local or regional pattern is uncertain, since comparative information on Dvaravati-era burials is minimal. Of particular note, however, is the excavation in 2009 of burials proximal to a structural foundation at the Dvaravati-era site of Dong Mae Nang Muang, Nakhon Sawan Province. Such sporadic data is presently inconclusive, but allows the postulation of regional and inter-regional connections, including possible relationships with cultural patterns to the west in Myanmar. Material phenomena such as those tentatively described here provide a basis for filling in the gaps in our understanding of Dvaravati and its range of geographical, social, and temporal components.

C5 Clarkson, Chris

Harris, Clair

University of Queensland

Haslam, Michael

University of Oxford

AFTER THE BIG BANG: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPACT OF THE TOBA SUPER-ERUPTION ON HOMININ POPULATIONS IN INDIA

Archaeologists and climatologists continue to debate the impact of the Sumatran Toba super-eruption (74kya) on global climate, vegetation and human populations. Preliminary results are reported for archaeological and palaeoenvironmental research conducted in two river valleys in India, where Toba tephra deposits are extensive. These are the Jerreru River Valley in Andhra Pradesh in southern India, and the Son River Valley of Madhya Pradesh in the north. The two sampled regions provide an opportunity to compare long sequences in very different geographic zones - both of which contain lithic assemblages and Toba ash deposits. Based on the chronology of human occupation and evidence for long-term continuity in stone-working practices, we hypothesize that the impact of the Toba eruption on hominin populations may have been less severe than other researchers have proposed.

C4 Coupey, Anne-Sophie

UMR 6566, CReAAH, University of Rennes I, France.

FUNERAL CONTAINERS USED IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DURING THE IRON AGE: PRESERVED REMAINS AND SIGNS PROVIDED BY BONE POSITIONS.

Type of funeral containers has a real significance in the funeral practices. The material used to make up the coffins depends not only on its availability in the region and its easiness to make, but on the regard for cultural and perhaps religious traditions of the time. Size of the coffins and probable ornamentation (preserved or not) should have had an ostentatious function. On a same site and during the same period, several types of coffins were used. They can be different according to the age at death. Beside the ceramic jars - burial containers of infants - there are traces of outlines of wooden coffins and some linear delimitation effects or compression of the skeleton. Bone and grave good positions indicate a decay in an empty space, so inside a body container. It is possible to restore the general shape of coffins and their rigidity, therefore the material they were made of. Obviously, funeral containers reveal a part of the status of the deceased and of his cultural environment.

B6 Cowan, Andrew

University of Washington, USA

LUMINESCENCE DATING OF LAO CERAMICS: TOWARDS A CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY

The vast geographic and temporal distribution of earthenware has presented considerable challenges to researchers interested in creating ceramic chronologies in many areas of Southeast Asia. This is especially true of research involving questions of the spread and/or persistence of technological or stylistic innovations from the neolithic through metal age cultures of mainland Southeast Asia. Accurate dates reflecting the manufacture and use of earthenware in specific locals can contribute to the difficult task of successfully addressing both local and regional issues. Recent advances in Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating techniques provide one method to directly date ceramics with greater precision and accuracy than previously was the case. The results of OSL testing of three earthenware samples from a recent Middle Mekong Archaeological Project (MMAP) excavation in Luang Prabang province, Lao PDR are used to showcase these advances and discuss the broader implications of direct dating to questions linking local to regional ceramic chronologies.

B3 Cremin, Aedeen

Australian National University

SEEING BARBARIANS: HISTORICAL FILTERS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS’ PERCEPTION

People outside the borders of established civilisations were of interest to ancient authors: in the Greco-Roman world Xenophon and Herodotus (5^th–4^th centuries BCE), Pliny and Tacitus (1^st–2^nd centuries CE) and others described their ‘barbarian’ neighbours, in surprisingly similar ways to their Chinese contemporaries. Although ancient analysts were more interested in intangible social aspects, they also touched on material culture. This paper discusses the way in which European and Chinese archaeologists have used ancient accounts to analyse ‘barbarian’ cultures.

