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BSc London, 1963; PhD London, 1966.
Taught at University of California, Berkeley; Queen Elizabeth College, London; and Cambridge University; before coming to the Dept. of A & A at ANU in 1974. Rose through the ranks to become Reader in Biological Anthropology.
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Teaching: Human Evolution Primates Skeletal Analysis Techniques in Biological Anthropology Ethnobiology and Domestication |
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1995 Microtaxonomy and its implications for captive breeding. Pp 24-28 in U.Ganslosser, J.K.Hodges & W.Kaumanns (eds.), Research and Captive Propagation. Fürth: Filander Verlag.
1996 (with J.Shoshani, E.L.Simons & G.F.Gunnell). Primate phylogeny: morphological vs molecular results. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5:102-154.
1996 Taxonomic diversity in Arabian gazelles: the state of the art. Pp. 8-39 in A.Greth, C.Magin & M.Ancrenaz (eds.), Conservation of Arabian Gazelles. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
1996 Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, 1978 (Mammalia, Primates): proposed conservation of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53:24-7.
1996 (with A.Gentry & J.Clutton-Brock). Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic anaimals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53:28-37.
1996 (with P.M.Goonan & R.D.Smith). Karyotype polymorphism in the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia primatologica, 65:100-9.
1996 The nomenclature of the Tanzanian Mangabey and the Siberut Macaque. Australian Primatology, 10, 4:2-5.
1996 Great Apes: the conflict of gene-pools, conservation and personhood. Perspectives in Human Biology 2:31-36.
1996 Hovering on the brink: nearly but not quite getting to Australia. Perspectives in Human Biology, 2:83-7.
1996 From Ussher to Slusher; from Archbish to Gish; or, not in a million years... Archaeology in Oceania 31:145-151.
1996 The taxonomy of the Asian Wild Buffalo from the Asian mainland. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61:327-338.
1997 Major biogeographic regions of the world. Section of article "Biosphere". Pp 1160-1167 (vol.14) in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia, 15th edition.
1997 Rediscovery of the wild pig Sus bucculentus. Nature, 386:335.
1997 Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 120:163-191.
1997 Taxonomy and phylogeny of Primates. In A.Blancher, J.Klein & W.W.Socha (eds.), Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates. Berlin: Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg and New York, pp.3-23. [ISBN 3-540-61636-5. 3 Parts in book; Part 1 has 1 chapter (the one by me, Part 2 has 9 chapters, Part 3 has 9 chapters. Chapters are numbered sequentially by Part].
1997 The taxonomy of Arabian Gazelles. In K.Habibi, A.H.Abuzinada & I.A.Nader (eds.), The Gazelles of Arabia, Riyadh: National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Publication No.29, English Series, pp.24-51 [ISBN 9960-614-06-9. 12 chapters in book].
1997 Thinking about evolutionary change: the polarity of our ancestors. In G.A.Clark and C.M.Willermet (eds), Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins. Aldine de Gruyter, N.Y., 1997, pp 319-326. [ISBN 0-2-1-02040-1. 29 chapters in book].
1997 Species concept in palaeoanthropology. Perspectives in Human Biology, 3:13-20.
1997 Leopard-cats, Prionailurus bengalensis (Carnivora: Felidae) from Indonesia and the Philippines, with the description of two new subspecies. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 62:330-338.
1998 The proximal ulna from Klasies River. Journal of Human Evolution, 34:119-121.
1997 Taxonomy and phylogeny of Primates. In A.Blancher, J.Klein & W.W.Socha (eds.), Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates. Berlin: Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg and New York, pp.3-23. [ISBN 3-540-61636-5. 3 Parts in book; Part 1 has 1 chapter (the one by me, Part 2 has 9 chapters, Part 3 has 9 chapters. Chapters are numbered sequentially by Part].
1997 The taxonomy of Arabian Gazelles. In K.Habibi, A.H.Abuzinada & I.A.Nader (eds.), The Gazelles of Arabia, Riyadh: National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Publication No.29, English Series, pp.24-51 [ISBN 9960-614-06-9. 12 chapters in book].
1997 Thinking about evolutionary change: the polarity of our ancestors. In G.A.Clark and C.M.Willermet (eds), Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins. Aldine de Gruyter, N.Y., 1997, pp 319-326. [ISBN 0-2-1-02040-1. 29 chapters in book].