C2 Cucchi, Thomas

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7209, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, ‘‘Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements,’’ Département ‘‘Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité ’’ Paris

Keith Dobney

Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom

PAST HUMAN TRANSLOCATION OF PIGS IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA: A DENTAL GEOMORPHOMETRIC APPROACH

Pigs have strong economic, social and religious values for tribal societies of Island South East Asia and have been translocated throughout the islands, leading to a complex current distribution shaped by past and present societies. Human dispersal of animals is therefore not only relevant for understanding the behaviour of prehistoric societies from Island South East Asia and Oceania but also the chronological context and the species involved, but the processes are still poorly understood. This paper reveals the contribution of new technics in Zooarchaeology (Geometric Morphometric and Palaeogenetic) to decipher the species involved in this human dispersal and to provide indirect clues to human movements in relation to the Austronesian migration. The comparative study of the genus Sus osteoarchaeological remains from the key site of Liang Bua (Flores) with extant taxa (6 species) from Island South East Asia provided evidence for the antiquity of human translocations of the Sulawesi warty pigs (Sus celebensis) to the lesser Sunda islands and Mollucas as well as the dispersal of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) throughout the Sunda islands toward Remote Oceania. The latter is linked to the Neolithic migration of the Lapita peoples, the ancestors of the modern Polynesians. This discovery provides a new migration path for the Austronesian diaspora which complements the classic models based on modern genetics and linguistic.

C12 Dai, Xiangming

National Museum of China

CHANGES OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN THE EASTERN YUNCHENG BASIN, NORTH-CENTRAL CHINA

We carried out the full-coverage surveys from 2003 to 2006 in the eastern Yuncheng Basin, north-central China, and reconstructed the process of the changes of settlement patterns from the Neolithic to the early Bronze Age (ca. 5000-1300 B.C.). This process can clearly reflect the changes of social organizations and the development of social complexity through time. In general, the eastern Yuncheng Basin witnessed a long-term social evolutionary process, from simple and egalitarian societies to hierarchical complex societies. It may have represented a typical trajectory of social development in central China.

B16 Datta, Rita

University of Calcutta

SHELL INDUSTRY OF BISHNUPUR AND ITS RELEVANCE IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT SHELL INDUSTRY OF BENGAL

Shell forms one of the major raw materials for the manufacture of different ornaments for the adoration of women folk from remote past. So far India is concerned; the use of shell ornaments is found from the Indus valley civilization specially the western Harappan sites. Later shell objects in the form of ornaments have been found from almost all the early historic sites in India. However with the passage of time, the technology of manufacturing shell ornaments gradually disappears except in few isolated places. In Bengal this age old tradition and technology continued to survive due to its close association with social custom. Bishnupur in Bankura district of West-Bengal is one such place where this tradition and technology of manufacturing shell ornaments still continues by a community. This community is making shell objects from the time of Malla kings of the Mallabhumi as the land is known by the name. In fact, the reason behind the survival of the industry in Bankura is the prevalent custom among the Hindu married Bengali women of wearing shell Bengali as a symbol of marriage. The present paper attempts to make an in depth study of the industry in terms of procurement, preparation, shell cutting, processing, and discard etc. This would help to reconstruct the various stages of shell working, its nature and impact on the early historic community in Bengal.

C7 Dega, Michael

Latinis, D. Kyle

Naga Research Group

Possible Production Centers of Cambodian Circular Earthwork Ceramics as explained through XRF Analysis

X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of several earthwork ceramic assemblages lends possible interpretations that ceramic production centers are identifiable within the fairly homogenous site grouping. The earthwork sites, occurring across a basaltic plateau in eastern Cambodia/western Vietnam, have been assessed as having internally homogenous site characteristics and material records. The XRF study provides an additional level of analysis to assess diversity within the earthwork assemblages and potentially, has meted out ceramic production centers within the site grouping.

B10 De Leon, Alexandra

Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines

POTTERY AND CULTURAL INTERACTION FROM 3000 TO 600 BP BATANES, NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

This paper examines the nature of prehistoric cultural interaction in the Batanes islands of northern Philippines between 3000-600 BP, as evidenced by pottery assemblages excavated from the Savidug Dune Site on Sabtang and Anaro on Itbayat. On the basis of vessel shape, surface finish/decoration and compositional attributes, this paper compares assemblages and establishes that similarity and variation in pottery form and decoration occur from 3000 to 600 BP. Thin-section analysis indicates that pots were not exchanged but rather produced locally on each island. This paper then suggests that similarity in pottery assemblages is explained by cultural interaction between occupants of archaeological sites from 3000-600 BP.

C19 Delgado James P.

President, Institute of Nautical Archaeology

THE INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS IN NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PRESERVATION

Founded in 1973, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology is based in the U.S. and in Turkey, but works around the world on cooperative projects to locate, scientifically excavate, conserve, analyze and preserve shipwrecks and other nautical sites. INA subscribes to the UNESCO guidelines for underwater cultural heritage as part of its mission. Another important part of INA's mission is scholarly publication and public outreach through partnerships with museums and media. INA has worked on over 160 projects in dozens of countries, and recently joined a cooperative effort in Vietnam to study the sites of the naval battles at Bach Dang.

C6 Denham, Tim

Monash University, Australia

HUMAN OCCUPATION OF THE MONTANE RAINFORESTS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SNAPSHOTS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE TO PRESENT

Renewed multi-disciplinary investigations at a series of archaeological sites across the highland spine of Papua New Guinea clarify the occupation chronology of the region, as well as enable relatively in-depth regional interpretations of human-environment interactions through time. A series of interpretative scenarios are woven against this evidential background to infer how people subsisted in, and eventually transformed, montane rainforest environments towards the present. The nature of these human-environment interactions varied greatly spatially and through time.

A4 Derevianko, A.P.

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE MIDDLE TO UPPER PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION AND THE ORIGINS OF HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ASIA

The origins of humans of the physically modern type and the formation of the Upper Paleolithic culture are currently among the most challenging scientific problems. Available archaeological and paleoanthropological data make it possible to hypothesize on three main trajectories of the transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. These are the African model of transition (Ater, Daban, etc.), the Eurasian model (characterized by the standardization of laminar reduction technique of both small and large artifacts), and the Chinese-Malayan model in Eastern and Southeastern Asia (characterized by flake removal from cores and producing tools on flakes and special blanks). Special features characterizing the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in particular regions have been identified. Southern Siberia and Central Asia can be listed among such specific regions. During the past 25 years, many archaeological sites have been discovered and studied in a comparatively small area in the Altai Mountains of Southern Siberia, including multilayered and well-stratified cave and open-air sites. A multidisciplinary approach has obtained a whole array of data illustrating climatic fluctuations and features of flora and fauna throughout the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Research based on studies of more than 60 culture-bearing horizons has provided evidence of environmental and human cultural developments from c. 100,000-30,000 ka.

The Altai archaeological evidence for the terminal Middle Paleolithic (60,000-50,000 ka) suggests two major trends of lithic industry development: Kara-Bom and Karakol. Both trends were formed in the course of the long-term development of a single Middle Paleolithic industry without any impact from contiguous regions. Around 50,000 years ago, artifact types such as sub-prismatic, prismatic, and wedge-shaped cores, carinated tools, end-scrapers, burins, and many other features of Upper Paleolithic culture, including soft hammer flaking, emerged in the local lithic industries. The origins of these features can be traced to the Middle Paleolithic Altai cultures. Modern behavior patterns of the Altai population around 50,000-40,000 ka are illustrated by bone tools that include needle, awls, and hafts for composite tools and non-utilitarian items like globular and cylinder-shaped beads, and bone, stone, and shell pendants. A stratigraphic layer dating to c. 39-40 ka BP has yielded an amazing and unexpected find: a fragment of a stone bangle showing employment of several working techniques (sawing, drilling, grinding, and polishing). The available archaeological evidence shows that the Upper Paleolithic culture was formed on a local basis in the Altai around 50-40 ka. Research in the western and eastern regions of Lake Baikal as well as in Uzbekistan and Mongolia in Central Asia provides abundant data suggesting similar trends in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition.

A4 Diab, Mark C.

Laboratory of Human Evolution, Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo

AN EVALUATION OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION AND EXTIRPATION IN JAPAN

Issues of extinction, decreasing biodiversity, and human impacts on global resources have been the focus of significant multidisciplinary research of late. For the distant past, research on Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions has been one of the most poignant debates in the historical sciences for over 100 years. Although these ancient extinctions no doubt took different forms from those of the recent past, the general nature of extinction and extirpation of plant and animal species is due to similar contingencies such as environmental changes, internal demographic change and stochasticity, and possible human impacts. In island settings (i.e. New Zealand, Mangaia) it is clear that humans were central in the rapid extirpation and then extinction of indigenous megafauna. This review addresses megafaunal extirpation and extinction, mainly Palaeoloxodon/Naumann’s elephant, Sinomegaceros/giant deer and Bison specific to the marine isotope stages 3-2 and 2-1 transitions in Japan. The role of Palaeolithic human hunters as catalysts for extinction or as having wrought the dénouement to megafauna during this transitional period is discussed in light of the archaeological record for this region.