1997 Species concept in palaeoanthropology. Perspectives in Human Biology, 3:13-20.
1997 Leopard-cats, Prionailurus bengalensis (Carnivora: Felidae) from Indonesia and the Philippines, with the description of two new subspecies. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 62:330-338.
1998 The proximal ulna from Klasies River. Journal of Human Evolution, 34:119-121.
1998 Systematics of Tarsiers and Lorises. Primates, 39:13-27.
1988 (with M.Goodman, C.A.Porter, J.Czelusniak, S.L.Page, H.Schneider, J.Shoshani and G.Gunnell). Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9:585-598.
1998 (with H.Mendelssohn and B.Shalmon). A new subspecies of Gazella gazella from the southern Negev. Isreal Journal of Zoology, 43:209-215.
1999 Die Nashörner - Stammesgeschichte und Verwandtschaft. In Anonymous (ed.), Die Nashörner: Begegnung mit urzeitlichen Kolossen, 14-32. Furth: Filander Verlag. [ISBN 3-930831-06-6. 19 chapters in book].
1999 (with T.F.Flannery). A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62:367-396.
1999 The advantages and disadvantages of being domesticated (A Keynote Address). Perspectives in Human Biology, 4:1-12.
1999 Australopithecus garhi: a new-found link? Reports of the National Center for Science Education, 19, 3:10-13.
1999 Nomenclature of African Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Journal of Human Evolution, 37:869-872.
1999 (with A.Thorne). The terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene populations of northern Africa. Homo, 50, 3:249-262. [ISSN 0018-442X].
2000 (with P.Grubb, J.P.Dudley & J.Shoshani). Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2, 4:1-4. [ISSN 0737-108X].
2000 (with P.Grubb), Do Loxodonta cyclotis and L.africana interbreed? Elephant, 2, 4:4-7. [ISSN 0737-108X].
2000 What are the elephants of West Africa? Elephant, 2, 4:7-8. [ISSN 0737-108X].
2000 (with P.Grubb). Are there Pygmy Elephants? Elephant, 2, 4:8-10. [ISSN 0737-108X].
2000 Phylogenetic relationships within recent Antilopini (Bovidae). In E.S.Vrba and G.B.Schaller (eds.), Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives, 223-233. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. [ISBN 0-300-08142-1. 23 chapters in book].
2000 (with G.B.Schaller). The phylogeny and biogeography of the newly discovered Annamite artiodactyls. In E.S.Vrba and G.B.Schaller (eds.), Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives, 261-282. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. [ISBN 0-300-08142-1. 23 chapters in book].
2000 Phylogeny of the Cercopithecoidea. In P.Whitehead and C.J.Jolly, eds., Old World Monkeys, 77-98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN: 0 521 57124 3. 27 chapters in book].
2000 (with O.A.Ryder). Systematics and phylogeny of the horse. In A.T.Bowling and A.Ruvinsky (eds.), The Genetics of the Horse, 1-24. Wallingford (Oxon., U.K.) & New York: CABI Publishing. [ISBN 0 85199 429 6. 18 chapters in book].
2000 (with A.Thorne). The affinities of the Klasies River Mouth remains. In J.S.Chisholm (ed.), Towards Consilience: Perspectives in Human Biology, 5:43-53. [ISBN 1 7405 2 028 9. 6 chapters in book].
2000 (with M.Chech, A.Thorne & E.Trinkaus). A new reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 cranium. Paléorient, 25:143-146. [ISSN 0513-9345]
2000 The genus Cheirogaleus: unrecognised biodiversity in Dwarf Lemurs. International Journal of Primatology, 21:943-962.
Research Interests and publications since 1990:
1) Human Evolution and Palaeoanthropology
I have just finished several excusrions, jointly with colleague Alan Thorne, to study fossils related to the origin of modern humans. Since studying particular key fossils (St.Césaire, Qafzeh 6, Skhul 5 and 9, Tabun 1 and 2, Florisbad, Swanscombe, Steinheim, Biache, Reilingen, Ngandong, Dali) it has become clearer to me that modern humans had a single, probably African, origin, ± 250,000 years ago. There are no signs of interbreeding with archaic precursor taxa, though of course one cannot exclude this possibility a priori.