B10 Diniasti, Aliza

The National Research Centre of Archaeology

Simanjuntak, Ricky M.B.

University of Indonesia

POTTERY DECORATIONS OF KALUMPANG, WEST SULAWESI

Sulawesi is one of the big islands in Indonesia, which plays an important role in the Neolitihc and Austronesian studies, due to its location at the center of the archipelago where different groups of people and cultures meet. The evidence is the number of archaeological sites found on this island from the Pleistocene to Holocene periods. Radiometric dates from Minanga Sipakko at the district of Kalumpang and other sites reveal that Neolithic had been developed here since 3,500 BP. New data from the Minanga Sipakko shows that the development of Neolithic can be divided into the early occupation phase (c. 3500 BP - 3000 BP) and the late occupation phase (c. 3000 BP – 2000 BP).

The similarities of artifacts from Kalumpang with other sites within and outside Sulawesi show that there was regional interrelationship between Sulawesi and its surrounding areas. The presence and development of Neolithic in Sulawesi was part of the Neolithic dispersal in prehistoric times. Furthermore, various cultural elements of some ethnic groups in Sulawesi - including pottery technology and decorations - are a representation of some Austronesian traditions that still survive until today.

This paper will discuss the various decorations of pottery from Kalumpang in West Sulawesi, which is one of the most important areas to study pottery, as well as the Austronesian culture. In Kalumpang area the villages of Tararan and Lebani still practice weaving, hunting, and sailing with canoes, and still produce pottery, although only based on demand.

C5 Dizon, Eusebio

National Museum of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES COVERED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Volcanoes must have played a significant role in the choice of human occupation. No matter how dangerous volcanoes can be, people were and are still attracted to them. People must have been attracted to volcanoes, for their intrinsic beauty and the vast fertile land they have in their surrounding areas. In the Philippines, there have been a number of archaeological sites found near or around volcanoes such as in Zambales and Pampanga, Sorsogon, Batangas, Batanes, etc. Sites buried in deep sand dunes in the Sabtang Island of Batanes are suggestive of tsunamis. This paper will present a picture of these sites when they were abandoned by volcanic eruptions.

A3 Du Shui-sheng

Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875

STUDY ON THE BEIYAO SITE IN LUOYANG CITY, CHINACHANGES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR PATTERN DURING 200 KA BP IN NORTH CHINA AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN CHINESE

With regard to the origin of modern Chinese people, there have been two views in the academic world, a perspective for the evolution of hybrid spin-off that the modern Chinese people evolved from the local early human; another point of view is that modern Chinese people are from Africa Migration. In this paper, according to archaeological materials found from Beiyao sites, Luoyang city, China, as well as archaeological material during 200KaBP in northern China, I think that: 1) After coupling human behavior in the past 200KaBP in north China and global climate change, there is an obvious relationship between them. in the warm period, human activities is frequently in northern China, but in cold period, it is very difficult to find traces of the Human activities; 2) in the past 200KaBP in North China, the most obvious change of human behavior occurred in 35KaBP or so; 3) the origin of modern human in northern China may have two sources, one is from Siberia, the blade relics in northern region of north China may be the evidence they left behind; Second, the ModeⅠ technique in the late Paleolithic Remains in northern China may be associated with the southern region of China, but the relationship between modern humans in south China and local early humans also needs further study.

B11 Duke, Belinda

James Cook University

THIS IS NOT A MOAT: BOUNDARIES, WATER AND THE DEMARCATION OF SOCIAL SPACE IN IRON AGE BAN NON WAT, NORTHEAST THAILAND.

This paper examines an Iron Age water feature excavated at Ban Non Wat over two field seasons (2007-2009). The feature has been described here as a non-‘moat’ as it does not have the physical characteristics of a traditional Iron Age ‘moat’ (as described by McGrath, Boyd and Bush 2008). This feature is discussed in the light of Boundary Theory; examining the construction, maintenance and abandonment of the feature. As well as a physical feature, I also argue that it may have operated as a socio-cultural device, reflecting the changing social climate of the mid to late Iron Age. The importance of water as a social tool is also emphasised. This water feature goes beyond its form (as a life sustaining mechanism) and takes on the function of a tool for social and cultural demarcation.

C8 Dwyer, Daniel

Charles Darwin University, Australia

DONG SON AND ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIAN BOAT TECHNOLOGIES: SOME SIMILARITIES AND COMPARISONS

Noted and discussed here are similarities between some maritime technologies of insular Southeast Asia and the motifs displayed on Dong Son bronze artefacts from northern Vietnam. The island technologies are gathered from the archaeological record in the southern Philippines, bas-relief depictions at Borobudur in central Java, and ethnographic data collected in eastern Indonesia. Elements discussed include bipod masts, quarter steering oars, bow sweeps, external lashings, and decorative designs. Also raised is an interpretation of a tympanum motif as a double outrigger canoe. Acceptance of this interpretation would make the motif the earliest known recording of double outrigger canoe technology anywhere in Southeast Asia and could reopen for debate the origins of sponsons and outriggers in the region.

C7 Ea, Darith

APSARA

KOL VILLAGE: A Set of Community Structures in Angkor Period

Kol Village is one of sets of community structures in the Angkor period located to the west of Angkor, approximately 50 km along the ancient road from Angkor to Phimai. The recent survey found that people have been living there from pre-historical times to the Angkor period and continuing to the present. Kol village was probably home to a large community during Angkor period because of the remains of some structures such as water infrastructures, roads, bridges, monuments, rest house, hospital chapel, habitation mounds, and ceramic shards. In order to understand some of these structures, we excavated two trenches to study road structures and a bridge. This study provided us ample information about the technology of building a road and a laterite bridge, as well as the connections between people from one place to another by ancient roads and sets of community structures in the Angkor period.

C17 Earle, Timothy

Northwestern University, USA

IRRIGATED TARO AGRICULTURE AND PRIMARY STATE FORMATION: THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

A central objective of world archaeology is to understand the origins of truly complex societies, often called states. A short list of primary states is identified archaeologically; all were based on intensive cereal agriculture. But, one can argue that Polynesia represents another case in prehistory, where a state-like society emerged entirely independently from the other examples. The complex chiefdoms of the Hawaiian Islands developed in almost total isolation and without a cereal-based subsistence economy. I examine how irrigation agriculture was linked to the emergence of such complexity. Taro irrigation created a highly productive, relatively stable, and easily controlled system of agriculture that formed the base of a staple-based political economy functionally similar to that of other primary states based on cereal crops. With the built environment of intensive taro fields and fishponds, chiefs asserted ownership over productive facilities to extract a surplus used to finance large political systems involving a managed economy, military specialists, attached wealth producers, and a religious system to legitimize central power.

C3 Eng, Ken Khong

Department of Forensic Medicine, Penang Hospital, Malaysia

Chia, Stephen

Centre For Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Bioanthropological perspectives on a late prehistoric burial in Bukit Kamiri Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia

In March 2007, archaeological survey and excavation at Bukit Kamiri in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia uncovered two late prehistoric human skeletons, radiocarbon dated by marine shells to between 3,330 and 2,830 BP. The two skeletons were found together in a burial associated with burial items such as pottery sherds, iron knives, and food remains consisting of marine shells, fish and animal bones. Bioanthropological analysis of the skeletal remains revealed two adult males. One was a young adult aged between 25 and 34 years old, with an estimated height 157.22 +/- 3.85 cm while the other was an middle aged adult, between 35 and 44 years old, with an estimated eight of 166 +/- 3.85 cm. No signs of pathological condition or violence were observed on the skeletal remains. Multivariate cluster analysis using the Q-mode correlation coefficients on the dental metric traits suggested close affiliation to early human populations from mostly Island Southeast Asia and Southern China.

Euber, Julie (poster presentation)

BIOARCHAEOLOGY IN GUAM: TRENDS AND CURRENT CONDITIONS

In the coming years, the American military base on Guam will expand creating even more archaeological projects than in the past. With this in mind, it is important to determine which information collected from human skeletal remains will benefit future question-oriented bioarchaeological research. An informed decision on what data to prioritize requires knowledge of past studies of Guam and a vision of how bioarchaeology can benefit our understanding of Guam’s past. In this study, I compiled publications employing methods from bioarchaeology and physical anthropology and analyzed topical trends pertaining to Guam’s past. Based on the results, I then suggest several potential avenues for future bioarchaeological studies and explore the plausibility of a database that would compile Chamorro mortuary and skeletal information.