1989 (second edition 1991) A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, Oxford University Press, 384 pages.
1990 Out of Africa - here we go again. In L. Freedman, ed., Is our Future limited by our Past?: Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Australasian Society for Human Biology, pp. 13-25.
1991 Genes, Genitals and Genius:The Evolutionary Ecology of Race. In P.O'Higgins, ed., Human Biology: An Integrative Science: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Australasian Society for Human Biology, pp. 419-432.
1992 How old are subspecies? A tiger's eye view of human evolution. Archaeology in Oceania, 27:153-160.
1993 Human origins; The Neanderthals; and Dating the Past. Pp. 33-52, 68 and 74-75, The Illustrated History of Humankind, Vol. 1, The First Humans. Harper San Francisco.
1994 The origin of modern humans. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 19:23-34.
1996 Australopithecus afarensis Johanson, 1978 (Mammalia, Primates): proposed conservation of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53:24-7.
1996 Hovering on the brink: nearly but not quite getting to Australia. Perspectives in Human Biology, 2:83-7.
2) Nonhuman primates
I have made taxonomic revisions of several primate groups; in some cases, I have augmented my museum studies with fieldwork (in East Africa and in Sulawesi). I am writing a book, The Theory and Practice of Primate Taxonomy, for Smithsonian Institution Press.
I am very interested in the interrelationships of the Great Apes, and their moral status.
1991 (with J.D. Paterson). Testing hominoid phylogeny with the PHYLIP program. J.Hum.Evol. 20:167-83.
1990 (with Wang Yingxiang). The gibbons of the subgenus Nomascus (Primates, Mammalia). Zool.Res. 11:147-54.
1990 (with R. Markham). Weights of wild Orang Utans. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 81:1-3.
1990 "Primates" in Wheldon Owen's Encyclopaedia of Mammals, Wheldon Owen, Sydney.
1990 (with L. Christidis). A Method for Identifying Night Monkeys (Aotus) by Simple Karyotyping and External Appearance. Australian Primatology, 5:11-12.
1991 (with I. Tattersall). Geographical variation in the Fork-marked Lemur, Phaner furcifer (Primates, Cheirogaleidae). Folia primatol. 56:39-49.
1992 Gorillas - where and what? Gorilla, 15,2:2,3.
1992 (with C. Westwood and B.T. Shea). Unfinished Business: Mahalanobis and a Clockwork Orang. Journal of Human Evolution, 22:327-340.
1993 Catalogue of Primates in the Collection of the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (with S. Bricknell). Australian Primatology 7(4):20-27.
1993 Catalogue of Primates in the Macleay Museum, Sydney University. Australian Primatology 7(3):8-9.
1993 Speciation in Living Hominoid Primates. In W. H. Kimbel and L. B. Martin (eds.), Species, Species Concepts and Primate Evolution. New York: Plenum Press.
1993 Order Primates. Pp. 243-278 in D.E. Wilson and D.A.M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1993 (with R. Angst and C. Westwood). The status of Colobus polykomos dollmani Schwarz. International Journal of Primatology, 14:573-586.
1993 Why do Langurs kill each others' babies? Australian Primatology, 7:2-7.
1995 (with John W.H.Trueman). Lemurid systematics revisited. Journal of Human Evolution, 28:427-437.
1996 (with J.Shoshani, E.L.Simons & G.F.Gunnell). Primate phylogeny: morphological vs molecular results. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5:102-154.
1996 (with P.M.Goonan & R.D.Smith). Karyotype polymorphism in the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia primatologica, 65:100-9.
1996 The nomenclature of the Tanzanian Mangabey and the Siberut Macaque. Australian Primatology, 10, 4:2-5.
1996 Great Apes: the conflict of gene-pools, conservation and personhood. Perspectives in Human Biology 2:31-36.
3) Mammalian taxonomy
I have worked on the taxonomy of many groups of mammals apart from primates. Taxonomy is "two-dimensional" phylogeny: a good taxonomic schema tells us much about a group’s evolution. At the present time, much ofmy taxonomic work is related, as it must be, to conservation.
1990 (with P.Grubb). Muntiacidae. In G.A. Bubenik & A.B. Bubenik (eds) Horns, Pronghorns and Antlers, 132-68.