B10 Eusebio, Michelle S.

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines

INSIGHTS FROM SELECTED EARTHENWARE POTTERY FROM 13TH-14TH CENTURY PORAC, PAMPANGA, PHILIPPINES

Earthenware pottery sherds from the 13th-14th century layer, Dizon-I site, Babo Balukbok, Porac, Pampanga, Philippines were surveyed. Some of them, based on sherd size and obvious evidences of use such as charred areas and carbon deposition, were selected for further analysis. Selected sherds, except for one pottery base, were refitted together to have an idea of the profile of the pots where they came from. These earthenware pots were analyzed morphologically and for use alteration. Carbon depositions (soot and firing clouds) were noted at the interior and exterior surfaces of the samples. Then, surface attritions were analyzed with the naked eye and by using the zoom stereomicroscope. The visual part of the analysis was done primarily to aid in the further selection of samples to be subjected to residue analysis. Also, possible decorations were noted. From these morphological and use alteration analysis data, this paper discusses insights on the function of those pots and the lives of the people who lived during the 13th-14th century in Porac, Pampanga. In addition, other notable pottery from the same cultural layer is included in the discussion.

C7 Evans, Damian

University of Sydney

The Development of Early Urbanism in Cambodia: Results of Archaeological Field Surveys 2008-9

Recently, the many years of archaeological surveys at Angkor undertaken by members of the Greater Angkor Project have been extended to include a range of other temple complexes in Cambodia, including Banteay Chmar, Sambor Prei Kuk, Preah Khan of Kompong Svay and Koh Ker. Evidence has been uncovered at several of these sites to suggest that, like Angkor, they possessed sophisticated and extensive water management systems and extended urban complexes beyond the central temples which have defined them archaeologically for more than a century. This paper will present a comparative overview of the recent finds and discuss the implications of the new maps of these sites for our understanding of the nature of early Khmer urbanism and settlement patterns.

B13 Eyre, Chureekamol Onsuwan

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA

INTEGRATED REGIONAL CHRONOLOGY OF INLAND CENTRAL THAILAND: A CERAMIC CHRONOLOGICAL

INDEX FROM THE KOK SAMRONG-TAKHLI UNDULATING TERRAIN SURVEY

Archaeological research within the Eastern Upper Chao Phraya River Valley has demonstrated its regional significance in terms of cultural distinctiveness and long-term development. The 2001-2002 intensive survey of the Kok Samrong- Takhli Undulating Terrain (KSTUT) supported these findings as evidenced by 25 long-lived, often large and heterarchically-related occupations, dating between 2000 BC and AD 1000. This paper summarizes a regional chronology developed primarily for the purpose of the KSTUT survey. Located within the survey boundary, two main overlapping chronologies from the sites of Ban Mai Chaimongkol and Chansen were incorporated and integrated with ceramic typologies of eight neighboring sites. The KSTUT chronology spans the Metal Ages and includes five phases. Vessel forms, variants and key-time specific diagnostic attributes provide a basis for documenting the long term use and ceramic subregions.

B13 Eyre, Chureekamol Onsuwan

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA

Douglas, Janet G.

Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

PREHISTORIC AND PROTO-HISTORIC CERAMIC SUBREGIONS IN CENTRAL THAILAND: PETROGRAPHIC

ANALYSIS OF STYLISTIC PATTERNS AND TECHNOLOGY

While ceramic traditions which are shared among prehistoric Thailand sites have been previously identified, their socio-economic implications have yet to be fully explored. This paper discusses ongoing integrated research to study ceramic correlations between stylistic patterning and technology of production during the Metal Age (ca. 2000 BC – AD 500) in Thailand. The Kok Samrong-Takhli Undulating Terrain research (KSTUT) defined at least seven ceramic subregions during the Metal Age in central Thailand (Eyre 2006). One ceramic subregion, Ban Mai Chaimongkol (BMC), was fully documented during the survey and its distribution extends across diverse environmental zones. Thin-section petrography is being employed to characterize the pottery of the BMC and neighboring subregions with regard to technology of production in an effort to define “a local system”. Sherd analysis entails the characterization of both naturally-occurring and human-derived temper (coarser-grained aplastics); as well as compositional analysis of the clay body (fine-grained plastics). Physical evidence of ceramic production methods such as forming, decoration, paint and slip application, and firing, are also being studied.