1990 (with T. Flannery). Revision of the families and genera of bandicoots. In J.H. Seebeck, R.L. Wallis, P.R. Brown and C.M. Kemper, eds., Bandicoots and Bilbies, 1-11.
1990 The taxonomy of buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin, 9:65-8.
1993 (with M.Karami). A mammal species new for Iran: Gazella gazella Pallas, 1766 (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). J.Sci.I.R.Iran, 4:81-89.
1993 The Chinkara (Gazella bennetti) in Iran, with the description of two new subspecies. J.Sci.I.R.Iran 4:166-178.
1993 Testing rhinoceros subspecies by multivariate analysis. Pp. 92-100 in O.A. Ryder (ed.) Rhinoceros Biology and Conservation. Zoological society of San Diego.
1993 Orders Monotremata, Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia, Diprotodontia. Pp. 13-14 and 29-62 in D.E. Wilson and D.A.M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1994 Morphology, habitat and taxonomy. Pp 39-59 in Lee Boyd & Katherine A.Houpt (eds.), Przewalski’s Horse: the History and Biology of an Enadangered Species. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
1995 (with H.Mendelssohn and Y.Yom-Tov). Gazella gazella. Mammalian Species, no.490, 7pp.
1995 (with H.Mendelssohn and Y.Yom-Tov). Gazella dorcas. Mammalian Species, no.491, 6pp.
1995 (with C.R.Westwood). Skulls of the Blaauwbok, Hippotragus leucophaeus. Z.f.Säugetierkunde, 60:314-8.
1995 (with Wang Yingxiang and Peter Grubb). Taxonomy of Musk-deer, genus Moschus (Moschidae, Mammalia). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 15:181-197.
1996 Taxonomic diversity in Arabian gazelles: the state of the art. Pp 8-39 in A.Greth, C.Magin & M.Ancrenaz (eds.), Conservation of Arabian Gazelles. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
1996 (with A.Gentry & J.Clutton-Brock). Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic anaimals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53:28-37.
1996 The taxonomy of the Asian Wild Buffalo from the Asian mainland. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61:327-338.
1997 Rediscovery of the wild pig Sus bucculentus. Nature, 386:335.
1997 Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 120:163-191.
4) Animal domestication
I am interested in the process of domestication, and in the wild ancestors of domestic animals. Domestication is a very special evolutionary process, raising philosophical questions about the nature of speciation.
1995 Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and their Histories. Pp. 152-163 in The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (P. Bellwood, J.J. Fox and D. Tryon, eds.). Canberra: Department of Anthropology, ANU.
1995 On the nomenclature of domestic animals. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 52:137-141.
5) Evolutionary and biogeographic theory
A consideration of ideas of evolutionary theory also underpins my 1989 book on human evolution (above).
1990 The centrifugal pattern of speciation in Meganesian rainforest mammals. Mem.Qd.Mus. 28:325-8.
1997 Major biogeographic regions of the world. Section of article "Biosphere". Pp 1160-1167 (vol.14) in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia, 15th edition.
6) Wildlife conservation
My two papers on taxonomy of Iranian gazelles (above) result from fieldwork on wildlife conservation which I undertook in Iran on two occasions (courtesy of Prof. Mahmoud Karami).
1993 (with A. Greth, D. Williamson, G. Schwede, M. Vassart). Bilkis gazelle in Yemen - status and taxonomic relationships. Oryx, 27:239-244.
7) Pseudoscience, the paranormal and irrationality
Some of the world’s wildlife conservation problems result from the widespread persistence of pseudoscientific beliefs. The proponents of the "age-old therefore valid" belief-systems school may not be aware that they are contributing to the extinction of rhinos, tigers, bears, musk-deer, gibbons and other wildlife, hunted in the belief that their body parts cure a range of lurgies.
Creationism is a very special form of irrational belief, which has ramifications in every aspect of daily life. I have written extensively in The Skeptic and elsewhere (and given radio talks, and theme speeches to teachers’ groups) on the baleful influence of creationism, whether it be belief in prophecy, political influence, or simple capture of schoolchildrens’ minds.
1993 Bad Medicine for Wildlife. The Skeptic, 13(1):12-14, 17.